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Class 11 History Notes Chapter 2 Writing and City Life

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Class 11 History Notes Chapter 2 Writing and City Life

  • A great civilization flourished in Mesopotamia around 5000 BCE.
  • Mesopotamia is the modern Iraq.
  • Originally Mesopotamia is a Greek word which means the land between two rivers.
  • Tigris and Euphrates were the two rivers between which the civilization of Mesopotamia flourished.
  • Mesopotamia is a flat plain. The excavation work started here about 150 years ago.
  • Sumer region was the lower part of the Mesopotamian civilization.
  • It was the heart of the civilization.
  • Sumerians were the first to develop a civilization in Mesopotamia. That is why the civilization has been named after them, i.e. Sumerian civilisation.
  • As per excavations , there were three types of cities in Mesopotamia. They were religious, commercial and royal cities.
  • Ur, Lagash,Kish, Uruk and Mari were some of the most important cities of Mesopotamian civilisation.
  • Soil of Mesopotamia was very fertile but agriculture was threatened because of natural causes. The crops grown were wheat, barley, peas and lintel.
  • Mesopotamian civilization was based on a definite plan.
  • There were three kinds of slaves that existed in Mesopotamian society. They were war prisoners, children sold by their parents and those who failed to pay their debt. They were ill treated.
  • Mesopotamian society consisted of three classes, i.e. Upper class, Middle class and Lower class.
  • Ruling class, the nobles, the royal people and the high officials belonged to the upper class.
  • Members of the upper class led a luxurious life.
  • Merchants, traders, landlords, artisans, craftsmen belonged to the second class.
  • Slaves belonged to the lower class.
  • Cows, goats, oxen and sheep were the main animals of domestication.
  • Hammurabi, the great, was the ruler of Mesopotamia during the period of 2067-2025 BCE.
  • Code of conduct was the greatest contribution of Hammurabi. They were 282 in numbers and covered every aspect of life.
  • Cuneiform script was the script of Mesopotamia.
  • Mesopotamians had great interest in literature also. Gilgamesh was their famous epic. It was the work of Uruk who was the ruler of Mesopotamia in 2700 BCE.
  • Mesopotamians were interested in mathematics too.
  • Sixty important numbers have been found in their numerals.
  • Babylonia had an important role in the history of Mesopotamia.
  • Temples of Mesopotamia also had much importance in the history of Mesopotamia. Temples were centres of religious activities. These temples were dedicated to different gods and goddesses.

Important terms:

  • Mesopotamia: The land between two rivers. It is made of Greek words ‘Mesos’ meaning middle and ‘Potamos’ meaning river.
  • Division of labour: In this system, each labour/person is given a particular part of work in which he is skilled.
  • Nuclear Family: A very small family consisting of husband, wife and their children.
  • Cuneiform: The wedge-shaped symbol which represents the syllables and sound of a word.
  • Steles: Stone slabs with inscriptions or carvings.
TIMELINE
YearsEvent
C. 7000 – 6000 BCEBeginning of agriculture in the northern Mesopotamian plains
C. 5000 BCEEarliest temples in southern Mesopotamia built
C. 3200 BCEFirst writing in Mesopotamia
C. 3000 BCEUruk develops into a huge city, increasing use of bronze tools
C. 2700 – 2500 BCEEarly kings, including, possibly, the legendary ruler Gilgamesh
C. 2600 BCEDevelopment of the cuneiform script
C. 2400 BCEReplacement of Sumerian by Akkadian
2370 BCESargon, king of Akkad
C. 2000 BCESpread of cuneiform writing to Syria, Turkey and Egypt; Mari and Babylon emerge as important urban centres
C. 1800 BCEMathematical texts composed; Sumerian no longer spoken
C. 1100 BCEEstablishment of the Assyrian kingdom
C. 1000 BCEUse of iron
720-610 BCEAssyrian empire
668-627 BCERule of Assurbanipal
331 BCEAlexander conquers Bablyon
C. 1st century CEAkkadian and cuneiform remain in use
1850’sDecipherment of the cuneiform script

Flow-Learning:

Class 11 History Notes Chapter 2 Writing and City Life 1

Class 11 History Notes Chapter 2 Writing and City Life 2

Class 11 History Notes

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