Formulae Handbook for Class 10 Maths and Science
NCERT Solutions CBSE Class 10 History Work, Life and Leisure
Q.1. Give three reasons why the population of London expanded from the middle of the eighteenth century.
[CBSE 2008 ID). Sept. 2010. 2011]
Ans. (i) Industrialisation was the most important factor which attracted people to London.
(ii) The textile industry of London attracted a large number of migrants, fit The city of London attracted people from all walks of life like clerks, shopkeepers, soldiers, servants, labourers, beggars, etc.
Q.2. What were the changes in the kind of work available to women in London between the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries ? Explain the factors which led to this change.
Ans. (i) Employment in Factories : In the 18th and the 19th centuries, a large number of women were employed in the factories because during that period, most of the production activities were carried with the help of the family.
(ii)Technological Developments and loss of jobs : But with the technological advancement, women gradually lost their industrial jobs and were forced to do household work. They also tried to increase the family income by activities like tailoring, washing or matchbox making.
(iii) Employment during War : However, in the 20th century, women again started getting employed in wartime industries and offices because most of the male citizens were fighting at the front.
Q.3. How does the existence of a large urban population affect each of the following ? Illustrate with historical examples.
(a) A private landlord.
(b) A Police Superintendent incharge of law and order.
(c) A leader of a political party.
Ans. (a) Effects of large urban population over a private landlord : As a result of industrialisation, a large number of people from the rural areas moved to London, thereby increasing the population of London manifold. Such a situation created many problems for most of the residents of London.
However, some sections of the society, such as the private landlords stood to gain. They sold their land to the needy people a: very high rates. They built cheap tenements on their land, rented them to the poor workers, and amassed quite large sums of money as rents,
(b) Effects of large urban population on a police superintendent : A large urban population of London created many problems for the police Superintendent, who was incharge of law and order
(i) The overcrowding of London led to the growth of crime in that city According to one estimate. there were about 20.000 criminals living in London in the 1870s. The presence of such a large number of criminals in London created a serious law and order problem for the Police Superintend.
(ii) When a fire in the slums burnt down many small tenements and killed many people, the police had a hard Time to control the situation.
(iii) Many movements of the workers for better wages, better housing facilities and Just voting rights meant a great headache for the police.
(c) Effects of a Large Urban Population on a Leader of a Political Party : A large City population was a great threat to the law and order of the city. The political parties could easily instigate such crowds to any agitation against the government. Most political movements of the 19th century, like the Chartist Movement for the right to vote for every adult and 10 hours movement, etc., were the direct results of the overcrowding of London.
Q.4. Give explanations for the following :
(a) Why did the well off Londoners supported the need to build housing for the poor in the nineteenth century ?
(b) Why were a number of Bombay films about the lives of migrants ?
(c) What led to the major expansion of Bombay’s population in the mid-nineteenth century ?
Ans.(a) :(i) Living in slums was very dangerous for the labourers. They lived upto an average age of 29 years as compared to the average life expectancy of 55 among the higher and the middle classes.
(ii) Such slums were not only harmful for the slum dwellers, but they were also a threat to the public health, and could easily lead to any epidemic,
(iii) Poor housing could prove a great fire hazard and could engulf other areas in the fire disaster.
(iv) Especially, after the Russian Revolution of 1917. it was felt that poor housing could lead to any social disaster, and could lead to rebellions by the poor slum dwellers.
(v) Lack of proper houses was also increasing the pollution level.
(b) Most of the people in the film industry were themselves migrants who came from cities like Lahore, Calcutta, Madras and contributed to the national character of the industry. Those who came from Lahore, then in Punjab, were especially important for the development of the Hindi film industry. Many famous writers, like Ismat Chughtai and Saadat Hasan Manto, were associated with the Hindi cinema.
(c) (i) In 1819, Bombay became the capital of Bombay Presidency. So it attracted more and more people towards the city.
(ii) With the growth of trade in cotton and opium, a large number of traders and bankers along with artisans and shopkeepers came to settle in Bombay or Mumbai.
(iii) As a result of the establishment of many industries along with the expansion of the cotton industry, more and more people migrated to Bombay from the neighbouring areas, especially from the nearby district of Ratnagiri.
(iv) Bombay dominated the maritime trade of India with the European countries.
(v) The introduction of railways, also encouraged a higher scale of migrants to this city.
(vi) Famine in the dry regions of Kutch drove a large number of people into Bombay or Mumbai.
(vii) When Bombay became the hub of Indian films, many new people—artists, dramatists, play writers, poets, singers, story writers flocked to this city despite its massive overcrowding.
Q.5. What forms of entertainment came up in the nineteenth century England to provide leisure activities for the people ?
Ans. (i) London Season : For wealthy Britishers there had long been an annual ‘London Season. Several cultural events, such as the opera, the theatre and the classical music performances were organised for an elite group of 300-400 families in the late eighteenth century.
(ii) Pleasure gardens : Pleasure gardens came in the 19th century to provide facilities for sports,entertainment and refreshments for the well-to-do.
(iii) Pubs for working class : Working classes met in pubs to have a drink: exchange news and sometimes, also to organise for political action.
(iii) Libraries and museums : Libraries, art galleries and museums were established in the nineteenth century to provide people with a sense of history and pride in the achievements of the British.
(iv) Music halls and cinemas : Music hails were popular among the lower classes and, by the early twentieth century, cinema became the great mass entertainment for the mixed audiences
(vi) Beaches : British industrial workers were increasingly encouraged to spend their holidays by the sea. so as to derive the benefits of the sun and the bracing winds.
Q.6. (a) Explain the social changes in London which led to the need for the Underground Railway.
[CBSE 2009 (O), Sept. 2010,2011] (b) Why was the development of the Underground Railway criticised ?
[CBSE Sept. 2010, 2011]
Ans.(a) (i)Industrialisation was the most important factor responsible for the urbanisation in the modem period.
(ii)London soon started emerging as a great industrial centre with a population of about 6,75,000. Over the 19th century, London continued to expand, and its population multiplied fourfold.
(iii)The city of London attracted people from all walks of life like clerks, shopkeepers, soldiers, servants, labourers, beggars, etc.
(iv)The living conditions in London changed dramatically when people started migrating from the countryside to the city in search of jobs. This was largely because accommodation was not provided to the labourers by the factory owners.
(v)The labourers had to live in cheap and unsafe tenements provided by the individual landowners.
(vi)Poverty was clearly visible in the city. In 1887, Charles Booth conducted a survey, and concluded that about one million landowners were very poor, and were expected to live only upto an average age of 29. These people were more likely to die in a workhouse, hospital or a lunatic asylum. Meanwhile, the city had extended beyond the range where people could walk to work. So the planners realised the need for a means of transport.
(b) (i) Many fell that the “iron monsters added to the mess and unhealthiness of the city.
(ii) To make approximately two miles of railway, about 900 houses had to be destroyed.
(iii) The London Tube Railway led to a massive displacement of the London poor.
Q.7. Explain what is meant by the Haussmannization of Paris. To what extent would you support or oppose this form of development ? Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper, to either support or oppose this, giving reasons for your view.
Ans. Haussmannization of Paris : It simply means that the new city o: Pahs was designed by the chief architect of new Paris. At the instance of Napoleon 111 (a nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte). Haussmann built the new city of Paris for continuous 17 years (between 1852 ro 1869). He designed straight, broad avenues (or boulevards), and open spaces and transplanted full grown trees. By 1370. about one-fifth of the streets of Paris were the creation of Haussmann. In addition, night patrols were introduced, bus shelters were built, and tap water was introduced. Opposition of Haussmannization: Many opposed this form o: development About 3.50.000 people were evicted from the centre of Paris. Some said that the city of Paris had been monstrously transformed. Some lamented the passing of an earlier way of life, and the development of an upper class culture. Others believed that Haussmann had killed the street and its life to produce an empty boring city. Arguments in Support of Haussmannization : The new Pans city soon got converted into a civic pride as the new capital became the toast of all of Europe. Paris became the hub of many new architectures. social and intellectual developments that were very influenced through the 20th century in many parts of the world.
Letter to the Editor to Self Explanatory.
Q.8. To what extent docs government regulations and new laws solve problems of pollution ? Discuss one example each of the success and failure of legislation to change the quality of :
(a) public life
(b) private life
Ans. The government regulations and new laws had a mixed history of the successes and failures – :
(i)New legislations in London were not taken seriously by the factory owners. They were not ready to spend on technologies that would improve their machines.
(ii )The Smoke Abatement Acts of 1847 and 1853 failed to clean the air.
(iii)Calcutta (Kolkata) became the first Indian dry to get the smoke nuisance legislation.
(iv) In 1920. the nee mills of Tollygunge began to burn rice husk instead of coal, leading residents to complain that ’the air is filled up with black soot which falls like drilling rain from morning rill night, and it has become impossible to live’. The inspectors of the Bengal Smoke Nuisance Commission finally managed to control the industrial smoke.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Who developed the principles of a Garden City? [CBSE (CCE) 2011]
(a) Thomas Hardy
(b) Charles Dickens
(c) Charles Booth
(d) Ebenezer Howard
2. In which of the following year Bombay became the capital of Bombay presidency? [CBSE (CCE) 2011]
(a) 1819
(b) 1850
(c) 1872
(d) 1880
3. Name one factor that changed the form of urbanisation in the modern world. [CBSE (CCE) 2011]
(a) Capitalism
(b) Socialism
(c) Industrialisation
(d) Unemployment
4. Who wrote the book “The Bitter Cry of Out Cast London” in the 1880s? [CBSE (CCE) 2011]
(a) Andrew Mearns
(b) Rowlandson
(c) T.E Turner
(d) None of the above
5. What was not a reason for providing mass housing schemes for the workers ?
(a) Concern for the poor
(b) Fear of social disorder
(c) Threat to public health
(d) Overcrowding of elite localities
6. Which movie did Dadasaheb Phalke make ?
(a) CID
(b) Guest House
(c) Raja Harishchandra
(d) Tezab
7. Bombay at first was under control of
(a) Portuguese
(b) English
(c) French
(d) Dutch
8. Which of the following cities has developed in a planned manner ?
(a) Delhi
(b) Madras
(c) Singapore
(d) Lucknow
9. Which of the following is not a factor responsible for urbanisation ?
(a) Increase of population
(b) Rise of prices
(c) Growth in factories
(d) Rise of industrial capitalism
10. What was the observation of Social Survey on London, conducted by Charles Booth in 1887 ?
(a) In London most of the people are living on criminal activities.
(b) The factory owners were exploiting the workers.
(c) London needed rebuilding of at least 4,00,000 rooms to house its poor citizens.
(d) London has become a polluted city.
11. What was introduced in 1863 in London to enable the suburban people to commute to their place of work ?
(a) Underground railway
(b) A network of macadamised roads
(c) Incentives in the form of higher wages for commuting
(d) Fast bus service
12. Why was there heavier smog in Calcutta than in other cities in the northern India ?
(a) The city had a large population who depends on dung or wood as fuel.
(b) The city was built on a marshy land.
(c) The city had more industrial units.
(d) All the above
13. Which of the following most significantly changed the pattern of urbanisation ?
(a) Housing projects
(b) Industrialisation
(c) Rural population
(d) Brisk trade
14. Why was Baron Haussmann well-known ?
(a) For beautifying the city of London
(b) For making the garden city of New Earswick
(c) For rebuilding the city of Paris
(d) For making a planned city in Singapore
15. Which of the following statements best explain death due to asphyxiation ?
(a) Death due to poisoning
(b) Death due to fear
(c) Death due to lack of oxygen
(d) Death due to lack of food
16. What was the main demand of the chartist movement started in 19th century ?
(a) Right to vote to all adult women
(b) Voting right for all adult citizen
(c) Voting right for all adult male
(d) Voting right to rural people
17. Who among the following designed the city of New Earswick ?
(a) Charles Booth
(b) Barry Parker
(c) Ebenezer Howard
(d) Gareth Stedman
18. Suffrage means
(a) the freedom of speech
(b) freedom from suffering
(c) the right to vote
(d) the right to education
19. What was referred by ’10 hour movement’ ? A movement for
(a) Fixing wage for 10 hours of work
(b) Limiting work hours in factories
(c) Fixing 10 hours of work in a week
(d) Fixing 10 hours work for women in factories
20. Multi-functional city having major ports, museum, Harbour, library etc. was known as
(a) metropolis
(b) presidency city
(c) capital city
(d) premier city
21. The pollutant caused by the combination of smoke and fog is called
(a) cloudy fog
(b) smog
(c) dense fog
(d) smoking fog
22. Which of the following was not an effect of the development of railways?
(a) Introduction of a well functioning transit system
(b) Connectivity to various schools
(c) Enabling the people to live in garden city outside London and travel to work everyday
(d) Weakend social distinction
23. In 1886 riot, what was the main demand of the workers ?
(a) Raise in the wages
(b) Permanent job
(c) Relief from terrible condition of poverty
(d) Housing scheme for poor people
24. After which event did Bombay become the capital of Bombay Presidency ?
(a) Defeat of the Marathas in the first Anglo Maratha war in 1782.
(b) Defeat of the Marathas in the 2nd Anglo Maratha war in 1803
(c) Defeat of the Marathas in the third Anglo Maratha war in 1819
(d) Defeat of the Marathas in Anglo-Mysore war
25. What was the function of Bengal smoke Nuisance commission ?
(a) Inspection of factories
(b) Controlling domestic and industrial smoke
(c) Penalising the factory owner if the chimneys were not cleaned on time
(d) Inspection of houses in urban areas
26. The first Indian city to get Smoke Nuisance Legislation was
(a) Bombay
(b) Madras
(c) Calcutta
(d) Delhi
27. In 1864 what project was taken up by Back Bay Reclamation Co. ?
(a) A project to build a dockyard
(b) A project to build the Ballard estate
(c) A project to level the hills to make Malabar Hills
(d) A project to develop Marine Drive
28. Between 1914-1918 by which agency was the dry dock built in Bombay ?
(a) Improvement Trust
(b) Back Bay Reclamation Company
(c) Bombay Port Trust
(d) By a private company
29. Which of the following is the God of creation ?
(a) Brahma
(b) Vishnu
(c) Shiva
(d) Varuna
30. Author of “Debganer Martye Aagaman” is
(a) Premchand
(b) Saratchandra
(c) Durgacharan Ray
(d) Rabindranath Tagore
31. Which of the following city originally was a group of seven islands under Portuguese control ?
(a) Daman
(b) Goa
(c) Bombay
(d) Cochin
32. The Ruler who acquired Bombay as gift at the time of his marriage with a Portuguese princess was
(a) Charles I
(b) Charles II
(c) James Stuart
(d) George II
33. In which of his books did Charles Dickens wrote about the massive destruction in the construction of railways?
(a) Hard times
(b) Oliver Twist
(c) Dombey and Son
(d) Geminal
ANSWERS
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