Light Reflection and Refraction – CBSE Notes for Class 10 Science
1. Light travels in a straight line.
2. Light gets reflected when it falls on polished surfaces; like mirrors.
3. Light suffers refraction when it travels from one medium to another.
4. There is a change in the wavelengths!light when it moves from one medium into another.
5. The bouncing back of light when it strikes a smooth or polished surface is called reflection of light. Reflection is of two types; Specular or regular and Diffuse or irregular reflection.
6. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. Mathematically, we have ∠i = ∠r.
7. The image is as far behind the mirror as the object is in front.
8. The image is unmagnified, virtual and erect.
9. The image has right-left reversal.
10. Focal length of a plane mirror is infinity.
11. Power of a plane mirror is zero.
12. If a plane mirror is turned by an angle, the reflected ray turns by 2θ.
13. The least size of a plane mirror to view an object is equal to half the size of the object.
14. Pole (Vertex): The central point of a mirror is called its pole.
15. Centre of curvature : The centre of the sphere of which the mirror is a part is called the centre of curvature. It is denoted by C.
16. Radius of curvature : The radius of the sphere of which the mirror is a part is called the radius of curvature. It is denoted by R.
17. Principal axis : The straight line passing through the pole and the centre of curvature of the mirror is called the principal axis.
18. Principal focus : It is a point on the principal axis at which the rays parallel to the principal axis meet after reflection or seem to come from. For a concave mirror, the focus lies in front of the mirror and for a convex mirror, it lies behind the mirror. In short, a concave mirror has a real focus while aconvex mirror has a virtual focus.
19. Focal plane : A plane, drawn perpendicular to the principal axis and passing through the principal focus.
20. Focal length : The distance between the pole and the focus is called the focal length. It is represented by f. The focal length is half the radius of curvature.
21. Aperture: The size of the mirror is called its aperture. It is also defined as the effective diameter of the light reflecting area of the mirror.
22. Real image : When the rays of light, after reflection from a mirror, actually meet at a point, then the image formed by these rays is said to be real. Real images can be obtained on a screen.
23. Virtual image: When the rays of light, after reflection from a mirror, appear to meet at a point, then the image formed by these rays is said to be virtual. Virtual images can’t be obtained on a screen.
24. The following rays are used while drawing ray diagrams to find the position of an image :
- A ray of light parallel to the principal axis after reflection passes through the focus. (1)
- A ray of light passing through the focus after reflection becomes parallel to the principal axis. (2)
- A ray of light incident on the centre of curvature retraces its path after reflection form the mirror.
25. For mirrors, the following results hold :
u is – ve, if the object is in front of the mirror.
(Real object)
u is + ve, if the object is behind the mirror.
(Virtual object)
v is – ve, if the image is in front of the mirror.
(Real image)
vis +ve, if the image is behind the mirror.
(Virtual image)
Focal length of a concave mirror is taken as – ve. Focal length of a convex mirror is taken as +ve.
26. When the image formed by a spherical mirror is real, it is also inverted and is on the same side of the mirror as the object. Since both v and u are negative, the magnification is negative.
27. When the image formed by a spherical mirror is virtual, it is also erect and is on the other side of the mirror as the object. In this case, u is – ve and v is + ve , therefore, m is positive.
28. The expression for the mirror formula is 1/u+1/v = 1/f
29. Linear magnification is given by the expression
30. If m is positive, the image is erect w.r.t the object and if m is negative, the image is inverted w.r.t. the object.
31.The position of the image for various positions of the object for a concave mirror is as shown in the table below. The table also shows the use of the mirror for different positions of the object.
The position of the image for various positions of the object for a convex mirror is as shown in the table below. The table also shows the use of the mirror for different positions of the object.
32. The bending of light when it travels from one medium into another is called refraction of light
33.
34. As light travels from ,one medium to another, the frequency of light does not change.
35. Light refracts because it has different speeds in different media.
36. The refraction of light obeys the following two laws :
- The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane.
- The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is a constant.This
constant is called the index of refraction or refractive index.
37. If wng is the refractive index of glass w.r.t. water, ang be the refractive index of glass w.r.t. air and anw be the refractive index of water w.r.t. air ,then
38. The most familiar and widely used optical device is the lens. A lens is an optical system with two refracting surfaces. The simplest lens has two spherical surfaces close enough together that we can neglect the distance between them. Such a lens is called a thin lens. The two common types of lenses are Converging lens or Convex lens, Diverging lens or Concave lens.
39. It should be noted that, if the above lenses are surrounded by .a material with a refractive index greater than that of the lens, the convex lens gets converted into a concave lens and vice-versa.
40. Any lens that is thicker at its centre than at its edges is a converging lens with positive f, and any lens that is thicker at its edges than at the centre is a diverging lens with negative f.
41. Optical centre : The central point C in the lens is called the optical centre. If a ray is incident towards the optical centre, it passes undeviated .through the lens.
42.Principal axis: Since the lens contains two spherical surfaces, therefore, it has two centres of curvatures.
The line joining these centres and passing through the optical centre is called principal axis.
43. Aperture: The effective width of a lens through which refraction takes place is called the aperture.
44. Focus and Focal Length : If a beam of light moving parallel to the principal axis of a convex lens is incident on it, the rays converge or meet at a point on the principal axis. This point F is called the focus. The distance CF is called the focal length. If a beam of light moving parallel to the principal axis is incident on a concave lens, the beam of light diverges. If these diverged rays are produced backward, they meet at a point F on the principal . axis. The transmitted rays appear to come from this point. This point F is called the focus and distance CF is called the focal length.
45. For drawing the ray diagrams, we note the following :
- All rays parallel to the principal axis after refraction pass through the principal focus or seem to come from it.
- A ray of light passing through the focus after refraction becomes parallel to the principal axis.
- A ray of light passing through the optical centre of the lens after refraction passes undeviated.
46. A convex and a concave lens can be supposed to be made-up of prisms.
47. Image formation by a concave lens.
48. Image formation by a convex lens.
49. New Cartesian sign conventions :
- All distances, object distance (u), image distance (v) and focal length f are measured from the optical centre.
- The distances measured in the direction of incident ray are taken as positive and distances measured against the direction of incident ray are taken as negative.
- All distances (heights) of objects and images above principal axis are taken as positive and those below the principal axis are taken as negative.
50. For the two lenses, the sign conventions take the form
- u is- ve, if the object is in front of the lens. (Real object)
- u is +ve, if the object is virtual.
- v is – ve, if the image is on the same side as that of the object. (Virtual image )
- v is +ve, if the image is real.
- Focal length of a concave lens is taken as – ve.
- Focal length of a convex lens is taken as +ve.
51. Lens formula for convex lens 1/v-1/u = 1/f
52. The linear magnification produced by a lens is defined as the ratio of the size of the image (h’) to the size of the object (h). It is represented by m i.e.,
53. If the magnification of a lens is negative, then the image formed is inverted and real.
54. If the magnification of a lens is positive, then the image formed is erect and virtual.
55. Power is defined as the reciprocal of the focal length. Power is measured in dioptre.
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