NCERT Exemplar Problems Class 12 Chemistry Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

NCERT Exemplar Problems Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 10 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes 

Multiple Choice Questions

Single Correct Answer Type
Question 1. The order of reactivity of following alcohols with halogen acids is

Solution: (b) The reactivity order of alcohols towards halogen acids is 3° > 2° > 1°, since the stability of carbocations is of the order 3° > 2° > 1 °.

Question 2. Which of the following alcohol will yield the corresponding alkyl chloride on reaction with concentrated HCl at room temperature?

Solution: (d) As tertiary carbocation is most stable, so tertiary alcohols are most reactive towards cone. HCl. Hence, the reaction can be conducted at room temperature only, while primary and secondary alcohols require the presence of a catalyst ZnCl₂.

Question 3.Identify the compound Y in the following reaction:

Solution: (a) When a primary aromatic amine, dissolved or suspended in cold aqueous mineral acid and treated with sodium nitrite, a diazonium salt is formed. When this freshly prepared diazonium salt is mixed with cuprous chloride, diazonium group is replaced by -Cl.
Then chlorobenzene is formed which is Y in this reaction.

Question 4.Toluene reacts with a halogen in the presence of iron (III) chloride giving ortho and para halo compounds. The reaction is
(a) electrophilic elimination reaction
(b) electrophilic substitution reaction
(c) free radical addition reaction
(d) nucleophilic substitution reaction
Solution:

This is an example of electrophilic substitution reaction.

Question 5. Which of the following is halogen exchange reaction?
(a)

Solution: (a) Halogen exchange reaction are those reactions in which one halide replaces another. This reaction is known as Finkelstein reaction.
In
(a) Halogen (-X) is replaced by iodine
(b) Addition of hydrogen halide on alkene
(c) Halogen replaces alcoholic group
(d) Halogen replaces the hydrogen of benzoic ring

Question 6. Which reagent will you use for the following reaction?

Solution: (a) The given reaction is a free radical substitution reaction. It occurs in presence of ultraviolet light or at high temperature or peroxides which are free radical generators. Free radical substitution cannot take place in dark.

Question 7. Arrange the following compounds in the increasing order of their densities Cl

Solution: (a) Density increases with increase in molecular mass. The order of molecular masses is

Question 8.Benzene < Chlorobenzene < Dichlorobenzene < Bromochlorobenzene Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their boiling points


Solution: (c) Boiling points of isomeric haloalkanes decrease with increase in branching as with increase in branching surface area decreases which leads to decrease in intermolecular forces.

Question 9. In which of the following molecules carbon atom marked with asterisk (*) is

Solution: (b) Asymmetric/chiral carbon atom is that in which all of its four valencies with four different groups or atoms.
In molecules (i), (ii) and (iii), all have asymmetric carbon as each carbon has satisfied all four valencies with four different groups or atoms.
In molecule (iv), carbon satisfies two of its valencies with two hydrogen atoms i.e., similar atom. So, it is not an asymmetric carbon atom.

Question 10. Which of the following structure is enantiomeric with the molecule (A) given below:

Solution: (a) Compound (a) is enantiomer of compound (A) because the configuration of two groups, i.e., CH₃ and C₂H₅ in them is reversed at the chiral carbon.

Question 11. Which of the following is an example of vie-dihalide?
(a) Dichloromethane (b) 1, 2-dichloroethane
(c) Ethylidene chloride (d) Allyl chloride
Solution: (b) 1, 2-Dichloroethane is a vic-dihalide since two Cl atoms are present on vicinal carbon atoms (adjacent).

Question 12. The position of -Br in the compound CH₃CH – CHC(Br)(CH₃)₂, can be classified as .
(a) allyl (b) aryl (c) vinyl (d) secondary
Solution: (a) It is allylic compound in which Br is attached next to double bonded carbon.

Question 13. Chlorobenzene is formed by reaction of chlorine with benzene in the presence of AlCl₃. Which of the following species attacks the benzene ring in this reaction?
(a) CP     (b) Cl⁺   (c) AlCl₃    (d) [AlCl₄]^–
Solution:

Question 14. Ethylidene chloride is a/an .
(a) vic-dihalide (b) gem-dihalide (c) allylic halide (d) vinylic halide
Solution: (b) Ethylidene chloride is a gem-dihalide, CH₃ – CHCl₂ in which both halogen atoms are attached to the same carbon atom.

Question 15. What is A in the following reaction?


Solution: (c) In this reaction, addition of HCl takes place on doubly bonded carbons in accordance with Markownikofif’s rule i.e., addition of negative addendum will take place on that carbon which has lesser number of hydrogen.

Question 16. A primary alkyl halide would prefer to undergo .
(a) S_N¹ reaction (b) S_N² reaction
(c) a-Elimination (d) Racemisation
Solution: (b) S_N² reaction proceeds via formation of transition state which is formed easily in primary alkyl halide due to less steric hindrance.

Question 17. Which of the following alkyl halides will undergo S_N¹ reaction most rapidly?
(a) (CH₃)₃C-F (b) (CH₃)₃C – Cl
(c) (CH₃)₃C – Br (d) (CH₃)₃C-I
Solution: (d) (CH₃)₃C – I will undergo S_N¹ reaction most readily as C-l bond is weakest, due to the large difference in the size of carbon and iodine.

Question 18.

Solution: (c) The correct IUPAC name of the given compound is

Question 19. What should be the correct IUPAC name for diethylbromomethane?
(a) 1-Bromo-l, 1-diethylmethane (b) 3-Bromopentane
(c) 1-Bromo-l-ethylpropane (d) 1-Bromopentane
Solution: (b) Diethylbromomethane is

Question 20. The reaction of toluene with chloride in the presence of iron and in the absence of light yields
>
Solution:

Question 21. Chloromethane on treatment with excess of ammonia yields mainly

Solution: (c) Chloromethane on treatment with excess of ammonia yields mainly methanamine.
CH₃Cl + NH₃ –> CH₃NH₂ + HCl
Excess Methanamine
However, if the two reactants are present in the same amount, the mixture of primary, secondary and tertiary amine is obtained.

Question 22. Molecules whose mirror image is non superimposable over them are known as chiral. Which of the following molecule is chiral in nature?
(a) 2-Bromobutane (b) 1-Bromobutane
(c) 2-Bromopropane (d) 2-Bromopropan-2-ol
Solution:

Question 23. Reaction of C₆H₅CH₂Br with aqueous sodium hydroxide follows
(a) S_N¹ mechanism
(b) S_N² mechanism
(c) any of the above two depending upon the temperature of reaction
(d) Saytzeff rule
Solution: (a) C₆H₅CH₂Br will follow S_N¹ mechanism on reaction with aqueous sodium hydroxide since the carbocation formed C₆H₅ CH₂ is a resonance stabilized cation.
Benzylic halides show high reactivity towards the S_N¹ reaction.
The carbocation thus formed gets stabilized through resonance as shown in the structure.

Question 24.Which of the carbon atoms present in the molecule given below are asymmetric?

Solution: (b) Carbon has four valencies. If a carbon atom satisfies all of its four valencies with four different groups then it is termed asymmetric/chiral carbon. In the given compound, b and c carbon are bonded to four different groups, so these are asymmetric.

Question 25.Which of the following compounds will give racemic mixture on nucleophilic substitution by OH ion?

Solution:

General Instruction: In the question 26 to 29, arrange the compounds in increasing order of rate of reaction towards nucleophilic substitution.

Question 26.

Solution: (c) Presence of an electron withdrawing group (-NO₂) at ortho and para position facilitates nucleophilic substitution. The effect of presence of electron withdrawing group is very less at meta position.

Question 27.

Solution: (d) Presence of electron releasing group at ortho or para positions decreases
the rate of nucleophilic substitution

Question 28.

Solution: (d) Electron withdrawing group increase the reactivity of aryl halides, more is the number of electron withdrawing group,the more is rate towards nucleophilic substitution.

Question 29.

Solution:(c) Electron releasing group increase the reactivity of aryl halides, less is the number of electron releasing group,the less is rate towards nucleophilic substitution.

Question 30. Which is the correct increasing order of boiling points of the following compounds?
1-Iodobutane, 1-Bromobutane, 1-Chlorobutane, Butane
(a) Butane < 1-Chlorobutane < 1-Bromobutane < 1 -Iodobutane
(b) 1-Iodobutane < 1-Bromobutane < 1-Chlorobutane < Butane
(c) Butane < 1-Iodobutane < 1-Bromobutane < 1-Chlorobutane
(d) Butane < 1-Chlorobutane < 1-Iodobutane < 1-Bromobutane
Solution: (a) The higher the surface area, the higher will be the intermolecular forces of attraction and thus boiling point too. Boiling point increases with increase in molecular mass of halogen atom for the similar type of alkyl halide. Butane has no halogen atom and rest of all three compounds are halo derivatives of butane.
Atomic mass of iodine is highest so the boiling point of 1-iodobutane is maximum among all the given compounds.

Question 31. Which is the correct increasing order of boiling points of the following compounds?
1-Bromoethane, 1-Bromopropane, 1-Bromobutane, Bromobenzene
(a) Bromobenzene < 1-Bromobutane < 1-Bromopropane < 1-Bromoethane
(b) Bromobenzene < 1-Bromoethane < 1 -Bromopropane < 1-Bromobutane
(c) 1-Bromopropane < 1-Bromobutane < 1-Bromoethane < Bromobenzene
(d) 1-Bromoethane < 1-Bromopropane < 1-Bromobutane < Bromobenzene
Solution: (d) Boiling point increases with increase in molecular mass of the alkyl
halide.

More than One Correct Answer Type

Consider the following reaction and answer the questions no. 32-34

Question 32. Which of the statements are correct about above reaction?
(a) Both (i) and (v) are nucleophiles
(b) In (iii), carbon atom is sp³ hybridised
(c) In (iii), carbon atom is sp² hybridised
(d) Both (i) and (v) are electrophiles
Solution: (a, c) HO^– and CF^– are nucleophiles. In (iii), C atom is sp² hybridised due to formation of C – OH bond and breaking of C – Cl bond simultaneously. So, in transition state, C atom is bonded to only 3 H atoms completely.

Question 33. Which of the following statements are correct about this reaction?
(a) The given reaction follows S_N² mechanism.
(b) (ii) and (iv) have opposite configuration.
(c) (ii) and (iv) have same configuration.
(d) The given reaction follows S_N¹ mechanism.
Solution: (a, b) In the given reaction, alkyl halide is primary in nature. Here, a transitory state is observed in which one bond is broken and one bond is formed synchronously he., in one step. So, it follows S_N² mechanism.
In this mechanism, nucleophile attacks the carbon at 180° to the leaving group. So the reactant and product have opposite configuration.

Question 34. Which of the following statements are correct about the reaction intermediate?
(a) Intermediate (iii) is unstable because in this carbon is attached to 5 atoms.
(b) Intermediate (iii) is unstable because carbon atom is sp² hybridised.
(c) Intermediate (iii) is stable because carbon atom is sp² hybridised.
(d) Intermediate (iii) is less stable than the reactant (ii).
Solution: (a, d) In the given reaction intermediate (iii) is unstable because the carbon atom is attached to 5 atoms and is less stable than reactant (ii).

Answer Questions 35 and 36 on the basis of the following reaction:

Question 35. Which of the following statements are correct about the mechanism of this reaction?
(a) Acarbocation will be formed as an intermediate in the reaction.
(b) OH^– will attach the substrate (iii) from one side and Cl^– will leave it simultaneously from other side.
(c) An unstable intermediate will be formed in which OH^– and Cl^– will be attached by weak bonds.
(d) Reaction proceeds through S_N¹ mechanism.
Solution: (a, d) Since it is a tertiary halide, it proceeds through S_N¹ mechanism and a carbocation is formed as an intermediate.

Question 36. Which of the following statements are correct about the kinetics of this reaction?
(a) The rate of reaction depends on the concentration of only (ii).
(b) The rate of reaction depends on concentration of both (i) and (ii).
(c) Molecularity of reaction is one.
(d) Molecularity of reaction is two.
Solution: (a, c) The above reaction follows SN1 mechanism. In SN1 mechanism, formation of carbocation is a slow step. So, the rate of reaction depends upon the concentration of (ii). So, the rate of reaction depends upon the concentration of only (ii) therefore, molecularity of reaction is one.

Question 37. Haloalkanes contain halogen atom(s) attached to sp3 hybridised carbon atom of an alkyl group. Identify haloalkane from the following compounds.
(a) 2-Bromopentane (b) Vinyl chloride (chloroethene)
(c) 2-Chloroacetophenone (d) Trichloromethane
Solution:

In both of these compounds halogen atoms are attached to sp3 hybridised carbon atom of alkyl group.

Question 38. Ethylene chloride and ethylidene chloride are isomers. Identify the correct statements. 
(a) Both the compounds form same product on treatment with alcoholic KOH
(b) Both the compounds from same product on treatment with aqueous NaOH
(c) Both the compounds form same product on reduction
(d) Both the compounds are optically active
Solution:

Question 39. Which of the following compounds are gem-dihalides?
(a) Ethylidene chloride (b) Ethylene dichloride
(c) Methylene chloride (d) Benzyl chloride
Solution: (a, c) Gem-dihalides are those dihalides in which two halogen atoms are bonded to the same carbon atom.

So, in (a) and (c) two halogen atoms are present on the same carbon atom and they are termed gem-dihalides.

Question 40. Which of the following are secondary bromides?
(a) (CH₃),CHBr     (b) (CH₃)₃C CH₂Br
(c) CH₃CH(Br)CH₂CH₃     (d) (CH₃)₂CBrCH₂CH₃
Solution:

Question 41. Which of the following compounds can be classified  as aryl  halides ? (a) p-ClC₆H₄CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ (b) p-CH₃CHCl(C₆H₄)CH₂CH₃
(c) o-BrH₂CC₆H₄CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃ (d) C₆H₅Cl
Solution:

In compound (a) and compound (d), halogen atom is directly bonded to aromatic ring therefore these compounds are classified as aryl halides.

Question 42. Alkyl halides are prepared from alcohol by treating with
(a) HCl + ZnCl₂    (b) RedP + Br₂
(c) H₂SO₄ + KI    (d) all the above
Solution:

Question 43. Alkyl fluorides are synthesized by heating an alkyl chloride/bromide in
presence of or
(a) CaF₂ (b) CoF₂ (c) Hg,F₂ (d) NaF
Solution: (b, c) The synthesis of alkyl fluorides is accomplished by heating an alkyl chloride or bromide in presence of metallic fluoride such as AgF, FIg₂F₂, CoF₂, or SbF₃. The reaction is known as Swarts reaction.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 44. Aryl chlorides and bromides can be easily prepared by electrophilic substitution of arenas with chlorine and bromine respectively in the presence of Lewis acid catalysts. But why does preparation of aryl iodides require presence of an oxidizing agent?
Solution: Iodination reactions are reversible in nature. To carry out the reaction in forward direction, HI formed during the reaction is removed by oxidation. HIO₃ is used as an oxidising agent.

Question 45. Out of o- and p-dibromobenzene, which one has higher melting point and why?
Solution: p-Dibromobenzenc has higher melting point than its o-isomer.

It is due to symmetry of p-isomer which fits in crystal lattice better than the o-isomer.

Question 46. Which of the compounds will react faster in S_N¹ reaction with the ^–OH ion?
CH₃ – CH₂ – Cl or C₆H₅ – CH₂ – Cl
Solution:

Question 47. Why has iodoform appreciable antiseptic property?
Solution: Antiseptic properties of iodoform are due to liberation of free iodine.

Question 48. Haloarenes are less reactive than haloalkanes and haloalkenes. Explain.
Solution: In haloarenes, the electron pairs on halogen atom are in conjugation with -electrons of the ring.

C – Cl bond acquires a partial double bond character due to resonance. As a result, the bond cleavage in haloarene is difficult than haloalkane and therefore they are less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reaction.

Question 49. Discuss the role of Lewis acids in the preparation of aryl bromides and chlorides in the dark.
Solution: Aryl chlorides and bromides can be easily prepared by electrophilic substitution of arenas with chlorine and bromine respectively, in the presence of Lewis acid catalysts like iron or iron chloride.
Lewis acid generates the electrophile required for the substitution.

Question 50. Which of the following compounds (a) and (b) will not react with a mixture of NaBr and H2S04. Explain why?

Solution:

Question 51. Which of the products will be major product in the reaction given

Solution: In the given reaction, (B) is the major product of the reactions. According to Markownikoff’s rule, H is added to the C atom with higher number of hydrogen atoms.

Question 52. Why is the solubility of haloalkanes in water very low?
Solution: The haloalkanes are only slightly soluble in water. In order to dissolve a haloalkane in water, energy is required to overcome the attractions between the haloalkane molecules and break the hydrogen bonds between water molecules. Since less energy is released in the formation of new attractions
between haloalkane and water molecules and these are not very strong as the original hydrogen bonds present in water and hence the solubility of haloalkanes is low.

Question 53. Draw other resonance structures related to the following structure and find out whether the functional group present in the molecule is ortho, para directing or meta directing.

Solution:

Question 54. Classify the following compounds as primary, secondary and tertiary halides.
(i) l-Bromobut-2-ene
(iii) 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane
Solution:

Question 55. Compound (A) with molecular formula C₄H₉Br is treated with aq. KOH solution. The rate of this reaction depends upon the concentration of the compound ‘A’ only. When another optically active isomer ‘B’ of this compound was treated with aq. KOH solution, the rate of reaction was found to be dependent on concentration of compound and KOH both.
(i) Write down the structural formula of both compounds ‘A’ and ‘B’.
(ii) Out of these two compounds, which one will be converted to the product
with inverted configuration.
Solution: (i) The molecular formulae of isomers of C₄H₉Br are CH₃

Since the rate of reaction of compound ‘A’ (C₄H₉Br) with aqueous KOH depends upon the concentration of compound ‘A’ only, therefore, the reaction occurs by S_N¹ mechanism and compound ‘A’ is tertiary bromide i.e., 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane.
(CH₃)₃CBr + KOH(aq) –> (CH₃)₃COH + KBr
rate = A:[(CH₃)₃CBr]
Since compound ‘B’ is optically active and is an isomer of compound ‘A’ (C₄H₉Br), therefore, compound ‘B’ must be 2-Bromobutane. Since the rate of reaction of compound ‘B’ with aqueous KOH depends upon the concentration of compound ‘B’ and KOH, therefore, the reaction occurs by S_N² mechanism and product of hydrolysis will have inverted configuration.

Question 56. Write the structures and names of the compounds formed when compound ‘A’ with molecular formula, C₇H₈ is treated with Cl₂ in the presence of FeCl₃.
Solution: The compound with molecular formula C₇H₈ is toluene, C₆H₅CH₃. Since -CH₃ group is o-, p-directing, therefore, chlorination of toluene gives o-chlorotoluene and p-chlorotoluene, in which the p-isomer predominates.

Question 57. Identify the products A and B formed in the following reaction:
CH₃-CH₂-CH=CH-CH₃ + HCl–>A+B
Solution:

Question 58. Which of the following compounds will have the highest melting point and why?

Solution: Structure II has a symentrical structure hence,it will has the highest melting point .

Question 59. Write down the structure and IUPAC name for neo-pentylbromide.
Solution:

Question 60. A hydrocarbon of molecular mass 72 g mol^-1 gives a single monochloro derivative and two dichloro derivatives on photo chlorination. Give the structure of the hydrocarbon.
Solution: C₅H₁₂, pentane has molecular mass 72 g mol^-1 i.e., isomer of pentane which yields single monochloro derivative should have all the 12 hydrogens equivalents.

Question 61. Name the alkene which will yield 1-chloro-1-methylcyclohexane by its reaction with HCl. Write the reactions involved.
Solution: Two alkenes are possible. These are methylene cyclohexane and 1 -Methylcyclohex-1 -ene

Question 62. Which of the following haloalkanes reacts with aqueous KOH most easily? Explain giving reason.
(i) 1-Bromobutane (ii) 2-Bromobutane
(iii) 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane (iv) 2-Chlorobutane
Solution: (iii) 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane

will react the aqueous KOH most easily because the corbocation formed during hte reaction is tertiary and most stable.

Question 63. Why can aryl halides not be prepared by reaction of phenol with HCl in the presence of ZnCl₂?
Solution: Phenol does not react with HCl and ZnCl₂ to give aryl halides due to partial double bond character between benzene ring and O which arises by resonance of benzene ring and OH group.

Question 64. Which of the following compounds would undergo SN1 reaction faster and why?

Solution: (B) undergoes S_N¹ reaction faster because the carbocation formed after the loss of Cl is stabilized by resonance

Question 65. Allyl chloride is hydrolysed more readily than n-propyl chloride. Why?
Solution: Allyl chloride shows high reactivity because the carbocation formed by
hydrolysis is stabilised by resonance while no such stabilisation of carbocation exists in the case of n-propyl chloride.

Question 66. Why is it necessary to avoid even traces of moisture during the use of a Grignard reagent?
Solution: Grignard reagents are highly reactive and react with even traces of water to give corresponding hydrocarbons.
RMgX + H₂O –>RH + Mg(OH)X

Question 67. How do polar solvents help in the first step in SN1 mechanism?
Solution: The SN1 mechanism proceeds through the formation of carbocation. It involves breaking of C-halogen bond for which energy is obtained through
the salvation of halide ion with the proton of the protic solvent. Thus, polar solvents help in ionisations step by stabilizing the ions by solvation.

Question 68. Write a test to detect the presence of double bond in a molecule.
Solution: Presence of a double bond in a molecule can be detected by bromine water test and Baeyer’s test. The molecules with a double bond decolourise bromine water and aqueous KMnO₄.

Question 69. Diphenyls are potential threat to the environment. How are these produced from arylhalides?
Solution: Diphenyls such as p,p ‘-dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) are posing serious environment problems because of its chemical stability and its fat solubility. Its residue accumulates in environment and its long-term effects could be highly dangerous.
Diphenyls can be prepared from aryl halides by the following two methods:

Question 70. What are the IUPAC name of the insecticide DDT and benzenehexachloride?
Why is their use banned in India and other countries?
Solution: IUPAC name of DDT is 2, 2-bis (4-chlorophenyl)-l, 1, 1-trichloroethane.

Their use is banned in India andother countries because they are highly toxic and are not biodegradable. Instead they are stored in the fatty tissues and their concentration keeps increasing in the food chain.

Question 71. Elimination reactions (especially Beta-elimination) are as common as the nucleophilic substitution reaction in case of alkyl halides. Specify the reagents used in both cases.
Solution: Alkyl halides undergo nucleophilic substitution as well as elimination (Beta-elimination) reaction.
However, by proper choice of reagents and reaction conditions, a particular product can be obtained. Usually strong and bulky bases and high temperature favour elimination reactions while weaker and smaller bases and lower temperature favour substitution reactions. For example, ethyl bromide on heating with alcoholic KOH (which contain stronger base, C₂H₅O ion) at about 473-523 K undergoes elimination to give ethene. But with aqueous KOH at about 373 K, it gives ethanol.

Question 72. How will you obtain monobromobenzene from aniline?
Solution:

Question 73. Aryl halides are extremely less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution. Predict and explain the order of reactivity of the following compounds towards nucleophilic substitution:

Solution: After the attachment of the nucleophile at the carbon carrying -Cl, the intermediate compound is stabilised due to resonance. Due to electron withdrawing nature of-NO₂, the nucleophile is easily attached to the benzene ring. Greater the number of -NO₂ groups in the molecule, greater will be the ease with which the nucleophile will be attached. Hence, the order of reactivity is III > II > I.

Question 74. tert-Butylbromide reacts with aq. NaOH by S_N¹ mechanism while n-butylbromide reacts by S_N² mechanism. Why?
Solution: In general, the S_N¹ reaction proceeds through the formation of carbocation. The tert-butylbromide readily loses Br ion to form stable 3° carbocation. Therefore, it reacts with aqueous KOH by S_N¹ mechanism as:

On the other hand, n-Butyl bromide does not undergo ionization to form n-Butyl carbocation (1°) because it is not stable. Therefore, it prefers to undergo reaction by S_N² mechanism, which occurs is one step through a transition state involving nucleophilic attack of OH^– ion from the back side with simultaneous expulsion of Br^– ion from the front side.

Question 75. Predict the major product formed when HCl is added to isobutylene. Explain the mechanism involved.
Solution: The major product is 2-chloro-2-methypropane

Question 76.Discuss the nature of C – X bond in the haloarenes.
C – X bond in haloarenes is extremely less reactive towards nucleophilic
Solution: substitution reactions due to:
(i) Resonance effect: C – X bond acquires a partial double bond character and it becomes difficult to break C – X bond.
(ii) In C – X bond, C atom attached to halogen is sp² hybridised. The sp2 hybridised carbon with a greater s character is more electronegative and can hold the electron pair of C – X bond more tightly than sp3 hybridised carbon in haloalkane with less 5-character.

Question 77. How can you obtain iodoethane from ethanol when no other iodine containing reagent except Nal is available in the laboratory?
Solution: Ethanol is converted to chloroethane and Cl can be replaced by I.

Question 78. Cyanide ion acts as an ambident nucleophile. From which end it acts as a stronger nucleophile in aqueous medium? Give reason for your answer.
Solution: It acts as a stronger nucleophile from the carbon end because it will lead to the formation of C – C bond which is more stable (bond between two similar atoms) than C – N bond.

Matching Column Type Questions

Question 79. Match the compounds given in Column I with the effects given in Column II.

Solution: (i -» c), (ii —»d), (iii —» a), (iv -» b)
(i) Chloramphenicol is a broad spectrum antibiotic. It is used in the treatment of typhoid fever.
(ii) Thyroxine is a hormone secreted by thyroid gland. Excessive secretion of thyroxine in the body is known as hyperthyroidism. Most patient with hyperthyroidism have an enlarged thyroid gland i.e., goiter.
(iii) Chloroquine, prevents the development of malaria parasite plasmodium vivax in the blood.
(iv) IUPAC name of chloroform is trichloromethane with formula CHCl₃. It is a colourless compound. Volatile, sweet-smelling liquid. Its vapours depresses the central nervous system and used as an anaesthetic.

Question 80. Match the items of Column I and Column II.

Solution: (i —> c), (ii —» e), (iii -» a), (iv —> b), (v —»d)
(i) A mixture containing two enantiomers in equal proportions will have zero optical rotation, such a mixture is known as racemic mixture. The process of conversion of enantiomer into a racemic mixture is known as racemisation. If an alkyl halide follows S_N¹ mechanism then racemisation takes place while if it follows S_N² mechanism than inversion takes places.
(ii) Chlorobromocarbons are used in fire extinguishers.
(iii) In vicinal dihalides, halogen atoms are present on the adjacent carbon atom. Bromination of alkanes will give vicinal dihalides.
(iv) Alkylidene halides are named gem-dihalides. In gem-dihalides halogen atoms are present on same carbon atom.
(v) Elimination of HX from alkylhalide follows Saytzeff rule. This rule states that “in dehydrohalogenation reactions, the preferred product is that alkene which has the greater number of alkyl groups attached to the doubly bonded carbon atoms”.

Question 81.Match the structures of compounds given in Column I with the classes of compounds given in Column II.

Solution: (i —> b), (ii —> d), (iii —> a), (iv -» c)
(i) In alkyl halide, halogen atom is bonded to sp3 hybridised carbon atom, which may be further bonded to one, two or three alkyl group, i.e., CH₅– CH (X) – CH₃
(ii) Allyl halides are the compounds in which the halogen atom is bonded to sp³ hybridised carbon atom next to carbon-carbon double bond, i.e., CH₂ = CH – CH₂ – X
(iii) Aryl halides are the compounds in which the halogen atom is bonded to sp² hybridised carbon atom of an aromatic ring, i.e., C₆H₅ X
(iv) Vinyl halides are the compounds in which the halogen atom is bonded to an sp²hybridised carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond, i.e., CH₂ = CH-X

Question 82. Match the reactions given in column I with the types of reactions given in column II.

Solution: (i —> b), (ii —> d), (iii —> e), (iv —> a), (v —> c)
(i) In this reaction, an electrophile CF attacks on to the benzene ring and substitution takes place.
(ii) In this reaction, addition of HBr takes place on to the doubly bonded carbons of propene in accordance with Markownikoff’s rule and electrophilic addition takes place.
(iii) In this reaction, the reactant is secondary halide. Here, halogen atom is substituted by hydroxyl ion. As it is secondary halide so it follows S_N¹ mechanism.
(iv) In this reaction, halogen atom is directly bonded to aromatic ring. So, it is nucleophilic aromatic substitution as OH^– group has substituted halogen of given compound.
(v) It is an elimination reaction. It follows Saytzeff elimination rule.

Question 83. Match the structures given in Column 1 with the names given in Column II.

Solution: (i -> a), (ii —» b), (iii —» c), (iv —» d)
(i) The IUPAC name of compound (A) is 4-bromopent-2-ene.
(ii) The IUPAC name of compound (B) is 4-bromo-3-methylpent-2-ene.
(iii) The IUPAC name of compound (C) is l-bromo-2-methylbut-2-ene.
(iv) The IUPAC name of compound (D) is 1 -bromo-2-methylpent-2-ene.

Question 84. Match the reactions given in Column I with the names given in Column II

Solution: (i-> b), (ii —> a), (iii —> d), (iv —» c)
(i) A mixture of an alkyl halide and aryl halides gives an alkylarene when treated with sodium in dry ether and this is called Wurtz-Fittig reaction.
(ii) Aryl halides give analogous compounds when treated with sodium in dry ether, in which two aryl groups are joined together. It is called Fittig reaction.
(iii) Diazonium salt when treated with cuprous chloride or cuprous bromide gives chlorobenzene or bromobenzene. The reaction is known as Sandmeyer’s reaction.
(iv) Alkyl iodides are prepared by the reaction of alkyl chlorides with sodium iodide in dry acetone. The reaction is known as Finkelstein reaction.

Assertion and Reason Type Questions

In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) followed by a statement of Reason (R) is given. Choose the correct option out of the choices given below each question:
(a)Assertion and Reason both are correct and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b)Assertion and Reason both are wrong.
(c)Assertion is correct but Reason is wrong.
(d)Assertion is wrong but Reason is correct.
(e)Assertion and Reason both are correct statements but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.

Question 86.Assertion (A): Phosphorus chlorides (tri and penta) are preferred over thionyl chloride for the preparation of alkyl chlorides from alcohols.
Reason (R): Phosphorus chlorides give pure alkyl halides.
Solution: (b) Thionyl chloride is best halogen carrier to convert alcohol to alkyl halide because it gives byproducts in gaseous state. Thus, we get pure alkyl halide in this reaction.

Question 87.Assertion (A): The boiling points of alkyl halides decrease in the order: RI > RBr > RCl > RF
Reason (R): The boiling points of alkyl chlorides, bromides and iodides are considerably higher than that of the hydrocarbon of comparable molecular mass.
Solution: (e) The given sequence of boiling point is correct:
RI > RBr > RCl > RF
Halides are polar molecules hence they have greater boiling point than hydrocarbons.

Question 87. Assertion (A): KCN reacts with methyl chloride to give methyl isocyanide Reason (R): CN^– is an ambident nucleophile.
Solution: (d) R—Cl + KCN –> R-CN + KCL
Alkylcyanide
Isocyanide is not obtained in this reaction. CN^– is an ambident nucleophile.

Question 88. Assertion (A): tert-Butyl bromide undergoes Wurtz reaction to give 2, 2, 3, 3-tetramethylbutane.
Reason (R): In Wurtz reaction, alkyl halides react with sodium in dry ether to give hydrocarbon containing double the number of carbon atoms present in the halide.
Solution: (a)

Question 89. Assertion (A): Presence of a nitro group at ortho or para position increases Reason (R): Nitro gjoup, being an electron withdrawing group decreases the electron density over the benzene ring.
Solution: (a) Nitro group being electron withdrawing group, decreases the electron density of ring hence increase the reactivity of haloarenes towards nucleophilic substitution.

Question 90. Assertion (A): In monohaloarenes, further electrophilic substitution occurs at ortho and para positions.
Reason (R): Halogen atom is a ring deactivator.
Solution: (e) Halogens are ortho-para directing due to (+M) or (+R) effect. Moreover, they are deactivating due to high electronegativity.

Question 91. Assertion (A): Aryl iodides can be prepared by reaction of arenas with iodine in the presence of an oxidizing agent.
Reason (R): Oxidising agent oxidises I2 into HI.
Solution: (c) Oxidising agent like (HIO₃) converts HI to I₂, otherwise HI may reduce aryl halide to arenas.
5HI + HIO₃ –> 3H₂O + 3I₂

Question 92. Assertion (A): It is difficult to replace chlorine by -OH in chlorobenzene in comparison to that in chloroethane.
Reason (R): Chlorine-carbon (C – Cl) bond in chlorobenzene has a partial double bond character due to resonance.
Solution: (a) Due to resonance, there is double bond character between benzene ring and halogen hence, nucleophilic substitution of aryl halide is difficult as compared to alkyl halide.

Question 93. Assertion (A): Hydrolysis of (-)-2-bromooctane proceeds with inversion of configuration.
Reason (R): This reaction proceeds through the formation of a carbocation.
Solution: (c) Hydrolysis of 2-bromooctane follows S_N² mechanism hence inversion in configuration takes place. This reaction does not involve the formation of carbocation intermediate.

Question 94. Assertion (A): Nitration of chlorobenzene leads to the formation of m-nitrochlorobenzene.
Reason (R): N02 group is a w-directing group.
Solution: (d) Nitration of chlorobenzene gives ortho and para nitro chlorobenzene. However, nitro group is meta directing in nature.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 95. Some alkylhalides undergo substitution whereas some undergo elimination reaction on treatment with bases. Discuss the structural features of alkyl halides with the help of examples which are responsible for this difference.
Solution: Case I: Primary alkyl halides follow S_N² mechanism in which a nucleophile attacks from back to the halogen atom. A transition state is formed in which carbon is bonded to nucleophiles and finally halogen atom is pushed out. In S_N² mechanism, substitution of nucleophile takes place as follows:

Question 96. Some halogen containing compounds are useful in daily life. Some compounds of this class are responsible for exposure of flora and fauna to more and more of UV light which causes destruction to a great extent. Name the class of these halo compounds. In your opinion, what should be done to minimize harmful effects of these compounds.
Solution: Uses of halogen containing compounds
Dichloromethane is used as a solvent, paint remover, propellant in aerosols, process solvent in the manufacture of drugs, metal cleaning and finishing solvent.
Trichloromethane is used as a solvent for fats, alkaloids, iodine and other substances.
Triodomethane is used as an antiseptic But some compounds of this class are responding for exposure of flora and fauna to more and more of UV light which causes destruction to great extent. These are as follows
(i) Tetrachloromethane
• When carbon tetrachloride is released into the air, it rises to the atmosphere and depletes the ozone layer. Depletion of the ozone layer is believed to increase human exposure to UV rays leading to increased skin cancer, eye diseases and disorders, and possible disruption of the immune system. These UV rays cause damage to plants, and reduction of plankton populations in the ocean’s photic zone.
(ii) Freons
• Freon-113 is likely to remain in the air long enough to reach the upper atmosphere. Here, it provides chlorine atoms which damage the ozone layer. Because of this depletion UV rays enters in our atmosphere and become responsible for damage to great extent.
(iii) p – p’ – Dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT)
• DDT is not completely biodegradable. Instead, it gets deposited in fatty tissues. If ingestion continues for a long time, DDT builds up within the animal and affect the reproductive system.
To minimise the harmful impacts of these compounds i.e., freons, hydrofluoro¬carbons, fluorocarbons which are stable in the stratosphere should be used in aerosol propellants and air conditioning equipment.
Government has tightened law’s on used of DDT. DDT was banned in the United States.

Question 97. Why are aryl halides less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reactions than alkyl halides? How can we enhance the reactivity of aryl halides?
Solution: Aryl halides are less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reaction due to the following reasons.
(i) In haloarenes, the lone pair of electron on halogen are in resonance with benzene ring. So, C – Cl bond acquires partial double bond character which strengthen C – Cl bond and difficult to be substituted by nucleophile.
Therefore, they are less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reaction.

(ii) In haloarenes, the carbon atom attached to halogen is sp² hybridised. The sp2 hybridised carbon is more electronegative than sp³ hybridised carbon. This . sp²-hybridised carbon in haloarenes can hold the electron pair of C – X bond more tightly and make this C – Cl bond shorter than C Cl bond of haloalkanes.

How to increase reactivity
The reactivity of aryl halides can be increased by the presence of an electron withdrawing group (-NO₂) at ortho and para positions. No effect is observed by the presence of electron withdrawing group at weta-position Mechanism of the reaction is as depicted with OH ion:
The presence of NO₂ groups at ortho and para positions withdraws electrons density from the benzene ring and therefore, facilitates the attack of the nucleophile on haloarenes. The carbanion, thus formed is stabilized through resonance as shown below:


It is clear from above structure that in case of o- and p-chlorobenzenes, on the
resonating structures (II in case of p-nitro chlorobenzene and V in case of o-chlorobenzene) bear a negative charge on the carbon atom bearing the N02 group. Therefore, these carbanions are stabilized by the -NO₂ groups as well as π-electrons of the benzene ring. However, in case of m-nitrochlorobenzene, none of the resonating structures bear the negative charge on carbon atom bearing the -NO₂ group. Therefore, the nitro group at meta position does not stabilize the negative charge but the carbanion is stabilized only by the p-electrons of the benzene ring. In other words, the carbanions formed from o-nitrochlorobenzene and p-nitrochlorobenzene are most stable than that formed from m-nitrochlorobenzcne.
Thus, the presence of electron withdrawing groups at o- and p-positions (but not at m-positions) w.r.t. halogen atom activates the aryl halides towards nucleophilic substitution reaction.

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