These AI Class 9 Notes Chapter 1 Communication Skills Class 9 Notes simplify complex AI concepts for easy understanding.
Class 9 AI Communication Skills Notes
Introduction Class 9 Notes
Communication skills are those skills which are needed to speak and write properly. These are important for everyone, these teach us about how we can give and receive information and convey our ideas and opinions to those around us.
We must develop a variety of skills for both communicating to others and learning how to interpret the information received from others.
An effective speaker is the one who is able to speak appropriately whilst maintaining eye contact with the audience, uses different vocabulary and articulate speech to suit the need of audience.
Likewise, an effective writer should be able to use words in various style and techniques to communicate their message and ideas to the readers. Thus, good reading, writing, speaking and listening skills are essential for effective communication.
Communication Class 9 Notes
The word ‘communication’ derives from the Latin word ‘Communicare’, which means ‘to share’. Communication is the ‘sharing’ of information between two or more individuals or within a group to reach a common understanding.
The information can be words, drawings, paintings, gestures, music or even sound also.
Communication involves at least two persons, i.e. a sender and a receiver. The sender develops and transmits a message to the receiver and the receiver, receives the message. It is successful only when there is a common understanding between the sender and receiver.
Importance of Communication
Ability to communicate clearly and share thoughts, feelings and ideas help us in all relationships. A good communication makes our personal as well as professional life smooth.
Some of the importance of communication skillsare as follows:
I. Inform Communication is required to give facts or information to someone. i.e. Communicating the timetable of an exam to a friend.
II. Influence Communication is needed to influence or change a person in an indirect but usually important way. e.g. negotiating with a shopkeeper to reduce the price or helping a friend to overcome stress due to examination or any other reason.
III. Express Feelings Communication is needed to share and express our feelings to other in a healthy way. i.e. Sharing our excitement about doing well in our examination or sharing our feelings to parents and friends.
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Elements of Communication
- Communication is a two-way exchange of information, i.e. giving and receiving.
- Speaking and writing to someone are examples of giving information.
- Reading and listening to someone are examples of receiving information.
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- Sender Sender is the person who is first in the process of communication. It decides what the message is, how it will be expressed and sent.
- Ideas/Message The message is the actual information that the sender wishes to convey to the receiver.
- Channel/Medium Channel is the means by which the message is sent. There can be various forms of media face-to-face communication, letters, radio, television and email etc.
- Receiver The person who received the message is called receiver.
- Encoding It means to change the message into a form suitable for sending.
- Decoding Decoding is the process in which the receiver interprets and understands the message.
- Feedback Feedback is the receiver’s response to the message. Requesting classification is a part of a’good feedback phase of communication cycle.
Perspectives in Communication Class 9 Notes
Perspectives are ideas, views, or fixed ways of thinking. These sometimes effect our communication. The perspective of communication is not only checks the way the message transmits information and influences the individual, it also examines the way that the message creates, sustains and changes cultures and communities.
The perspective of communication helps to explore the form, content, medium and pattern of the message and how it influences the way people interpret the meaning and take action.
It also helps to understand how messages are produced, how they are circulated among a group of people and how they are interpreted with an eye on the important consequences of the message.
Factors Affecting Perspectives in Communication
Sometimes, we are not able to communicate clearly because of some barriers that stop us from sharing and understanding messages.
Factor affecting perspectives in communication are as follows :
Language:
The process of communication is both verbal and written. Language plays main role in all the types of communication. The same words can have very different meanings depending on how we interpret them.
In case of use of incorrect words, unfamiliar language and lack of detail, language can act as a barrier to communicate what one wishes to convey.
i.e. Language can act as a barrier when an Indian who knows only Hindi and a Chinese who has the knowledge of Mandarin only want to interact with each other.
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Visual Perception:
Visual perception is the ability to see and interpret (analyze and give meaning to) the visual information that surrounds us. Simply we can say that it is the brain’s ability to make sense of what we see through our eyes.
For example, Completing partially drawn pictures with visual perception whereas they may be something else.
Past Experience:
Sometime our past bitter experience stop us to communicate properly.
For example, “This shopkeeper cheated me last time. Let me be careful or I scored low marks in my maths exam, so I am scared to ask and answer question in class”.
Prejudices:
Prejudice means ‘prejudgment’. It occurs when we take our past experiences with a person and assume that the same type of experience will happen with all people who are similar to the first. Prejudices are partly due to culture and partly due to personal preferences or experience.
It is used in reference to a preconceived judgment of someone due to their social class, gender, race, ethnicity, disability, age, gender and religion etc.
The problem with prejudices arises when they start to influence how or to whom we communicate.
Fixed ideas, such as thinking “No one in my class likes me” may stop a student from communicating openly in class.
Feelings:
The process of communication becomes more affective when the sender shows enthusiasm and the receiver is receptive. The mood and feelings of both the parties, affect the process of communication. Our feelings and emotions, such as lack of interest or not trusting the other person, affect communication. i.e. “I am not feeling well, therefore, I don’t want to talk”.
So, when we are not feeling well and uncomfortable, we cannot pay attention to what other are saying.
Environment:
There are many environmental factors that hamper the effectiveness of communication. Message may get blocked or misinterpreted due to environmental factors like location or situation where the communication takes place.
Noise or disturbance in the surroundings may make communication difficult.
For example, Talking to a friend in a function where there is loud music is being played by the Orchestra.
Personal Factors:
Personal factors include our own feelings, habits and ways of thinking. For, example, Fear and low confidence may make communication difficult.
Culture:
Signs which have a different meaning in different cultures, such as showing a thumb may mean ‘good job’ done for some people but may be insulting to others.
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Effective Communication:
Effective communication can happen if we follow the basic principles of professional communication skills. These can be abbreviated as 7 Cs , i.e., Clear, Concise, Concrete, Correct, Coherent, Complete and Courteous. These are further explained in the given below
- Clear The message should be clear and it must reflect what sender wants to say.
- Concise Use of simple words in communication and add only necessary words.
- Concrete Use exact words and facts.
- Correct The spelling and grammar should be flawless.
- Coherent Use sensible and related words to the topic.
- Complete Add all the information.
- Courteous Be respectful, friendly and honest.
Methods of Communication Class 9 Notes
There are different methods of communication, which include non-verbal, verbal and visual.
Verbal Communication
Verbal communication is the oldest means of communication. It is most commonly used as a medium for the exchange of information. Verbal communication is the sharing of information by using words.
Types of Verbal Communication
There are mainly two types of verbal communications, viz
(a) Oral or Spoken Communication In this communication, the exchange of information, ideas, and messages through spoken words.
For example, Face-to-Face conversation, group discussion, talking to family member at home, conversation with public through speeches, talking on phone and classroom teaching etc.
(b) Written Communication In this type of communication, the written signs or symbol are used to convey the message. We can say that, it is the communication which involves written or typed words.
For example, letters, notes, email, books, newspapers, SMS, documents and files etc.
Advantages of Verbal Communication:
- Verbal communication is easy and quick.
- It is more reliable method of communication.
- It is cheaper way of communication and hence saves money.
- It promotes a secure exchange of ideas.
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Disadvantages of Verbal Communication:
- It has no legal validity and hence will lead to problems in certain situation.
- It has issues when communicating with distant people.
- Verbal communication is not effective due to cultural differences between the sender and receiver of the information.
- Verbal communication depends on words, sometimes the meaning become confusing and difficult to understand if the right words are not used.
Public Speaking Public speaking means speaking infront of a large group. Often it makes people nervous. To get over the fear and become a confident and effective speaker we must use 3Ps. viz, prepare, practice and perform.
- Prepare means think about the topic and prepare oneself in the best way to make one’s listeners to understand the topic.
- Practice means prior practices by oneself before public speaking.
- Perform denotes start speaking confidently what one has preponed.
Non-Verbal Communication
Non-verbal communication is the message we send to others without using any words. It occurs without using any oral or written words.
We send signals and messages to others, through expressions, gestures and body postures.
Types of Non-Verbal Communication
There are some types of non-verbal communications as follows:
(a) Facial Expression Many a times, a facial expression shows the feelings of a person.
For example, when we are happy, we express it through a smile or when we are sad we show a gloomy face.
(b) Posture Postures are position of the body. They show our confidence and feelings.
For example, Straight body posture is seen as confidence. Holding your head may be taken as tiredness.
(c) Gesture/Body Language Gestures describe movements of parts of the body, especially hands or head, to express an idea or meaning. This includes waving, pointing and using our hands when speaking.
For example, Raising a hand may mean asking a question. Biting nails show nervousness.
(d) Touch We communicate a great deal through our touch, such as shaking hands and patting on the back.
For example, A firm handshake shows confidence. Sports coaches pat on the back of the players to encourage the players.
(e) Space The space between two persons while communicating, generally depends on the intimacy or closeness between them.
(f) Eye Contact Maintaining an eye contact with the person you are talking indicates interest, whereas, looking away can make the other person feel ignored.
(g) Paralanguage Paralanguage is the tone of our voice, speed and volume that makes a difference in the meaning of the communication. Speaking too fast may show excitement or nervousness. Speaking too slow may show seriousness, sadness or making a point.
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Importance of Non-Verbal Communication
- Non-verbal communication makes our message stronger.
- Using the right gestures while speaking makes our message more effective.
- Non-verbal communication helps us understand our audience’s reaction and adjust our behaviour or communication accordingly.
- It is helpful in communicating with illiterate people.
- Using the right gestures and postures helps us to be professional at work.
- If verbal message are blocked by noise or distance, etc, we can use hand movements to exchange our message.
Visual Communication
Visual communication involves sending and understanding messages only through images or picture. It is the transmission of ideas and information with the help of symbols and images.
Example of Visual Communication
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Advantages of Visual Communication
- The main advantage of this type of communication is that we do not need to know any particular language for understanding it.
- It is simple, easy to understand and remains same across different places.
- The amount of time taken in understanding a visual communication is less as compared to other types of communication.
Writing Skills : Parts of Speech Class 9 Notes
In English, sentences are the basic framework of communication. They are important because unclear sentences create difficulty in understanding the meaning which is to be conveyed.
Sentence:
A sentence is a group of words that communicate a complete thought. It always begins with a capital letter, and always ends with either a question mark, a full stop or an exclamation mark.
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Phrase:
A group of words, which does not make complete sense in itself is known as a phrase.
e.g., (i) Sushmita is a woman of great intellect.
(ii) The horse runs at a good speed.
In the given examples, the bold parts are phrases. They do not have any meaning of their own but they contribute to the meaning of the sentence as a whole.
Using Capitals:
Capital letters are used at different places. The rules that suggest where a capital letter is to be used is given by MINTS. MINTS is a set of simple rules that helps an individual to capitalise words correctly. Each letter in the word MINTS refer to one capitalisation rules as given in the table below:
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Punctuation:
Punctuation refers to the marks like comma, full stop, question mark etc., which help us in separating the parts of a sentence so that its meaning becomes clear. Knowledge of proper use of punctuation marks is necessary for writing and reading English correctly.
Some of the common punctuation marks and their use have been given below:
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Basic Parts of Speech
According to their function in a sentence, a word in the English language can be classified into eight basic parts of speech. These are as follows:
- Noun
- Interjection
- Verb
- Adjective
- Preposition
- Pronoun
- Adverb
Main Parts of Speech
Main parts of speech indicates how a word functions in producing meaning in a sentence. These are the different types of words used in the sentence. The main parts of speech are given in the table below:
| Part of Speech |
What they do |
Example sentence (Examples are underlined in the sentences) |
| Noun |
Nouns are words that refer to a person, place, thing or idea.
These are ‘naming words’.
They are sometimes used with an article (the, a, an). |
Rajiv wrote a very long letter. |
| Pronoun |
A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. |
He went to Rashid and told him the secret of his happiness. |
| Adjective |
Adjectives are words that describe other words specifically nouns and pronouns. |
The young boy is very clever. |
| Verbs |
Verbs are words that show action. |
Puja wrote a letter. |
| Adverbs |
Adverbs are words that add meaning to verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. They answer the questions-How? How often? When? And Where? |
She laughed loudly.
Lucy is very tall. |
Supporting Parts of Speech
Alongwith the main parts of speech, there are some other words that are required to make a sentence. These words are supporting words that join the main pairs of speech and add information to the sentences.
The four supporting parts of speech are given in the table below:
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Parts of a Sentence Class 9 Notes
Almost every sentence in English have two parts, i.e. a subject and a verb. Some sentences also contain a third part called an object.
- Subject A subject is a person or thing that does an action.
- Verb A verb describes the action performed.
- Object An object is a person or thing that receives the action or on which an action is performed.
For example, Dia and Sanjay broke the bottle.
In the given sentence, ‘Dia and Sanjay’ are the subject as they perform an action, ‘broke’ is the verb and ‘the bottle’ is the object as the action is performed on it.
Types of Objects
In a sentence, an object an either be direct or indirect.
Direct Object Direct objects are the ones directly ‘acted on’ by the verb. In other words, direct object answers the question ‘what?’
For example, Ravi kicked the ball.
In the given sentence, the action is directly performed on the ‘ball’. Hence, ‘the ball’ is the direct object.
Indirect Object Indirect object identifies the person or the thing for whom the action of the verb is performed. It answers questions such as ‘to whom’ and ‘for whom’. For example, My mother bought a necklace for me.
Or
My mother bought me a necklace.
In the given sentences, ‘necklace’ is the direct object and ‘me’ is the indirect object.
Types of Sentences
Depending upon whether the subject of sentence performs or receivers an action, the sentences are of two types:
1. Active Sentences Active sentences are those sentences where the subject does an action. For example, She wrote a letter.
He opened the door.
2. Passive Sentences Passive sentences are those sentences in which the subject receives an action. For example, A letter was written by her.
The door was opened by him.
Depending upon the purpose of the sentence, sentences can be categorised into four types:
1. Declarative Sentences These sentences provides information or functions to state a fact. They are the most common type of sentences that always ends with a full stop :-
For example, I completed my project.
2. Interrogative Sentences These sentences are used for asking questions. Therefore, they always end with a question mark ‘?’.
For example, Did you complete project?
3. Exclamatory Sentences An exclamatory sentence expresses a strong emotion, such as joy, sadness, fear or wonder. It always ends with an exclamation mark “!
For example, I completed my project!
4. Imperative Sentences These sentences show an order, command, request or advice. It can end with a full stop or an exclamation mark (. . or ‘?’). For example, Complete your project.
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Paragraphs
A paragraph is a group of sentences dealing with a particular topic. A paragraph must have one common idea. Rules for writing a paragraph:
- Give the paragraph unity
- Keep the paragraph short
- Make use of topic sentences
- Leave out unnecessary details
- Give the paragraph movement
- End the paragraph with a concluding sentence
For example, A paragraph on the ‘value of trees’ will be written as given below:
“Trees are our life line. We cannot live anywhere on the planet without trees. Trees give us food, oxygen and all the luxuries that we enjoy.
Trees are not only useful for mankind but also for nature. By producing fresh oxygen they make the environment pollution-free. They prevent soil erosion, droughts and flood.
So, man must stop cutting more and more trees, otherwise he will suffer greatly.”
Pronunciation Basic Class 9 Notes
Pronunciation
Pronunciation refers to the way in which a word or language is spoken, including the correct articulation, stress and intonation of sounds. It involves the manner in which individual sounds or phonemes are produced and combined to form words.
Correct pronunciation helps an individual to express his/her views in a clear and confident manner.
Speaking Correctly
In English, there are some words that have similar spellings but are pronounced differently. There also exists, words that have different spellings but they are pronounced in the same way. In such cases, the best way to learn the correct pronunciation of words, one must listen to a language expert carefully.
For example
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Phonetics
Each and every word that we speak is made up of one or more sounds. So, we put these sounds together to pronounce words. The study of these sounds that we make when we speak is called phonetics. For example, The word ‘dog’ is made up of three sounds d+o+g.
In English, there are 26 Alphabets and each of these alphabets are pronounced differently. However, there are more than 26 sounds in English.
For example, The letter ‘a’ can be pronounced in different ways in different words. Some of them are given in the table below:
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Types of Sounds
All words in English are made of three basic types of sounds. These are as follows:
1. Vowels The English alphabet has 5 vowels – ‘a, ‘ ‘e, i ‘, ‘o’ and ‘ u’. But there are 12 vowel sounds. This means that most vowels can be pronounced in different ways. We make a vowel sound when we read a vowel is a word.
For example, The vowel ‘ i ‘ is pronounced differently in ‘bit’ and ‘bite’ (बिट, बाइट).
2. Diphthongs When we combine the sound of two vowels, the sound produced is called a diphthong. A Diphthong starts as one vowel sound and go to another.
For example, The sound of ‘ou’ n mouse (माउस).
3. Consonants All sounds except vowels and diphthongs are consonants sounds.
For example, The sound of letters ‘p’ and ‘ $t$ ‘ in the word ‘pot’. (पॉट).
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Some of the different sounds are given in the table below:
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Greetings and Introductions Class 9 Notes
Greetings
Before starting a conversation with someone, we use words like ‘Hello’, ‘Good Morning’, ‘Good Evening’ etc. These words are called greetings. There are many ways in which an individual can greet a person. Generally, a greeting and the reply to a greeting depends upon who we are talking to and also according to the time of the day.
Types of Greetings
There are two types of greetings. They are described below:
Formal Greetings Formal greetings are used when we address a stranger. It is also used to greet a senior, an elder or people with whom we have formal relations like teachers, boss etc. This type of greeting is mostly used in schools, colleges and offices.
For example,
| Greeting |
Reply |
| Good Morning Everyone! |
Good Morning, Sir! |
| Hello Mam. How are you? |
I am doing well. Thank You! |
Informal Greetings These are used when we talk to our friends, family or a known person.
For example,
| Greeting |
Reply |
| Hey! |
Hello/Hi! |
| Hello. How’s everything? |
Hi. Everything is good. What about you? |
Greetings according to time Formal greeting can change according to the time of the day as show in the table:
| Greeting |
Reply |
| Good Morning |
From early morning to 11: 59 am |
| Good Afternoon |
12 pm to 5 pm |
| Good Evening |
5 pm to midnight |
It is to be noted here that we do not greet people by saying ‘Good night’ even if it is night. ‘Good night’ is used at the end of the conversation.
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Introducing Yourself and Others
When we tell others about ourselves using sentences that provide basic information about us like our name, our hobbies etc, it is known as introduction. We need to ‘introduce’ ourselves when we meet someone for the first time or when we want others to know about us. Introduction generally includes an individuals name, hometown, job, subjects as a student, interests, hobbies etc.
We should smile while introducing ourselves and look towards the other person.
For example, Good Morning. I am Aditi.
I am from Agra and I am a teacher.
I love reading books.
Sometimes we have to introduce someone to others. We can do this by telling their name, their job and how do we know them. We can also add some quality of their’ personality.
For example, This is my uncle Ramesh.
He is a doctor. He is also a very good guitarist.
Talking About Self
There are many occasions when we have to talk about ourselves. This is especially when we are meeting new people. Also, many a times we have to fill forms with information about ourselves.
Talking About Yourself
When we meet someone for the first time, they may want to know about us. So, we need to introduce ourselves.
Introduction definitely, starts with our name. Then we can tell them other things about us like our age, our interests, the place where we live, our likes, dislikes etc.
We can form these sentences using nouns and verbs. For example,
- My name is Kavita. (Name)
- I live in Delhi. (Hometown)
- I study in class IX. (Class)
- My favourite subject is English. (Favourites)
- I like to play basketball. (Likes)
- I am a good team player. (Strength)
- I cannot manage my time properly. (Weakness)
Filling a Form
In many situations, we need to write about ourselves in a form. A form is a document, typed or printed with blank spaces to fill in the information.
We have different forms for different purposes. So we should carefully read a form before filling it. The form should be filled in a neat handwriting and with correct spellings. A general form usually asks for personal information as given in the table:
| Name |
Sometimes we might have to right first name, middle name and surname separately. |
| Date of birth |
It is usually written in DD/MM/YYYY format. |
| Address |
This is the postal address which includes your house number and the details of the street, area and the city. |
| PIN code |
This is a group of numbers used by the post office to identify a region. It is an important part of an address. |
| Signature (or Sign) |
This is your name or initials written by hand, in a specific way (which is difficult for anyone else to copy). |
e.g. Harish Sethi was born on 5 December 1999. He lives in Agra, in a house named Sukh Nivas. His house number is 13 in Raja Nagar. His postal code is 282001 . Harish filled a form asking for personal information like this.
| First Name |
Harish |
| Last Name |
Sethi |
| Date of Birth |
5 December 1999 (or 05-12-1999) |
| Address |
Sukh Nivas, No. 13, Raja Nagar, Agra |
| Pin Code |
282001 |
Asking Questions-I Class 9 Notes
Need for Asking Questions
A question is a request for any type of information. It could be an answer to a question in the textbook, information about a person or a place or about how to do a task.
For example, Where can I find a coffee shop?
Who is Rahul Dravid?
Asking questions is useful because it helps us to
- gain new knowledge, get information,
- ensure that what we know is correct,
- avoid doubts, confusion, misunderstanding and
- starting conversation with people by asking about them and their ideas.
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How We Make Sure We Have Complete Information?
Asking right questions at the right time from the right person is very important. Incomplete or incorrect information will not help us to reach a place or do a certain task. We can follow the simple method of ‘ 5 W+1 H’ to make sure that we have all the information required to do a task. The 5 W + 1 H method of asking questions is described in the table given below:
5 W+1 H Method for Asking Questions
| Question Words |
Usages |
Examples |
| Who |
‘Who’ is used to ask about people |
Who is the new student in the class? |
| Where |
‘Where’ is used to ask about a place |
Where does she live? |
| When |
‘When’ is used to ask about time |
When did she join school? |
| What |
‘What’ is used to ask about a thing, an idea or an action |
What is her favourite subject? |
| Why |
‘Why’ is used to find the reason |
Why is she not talking to anyone in the class? |
| How |
‘How’ is used to find the method |
How can I help-her make friends? |
Asking Questions-II Class 9 Notes
A question is a sentence, phrase or word that can also be used to test someone’s knowledge. We always use a question mark (?) at the end of a question.
We ask questions in our day-to-day conversations to get information. In order to get correct information we need to ask correct questions.
Types of Questions
There are two types of questions as discussed below
Close Ended Questions Such questions are those which can be answered with a ‘yes’ or a ‘no’. Their answers are limited to a ‘yes’ or a ‘no’ and no other detail is required.
For example, Did he go to the temple?
Yes.
Open Ended Questions Those questions that requires answer in detail are open ended questions. The option of answers to such questions are unlimited.
For example, What is your favourite memory from childhood.
The answer to such a question could be unlimited and will be described in detail.
Framing Close Ended Questions
Close ended questions are usually formed by beginning the question with auxiliary verbs like Be, Do and Have. Modal verbs like Can, Shall, May, Should, Could can also be used as these show possibility or necessity. One way to frame a close-ended question is to take a sentence without the above mentioned words and then adding any one of the words before the subject.
For example, The sentence ‘I like it’ can become “Do I like it?”.
Or
‘They talk on the phone everyday’ will become “Do they talk on the phone everyday?”
It is important to note here that the helping verb, changes based upon the subject while the main verb remains unchanged.
Another way to frame close ended questions is to exchange the positions of the subject and the verb.
For example, “She can cook dinner.” will change into “Can she cook dinner?”
Or
“They were cleaning the room.” will become “Were they cleaning the room?”.
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Framing Open-Ended Questions
The answers to the open-ended questions are not limited or closed. They need to be answered with more information than a simple “yes” or “no”. Open-ended questions can be formed by using the question words (5 W+1 H) like What, Why, Who, When, Where and How.
For example, the question is “What did you do?” an individual can answer anything relevant to the question such as “I went to the park”, “I went to the market”, “I went to the temple” etc.
Glossary:
- Communication It is the sharing of information between two or more individuals or within a group to reach a common understanding.
- Visual Perception It is the ability to see and interpret (analyse and give meaning to) the visual information that Surrounds us.
- Prejudices it means ‘prejudgment’. It is used in reference to a perceived judgment of someone due to their social class, gender, race, ethnicity, disability, age, gender and religion etc.
- Verbal Communication It is the sharing of information by using words.
- Non Verbal Communication It is the message we send to others without using any words.
- Visual Communication It involves sending and understanding messages only through images and picture
- Punctuation It refers to the marks like comma, full stop, question mark etc., which help us in separating the parts of a sentence so that its meaning becomes clear.
- Pronunciation It refer to the way in which a word or language is spoken, including the correct articulation, stress and intonation of sounds.
- Phonetics The study of these sounds that we make when we speak is called phonetics.
- Close Ended Questions Those questions which can be answered with a ‘yes’ or a ‘no’.
- Open Ended Questions Those questions that requires answer in detail are open ended questions.
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