Electricity Class 10 Notes Science Chapter 12

CBSE Class 10 Science Notes Chapter 12 Electricity Pdf free download is part of Class 10 Science Notes for Quick Revision. Here we have given NCERT Class 10 Science Notes Chapter 12 Electricity.

CBSE Class 10 Science Notes Chapter 12 Electricity

Conductor: The material which can allow the flow of electrons through itself is called the conductor. It has a large number of free electrons. It offers low opposition in the flow of current.

Insulator: The material which does not allow the flow of electrons through itself is called insulator. It has less or no free electrons. It offers high opposition in the flow of current.

Electric Current: The amount of flow charge through any cross-sectional area of a conductor in unity time is called Electric Current.
It is represented by ‘I’
I =

Unit of Electric Current: It is CS^-1 (coulomb per second) or Ampere (A). Electric Current is a scalar quantity. It is measured by an ammeter.

Direction: The direction of conventional current (or practical current) is opposite to the flow of electrons.

Electric potential: Electric Potential at any point in the electric field is defined as the amount of work done to bring the unit positive charge from infinity (from outside the electric field) to that point.
V =, S.I. unit of Electric Potential is JC^-1 or volt (V). It is a scalar quantity. The +ve charge flows from higher to lower potential. The -ve charge flows from lower to a higher potential. The difference of electric potential between any two points in the electric field is called Electric Potential difference. It is known as a voltage which is equal to the work done per unit charge between two points against the static electric field.
V_AB = V_A – V_B =
Electric Potential difference is measured by a voltmeter.

Ohm’s Law: According to this law “Under the constant physical condition the potential difference across the conductor is directly proportional to the current flowing through the conductor.”
V ∝ I
V = IR …[Where R is proportionality constant called resistance of conductor]
⇒ I =
R depends upon nature, geometry and physical condition of the conductor.

The heat generated by electric current: The potential difference between two points in an electrical field is equal to the work done in moving a unit charge from one point to another.
Then, work is done, W = VQ and Q = I × t
W = V × I × t
From Ohm’s Law, we know that
V = IR
W = IR × I × t = I².Rt
Since heat produced by the electric current is equal to work done, W
H = W
⇒ H (heat) = I²Rt Joule.

Resistance: Ratio of the applied voltage to the current flowing in the conductor is called resistance of the conductor.
⇒ R =
S.I. Unit of resistance is VA^-1 or ohm (Ω).
Resistance is the opposition offered by the conductor in the flow of current.
Practically it is
R ∝ L (L is the length of a conductor)
R ∝ 1/A (A is the area of a conductor)
So, R ∝ L/A
R = ρL/A …[Where p is proportionality constant called specific resistance of conductor
It only depend upon nature (material) and temperature of conductor.

Specific resistance or Resistivity = ρ = RA /L
It’s S.I. Unit is Qm

Combination of resistance:

• In this combination the current across every component is same but potential across every component is different.
• If resistance R₁, R₂ and R₃ are connected in series with a battery of Potential V, then equivalence resistance of the combination
  R = R₁ + R₂ + R₃

The parallel combination of resistance:

• In this combination the current across every component is different. But potential across every component is the same.
• If resistance R₁, R₂ and R₃ are connected in parallel with a battery of Potential V, then equivalence resistance of combination
  

Electric Energy is amount of work done to maintain the continuous flow of electric current in the circuit.
Its S.I. unit is joule (J).

Electric power (P): The electric work done per unit time is called electric power.
Electric Power =
or P =
Electric power is also defined as the electric energy consumed per unit time.
P =
S.I. unit of electric power is Watt. When one joule of energy is used for one second, electric power is equal to one watt.

Derivation of formula for electric power:
We know that electric work done, W = V × I × t or P =
P = VI
Electric power in watts = Volts × ampere
Also V = IR …[According to Ohm’s Law]
So P = IR × I
P = I²R
We know that I =
P = ()² × R = Watt
The maximum value of electric current that can pass through an electric appliance without damaging electric appliance is called current rating of electric appliance.

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