NCERT Exemplar Class 11 Biology Solutions Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Multiple Choice Questions
1.Meiosis in diploid organisms results in
(a) production of gametes
(b) reduction in the number of chromosomes
(c) introduction of variation
(d) all of the above.
soln.(d): Meiosis is cell division responsible for production of gametes through reductional division, during which the number of chromosomes is reduced to half. The crossing over that takes place in pachytene (Prophase – I, Meiosis -1) results in introduction of variation.
2.At which stage of meiosis does the genetic constitution of gametes is finally decided?
(a) Metaphase-I (b) Anaphase-II (c) Metaphase – II (d) Anaphase -1
soln.(d): The paternal and maternal chromosomes of each homologous pair segregate during anaphase I independently of the other chromosomes. Anaphase I is the cytological event that corresponds to Mendel’s law o’f independent assortment. Although the paternal and maternal chromosomes of a homologous pair have the genes for the same traits, either chromosome of a pair may carry different alleles of the same genes. Therefore,
independent assortment of homologous chromosomes in anaphase I introduces genetic variability.
3.Meiosis occurs in organisms during
(a) sexual reproduction
(b) vegetative reproduction
(c) both sexual and vegetative reproduction
(d) none of these.
soln.(a): Meiosis is a cell division which ensures production of haploid phase in life cycle of sexually reproducing organisms. It reduces the chromosome number to half, so that each daughter nuclei receives only one set of each kind of chromosome.
4.During anaphase -1 of meiosis
(a) homologous chromosomes separate
(b) non-homologous chromosomes separate
(c) sister chromatids chromosomes separate
(d) non-sister chromatids chromosomes separate.
soln.(a): During anaphase I, from each tetrad, two chromatids of a chromosome move as a unit (dyad) to one pole of a spindle, and the remaining two chromatids of its homologue migrate to the opposite pole. ‘Thus, the homologous chromosomes of each pair, rather than the chromatids of a chromosome, are separated. As a result, half of the chromosomes, which appear in early prophase, go to each pole. It is in the anaphase I that the actual reduction in the number of chromosomes occurs.
5.Mitosis is characterised by
(a) reduction division
(b) equal division
(c) both reduction and equal division
(d) pairing of homologous chromosomes.
soln.(b): Mitosis is a type of cell division in which chromosomes replicate and get equally distributed (quantitatively and qualitatively) into two daughter nuclei so that the diploid daughter cells have equal and identical genetic complement as the parent cell.
6.A bivalent of meiosis-l consists of
(a) two chromatids and one centromere
(b) two chromatids and two centromeres
(c) four chromatids and two centromeres
(d) four chromatids and four centromeres.
soln.(c): Bivalent is formed during zygotene of prophase I. Each bivalent is made up of four chromatids, two of each chromosomes. Centromere is the part of chromosome that attaches to the spindle during cell division. Each bivalent, thus, contains two centromeres.
7.Cells which are not dividing are likely to be at
(a) G1 (b) G2
(c) G0 (d) S phase.
soln.(c): Cells that do not divide further and exit G1 phase to enter an inactive stage called quiescent stage ( G0 ) of the cell cycle. Cells in this stage remain metabolically active but do not grow and differentiate unless stimulated by appropriate signal depending on the requirement of the organism.
8.Which of the events listed below is not observed during mitosis?
(a) Chromatin condensation
(b) Movement of centrioles to opposite poles
(c) Appearance of chromosomes with two chromatids joined together at the centromere
(d) Crossing over
soln. (d): Crossing over occurs during meiosis I and not mitosis.
9.Identify the wrong statement about meiosis.
(a) Pairing of homologous chromosomes
(b) Four haploid cells are formed
(c) At the end of meiosis number of chromo-somes are reduced to half
(d) Twp cycles of DNA replication occur
soln.(d) :Only one cycle of DNA replication occurs during meiosis. Meiosis consists of two successive divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II) but no DNA replication prior to, second division.
10 .Select the correct statement about G1 phase.
(a) Cell is metabolically inactive.
(b) DNA in the cell does not replicate.
(c) It is not a phase of synthesis of macro-molecules.
(d) Cell stops growing.
soln.(b): G1 belongs to interphase of cell cycle which is metabolically active stage. During G1, synthesis of ATP, nucleotides, amino acids, RNAs and proteins take place. DNA replicate in S-phase of the cell cycle and not in G1 phase.
Very Short Answer Type Questions
1.Between a prokaryote and a eukaryote, which cell has a shorter cell division time?
soln. Prokaryotic cell has shorter division time than eukaryotic cell, as bacterial cell divides in 20 minutes whereas human cell divides once in every 24 hours.
2.Which of the phases of cell cycle is of longest duration?
soln. Interphase is of the longest duration, as only 1 hour out of 24 hour cell cycle is spent in M-phase.
3.Name a stain commonly used to colour chromosomes.
soln. Gentian violet, Safranin and Giemsa stain are commonly used to colour chromosomes.
4.Which tissue of animals and plants exhibits meiosis?
soln. Meiosis occurs in germ cells during sexual reproduction, resulting in the formation of spores and gametes, as it is a reductional division.
5.Given that the average duplication time of E.coli is 20 minutes, how much time will two E.coli cells take to become 32 cells?
soln. In given question four cell divisions result in formation of sixteen cells from one E. coli cell. If one cell division takes 20 minutes then four cell divisions will takes 80 minutes (or 1 hour 20 minutes).
So, one cell produces sixteen cells in 1 hour 20 minutes.
Thus, two cells would produce 32 cells in 1 hour 20 minutes.
6.Which part of the human body should one use to demonstrate stages in mitosis?
soln. All somatic cells except germ cells of the human body can be used to demonstrate stages in mitosis. Mitotic cell division is seen in diploid somatic cells in animals. It is also called equational division or somatic cell division.
7.What attributes does a chromatid require to be classified as a chromosome?
soln. Chromatid is either of two daughter strands of a duplicated chromosome that are joined by a single centromere and separate during cell division to become an individual chromosome. After separation of sister chromatids it is classified as a chromosome.
8.The diagram shows a bivalent at prophase-l of meiosis. Which of the four chromatids can crossover?
soln. Homologous chromosomes form pairs called bivalent. Each bivalent is made up of four chromatids, two of each chromosome. The two chromatids belonging to same chromosome are called sister chromatids and chromatids of two different chromosomes are called non-sister chromatids. Exchange of genetic material, i.e., crossing over takes place between two non-sister chromatids of
homologous chromosomes.
9.If a tissue has at a given time 1024 cells, how many cycles of mitosis had the original parental single cell undergone?
soln. 2n = number of daughter cells
where n = number of cycles.
Here np. of daughter cells is 1024.
i.e., 1024 = 2n
210 = 2n
n = 10.
10.An anther has 1200 pollen grains. How many pollen mother cells must have been there to produce them?
soln. One pollen mother cell produces four pollen grains, therefore, 300 pollen mother cells would produce 1200 pollen grains.
11.At what stage of cell cycle does DNA synthesis take place?
soln. In cell cycle, DNA synthesis takes place during S-phase (synthetic phase). During S-phase, chromosomes replicate and DNA content gets double.
12.lt is said that the one cycle of cell division in human cells (eukaryotic cells) takes 24 hours. Which phase of the cycle, do you think occupies the maximum part of cell cycle?
soln. G1 phase of interphase is of longest duration. It takes about 10 hours in 24 hour cell cycle.
13.lt is observed that heart cells do not exhibit cell division. Such cells do not divide further and
exit______ phase to enter an inactive
stage called_______of cell cycle. Fill in the blanks.
soln. It is observed that heart cells do not exhibit cell division. Such cells do not divide further and exit Gj phase to enter an inactive stage called G0 of cell cycle. Fill in the blanks.
14.In which phase of meiosis are the following formed? Choose the answers from hint points given below.
(a) Synaptonemal complex________
(b) Recombination nodule________
(c) Appearance/activation of________
enzyme recombinase
(d) Termination of chiasmata________
(e) Interkinesis________
(f) Formation of dyad of cells________
Hints: (1) Zygotene, (2) Pachytene, (3) Pachytene, (4) Diakinesis, (5) After Telophase-l/before Meiosis-ll, (6) Telophase-I /After Meiosis-I.
soln.
(a) Synaptonemal complex Zygotene
(b) Recombination nodule Pachytene
(c) Appearance/activation of Pachytene enzyme recombinase
(d) Termination of chiasmata Diakinesis
(e) Interkinesis After Telophase-I/before Meiosis II
(f) Formation of dyad of cells Telophase 1/ After Meiosis-I.
Short Answer Type Questions
1.State the role of centrioles other than spindle formation.
soln. Apart from spindle formation, centrioles are capable of replication. Though centrioles do not contain DNA, yet they are capable of forming new centrioles. Distal centriole in spermatozoan forms axial filament or tail. Centrioles can be transformed into basal bodies, which form cilia and flagella.
2.Mitochondria and plastids have their own DNA (genetic material). What is known about their fate during nuclear division like mitosis?
soln. Mitochondria and plastids have extra chromosomal DNA. Karyokinesis is nuclear division, in which nucleus divides to form two daughter nuclei. So, mitochondria and plastids do not undergo mitosis independently.
3.Label the diagram and also determine the stage at which this structure is visible.
soln. The given diagram shows transition from prophase to metaphase.
4.A cell has 32 chromosomes. It undergoes mitotic division. What will be the chromosome number (n) during metaphase? What would be the DNA content (C) during anaphase?
soln. The mitotic cell division occurs in somatic cells of an organism. The chromosome number in the daughter cells remain same as that of the parent (dividing) cell as mitosis is equational division so even at metaphase or anaphase, the chromosome number does not change. The DNA content gets doubled at the synthetic phase of interphase and gets divided at anaphase but the chromosome number remains same.
5.While examining the mitotic stage in a tissue, one finds some cells withl 6 chromosomes and some with 32 chromosomes. What possible reasons could you assign to this difference in chromosome number. Do you think cells with 16 chromosomes could have arisen from cells with 32 chromosomes or vice versal
soln. Difference in chromosome number during mitotic division might be due to polyploidy, i.e., having more than two sets of chromosomes. It occurs due to failure of chromosomes to separate during anaphase or due to non-disjunction. Thus change in chromosome number can be due to mutations. Cells with 32 chromosomes might have arisen from cells with 16 chromosomes.
6.The following events occur during the various phases of the cell cycle, name the phase against each of the events.
(a) Disintegration of nuclear membrane________
(b) Appearance of nucleolus________
(c) Division of centromere________
(d) Replication of DNA________
soln.
(a) Disintegration of nuclear membrane Late Prophase.
(b) Appearance of nucleolus Telophase.
(c) Division of centromere Anaphase.
(d) Replication of DNA S-phase.
7.Mitosis results in producing two cells which are similar to each other. What would be the consequence if each of the following irregularities occur during mitosis?
(a) Nuclear membrane fails to disintegrate
(b) Duplication of DNA does not occur
(c) Centromeres do not divide
(d) Cytokinesis does not occur
soln.(a) If nuclear membrane fails to disintegrate intranuclear mitosis occurs which means spindle fibre formed inside the nucleus and mitosis occurs there.
(b) Karyokinesis is followed by cytokinesis. If DNA synthesis does not occur, then daughter cell would receive half the amount of parent DNA.
(c) If centromeres do not divide, then chromosomes would not get separated and chromatids would not move towards the opposite poles, leading to non-disjunction of chromosomes.
(d) Cytokinesis is division of cytoplasm of parent cell into two daughter cells. Failure of cytokinesis to occur would not result in formation of daughter cells.
8.Both unicellular and multicellular organisms undergo mitosis. What are the differences, if any, observed in the process between the two?
soln.In unicellular organisms, mitosis is a method of asexual reproduction. E.g., In bacteria, mitosis results in formation of identical daughter cells. However in multicellular organisms, mitosis helps in growth and repair of cells and tissues. E.g, repair of damaged skin through production of new skin cells.
9.Name the pathological condition when uncontrolled cell division occurs.
soln. Cancer is a pathological condition which results from uncontrolled proliferation of cells without any differentiation. Cancerous cells have lost the property of contact inhibition, thus, they invade and destroy surrounding tissues.
10.Two key events take place during S phase in animal cells, DNA replication and duplication of centriole. In which parts of the cell do events occur?
soln.In animal cell, during S-phase DNA replication begins inside the nucleus while the duplication of centrioles takes place in the cytoplasm.
11.Comment on the statement – Meiosis enables the conservation of specific chromosome number of each species even though the process per se, results in reduction of chromo-some number.
Soln.‘ Meiosis is reductional division which ensures production of haploid phase in life cycle of sexually reproducing organisms, but fertilisation restores the diploid phase, thus, enables conservation of specific chromosome number. E.g., gametes produced by 2n parents are haploid (n), but the zygote is diploid.
12.Name a cell that is found arrested in diplotene stage for months and years. Comment in 2-3 lines how it completes cell cycle.
soln. The oocytes are arrested in diplotene stage of prophase I of meiosis I. They undergo DNA synthesis and chromosome paring takes place but meiosis does not proceed. After attainment of puberty, primary follicle matures into secondary and tertiary follicle. Primary oocyte completes meiosis I and forms secondary oocyte and second polar body. Tertiary follicle grows to form Graafian follicle and secondary oocyte proceeds with meiosis II and gets arrested at metaphase II.
13.How does cytokinesis in plant cells differ from that in animal cells?
soln. Differences between plant cytokinesis and animal cytokinesis:
Long Answer Type Questions
1.Comment on the statement – Telophase is reverse of prophase.
soln. During telophase, events of prophase occur in reverse sequence. Prophase is known for the initiation of condensation of chromosomal material, which during the process of chromatin condensation becomes untangled, and finally the centriole (already duplicated during S-phase of interphase) begins to move towards the opposite pole of the cell. In this phase, initiation of mitotic spindle assembly, microtubular and proteinaceous components of cell cytoplasm helps in completion of the proces.
At the end of the prophase, i.e., during late prophase the nucleolus disintegrates gradually and the nuclear envelope disappear. This disappearance marks the end of the prophase.
Reverse of prophase is the telophase. At the onset of this stage, the spindle disappears (absorbed in cytoplasm) and the chromosomes decondense and further loses their individuality after reaching their respective poles. The chromosomes gradually uncoil and cluster at opposite spindle poles thus, their individual identity as discrete elements is lost. Nuclear envelope slowly reforms around each group of chromosomes and nucleolus, Golgi complex and ER reappears.
2.What are the various stages of meiotic prophase-l? Enumerate the chromosomal events during each stage.
soln.Prophase-I is the first stage of meiosis-I. It is considered to be the most complicated and prolonged phase as if compared to the similar stage in mitosis.
It is further sub-divided into five sub-phases on the basis of chromosomal behaviour, i.e., leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene and diakinesis.
(i)Leptotene : It is known to be the very first stage of meiotic division following the interphase. During this stage chromosomes become gradually visible under light microscope, centrioles start moving towards opposite ends or poles and each centriole develops astral rays. Each chromosome is attached to the nuclear envelope through the attachment plate at both of its ends.
(ii)Zygotene : This is the next sub-stage that takes place after the completion of the leptotene. In this stage homologous chromosomes pair up. This pairing is done in a such a way that the genes of the same character present on the two chromosomes lie exactly opposite to each other. This process of association is known as synapsis. Formation of synaptonemal complex takes place by a pair of homologous chromosomes that show synapsis. The complex so formed, on account of synapsis forms a bivalent or a tetrad.
(iii)Pachytene: It is the stage which
immediately follows zygotene where the pair of chromosomes become twisted spirally around each other and cannot be distinguished separately. Bivalent chromosomes are clearly seen as tetrads. In this stage, sometimes exchange of genes or crossing over between the two non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes occurs at the points called recombination nodules, which appear at intervals on synaptonemal complex. By the end of pachytene recombination gets completed leaving the chromosomes linked at the sites of crossing over.
(iv)Diplotene : It is the stage of longest duration of all. In this the synaptonemal complex appears to get dissolve while, the chromatids of each tetrad remain clearly visible. Recombined homologous chromosomes of thebi valents get separated and form chiasmata (X-shaped structures). Chiasmata formation is necessary for the separation of homologous chromosome which have undergone the process of crossing-over.
(v) Diakinesis : This is known to be the final stage of meiotic prophase-I. Also known as terminalisation, due to the shifting of chiasmata towards the end of the chromosomes. Chromosomes become fully condensed, nucleolus degenerates, nuclear envelope breakdown into vesicles and there is formation of meiotic spindle (as in mitosis) in order to prepare the homologous chromosomes for separation.
3.Differentiate between the events of mitosis and meiosis.
soln. Differences between mitosis and meiosis are:
4.Write brief note on the following:
(a) Synaptonemal complex
(b) Metaphase plate
soln.(a) The synaptonemal complex is a tripartite, ribbon-like structure, and is sihiated between pairing homologous chromosomes. It consists of a dense central element, with a dense lateral element on either side. Each lateral element is attached on the inner side of a homologous chromosome. The space between the central and lateral elements is traversed by a series of transverse units of LC fibres (L for lateral and C for central), which connects the two. The synaptonemal complex is attached at both ends through its lateral elements to the inner surface of the nuclear membrane. The central element is not attached directly. Also arising from the lateral elements is another series of smaller loops. These loops fuse in the middle line to make up the central element. The transverse parts of the loops form the transverse units or LC fibres. The central element is simple in some organisms (e.g., frogs and mice) and tripartite in other (e.g., insects). Each lateral element consists of two protein filaments, one for each sister chromatid. Synaptonemal complex first appears during zygotene.
(b) Centromere of all the chromosomes form a plate called metaphasic plate or equatorial plate. This plate is formed during metaphase
stage of mitosis and meiosis. On this plate the small chromosomes come to lie towards the interior while the larger one are arranged towards the periphery. The centromeres of all the chromosomes lie on the equator while the limbs are placed variously according to their size and spatial arrangement.
5.Write briefly the significance of mitosis and meiosis in multicellular organism.
soln.Significance of mitosis is multicellular organisms are as follows:
(i)Growth. Somatic cells are formed by mitosis. Therefore, mitosis is essential for growth and development of a multicellular organism. Plants are able to grow throughout their life due to mitotic divisions in their apical and lateral meristems.
(ii)Nucleocytoplasmic’ Ratio : An efficient cell has a high nucleocytoplasmic ratio. Increase in size lowers the ratio. It is brought back to efficient level through division.
(iii)Maintenance of Chromosome Number : Mitosis involves replication and equitable distribution of all the chromosomes so that all the cells of a multicellular organism have the same number and type of chromosomes. This helps in proper co-ordination among different cells.
(iv)Regeneration : Mitosis keeps all the somatic cells of an organism genetically similar, resembling the fertilised egg. They, therefore, are able to regenerate part or whole of the organism.
(v) Repair and Healing: It is a mechanism for replacing old or worn out cells. An injury or wound is healed by repeated mitotic divisions of the surrounding healthy cells.
(vi)Opportunity for differentiation: Mitosis produces multicellular condition. It provides opportunity for differentiation.
Significance of meiosis in multicellular organism are as follows:
(i) Formation of gametes: Meiosis forms gametes that are essential for sexual reproduction.
(ii)Maintenance of chromosome number :
Meiosis maintains the fixed number of chromosomes in sexually reproducing organisms by halving the same. It is essential since the chromosome number becomes double after fertilisation.
(iii)Assortment of Chromosomes : In meiosis paternal and maternal chromosomes assort independently. It causes reshuffling of chromosomes and the traits controlled by them. The variations help the breeders in improving the races of useful plants and animals.
(iv)Crossing over : It introduces new combination of traits or variation.
6.An organism has two pair of chromosomes (i.e., chromosome number = 4). Diagrammatically represent the chromosomal arrangement during different phases of meiosis-ll.
soln.
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