Sequences and Series
Sequences: A sequence is a set of terms in a definite order with a rule for obtaining the terms.
e.g. 1, 1/2, 1/3 ,……., 1/n,…….. is a sequence.
Arithmetic Progression (AP): AP is a sequence whose terms increase or decrease by a fixed number. This fixed number is called the common difference. If a is the first term & d the common difference, then AP can be written as a, a + d, a + 2 d, ……. a + (n – 1)d, …….. nth term of this AP tn = a + (n – 1)d, where d = an – an-1. The sum of the first n terms of the AP is given by; ![\S_{n}=\frac{n}{2}[2 a+(n-1) d]=\frac{n}{2}[a + l]](http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5CS_%7Bn%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7Bn%7D%7B2%7D%5B2+a%2B%28n-1%29+d%5D%3D%5Cfrac%7Bn%7D%7B2%7D%5Ba+%2B+l%5D&bg=ffffff&fg=000&s=1 "\S_{n}=\frac{n}{2}[2 a+(n-1) d]=\frac{n}{2}[a + l]")
Note:
- If each term of an A.P. is increased, decreased, multiplied or divided by the same non zero number, then the resulting sequence is also an AP.
- Three numbers in AP can be taken as a – d , a, a + d; four numbers in AP can be taken as a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d; five numbers in AP are a – 2d, a – d, a, a + d, a + 2d & six terms in AP are a – 5d, a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d, a + 5d etc.
- The common difference can be zero, positive or negative.
- The sum of the two terms of an AP equidistant from the beginning & end is constant and equal to the sum of first & last terms.
- Any term of an AP (except the first) is equal to half the sum of terms which are equidistant from it.
- tr = Sr − Sr−1
- If a , b , c are in AP ⇒ 2 b = a + c.
Geometric Progression (GP) | Sequences and Series
GP is a sequence of numbers whose first term is non zero & each of the succeeding terms is equal to the proceeding terms multiplied by a constant . Thus in a GP the ratio of successive terms is constant. This constant factor is called the COMMON RATIO of the series & is obtained by dividing any term by that which immediately proceeds it. Therefore a, ar, ar2, ar3, ar4, …… is a GP with a as the first term & r as common ratio.
- nth term = arn –1
- Sum of the Ist n terms i.e.
- Sum of an infinite GP when |r| < 1 when n → ∞ rn → 0 if |r| < 1 therefore,
- If each term of a GP be multiplied or divided by the same non-zero quantity, the resulting sequence is also a GP.
- Any 3 consecutive terms of a GP can be taken as a/r, a, ar; any 4 consecutive terms of a GP can be taken as a/r3, a/r, ar, ar3 & so on.
- If a, b, c are in GP ⇒ b² = ac.
Harmonic Progression (HP) | Sequences and Series
A sequence is said to HP if the reciprocals of its terms are in AP.If the sequence a1, a2, a3, …. , an is an HP then 1/a1, 1/a2, …. , 1/an is an AP & converse. Here we do not have the formula for the sum of the n terms of an HP. For HP whose first term is a & second term is b, the nth term is
If a, b, c are in HP ⇒
Sequences and Series | Means
Arithmetic Mean:
If three terms are in AP then the middle term is called the AM between the other two, so if a, b, c are in AP, b is AM of a & c . AM for any n positive number a1, a2, … , an is ;
n – Arithmetic Means Between Two Numbers:
If a, b are any two given numbers & a, A1, A2, …. , An, b are in AP then A1, A2, … An are the n AM’s between a & b.
where
Note: Sum of n AM’s inserted between a & b is equal to n times the single AM between a & b i.e.
Geometric Means:
If a, b, c are in GP, b is the GM between a & c.
b² = ac, therefore b = 
n-Geometric Means Between a, b:
If a, b are two given numbers & a, G1, G2, ….. , Gn, b are in GP. Then
G1, G2, G3 , …., Gn are n GMs between a & b
G1 = a(b/a)1 /n+1 ,G2 = a(b/a)2 /n+1 = ar , ……., Gn = a(b/a)n /n+1 = ar ,
G1 = ar , G2 = ar2 , ……., Gn = arn , where r = (b/a)1 /n+1
Note: The product of n GMs between a & b is equal to the nth power of the single GM between a & b i.e.
where G is the single GM between a & b.
Harmonic Mean:
If a, b, c are in HP, b is the HM between a & c, then b = 2ac/[a + c].
Theorem:
If A, G, H are respectively AM, GM, HM between a & b both being unequal & positive then,
- G² = AH
- A > G > H (G > 0). Note that A, G, H constitute a GP.
Arithmetic-Geometric Series | Sequences and Series
A series each term of which is formed by multiplying the corresponding term of an AP & GP is called the Arithmetico-Geometric Series. e.g. 1 + 3x + 5x² + 7x3 + …..
Here 1, 3, 5, …. are in AP & 1, x, x², x3 ….. are in GP.
Standard appearance of an Arithmetic-Geometric Series is
Let Sn = a + (a + d) r + (a + 2 d) r² + ….. + [a + (n − 1)d] rn−1
Sum To Infinity:
If |r| < 1 & n → ∞ then
Sigma Notations Theorems:
where k is a constant.
Results:
(sum of the first n natural nos.)
(sum of the squares of the first n natural numbers)
(sum of the cubes of the first n natural numbers)
(sum of the first n natural nos.)
(sum of the squares of the first n natural numbers)![\sum_{r=1}^{n} r^{3}=\frac{n^{2}(n+1)^{2}}{4}\left[\sum_{r=1}^{n} r\right]^{2}](http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csum_%7Br%3D1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D+r%5E%7B3%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7Bn%5E%7B2%7D%28n%2B1%29%5E%7B2%7D%7D%7B4%7D%5Cleft%5B%5Csum_%7Br%3D1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D+r%5Cright%5D%5E%7B2%7D&bg=ffffff&fg=000&s=1 "\sum_{r=1}^{n} r^{3}=\frac{n^{2}(n+1)^{2}}{4}\left[\sum_{r=1}^{n} r\right]^{2}")
(sum of the cubes of the first n natural numbers)
Method Of Difference | Sequences and Series
If T1, T2, T3, …… , Tn are the terms of a sequence then some times the terms T2 − T1, T3 − T2 , ……. constitute an AP/GP. nth term of the series is determined & the sum to n terms of the sequence can easily be obtained.
Remember that to find the sum of n terms of a series each term of which is composed of r factors in AP, the first factors of several terms being in the same AP, we “write down the nth term, affix the next factor at the end, divide by the number of factors thus increased and by the common difference and add a constant. Determine the value of the constant by applying the initial conditions”.
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