Bhakti-Sufi Traditions Changes in Religious Beliefs and Devotional Texts – CBSE Notes for Class 12 History
• From 8th-18th century Bhakti Movement, Islam and Sufi movement played an important role in the history of medieval India.
• The Alvars and the Nayanars were considered as the founder of Bhakti movement in southern India.
• The Alvars were the devotees of Lord Vishnu, while the Nayanars followed Shaivism.
• Both Alvars and Nayanar strongly criticised the social and religious malpractices prevalent in the society.
• Two women saints-Andal of Alvars and Karaikkal of Ammaiyar of Nayanars played a valuable role in giving a new direction to the society.
• The Cholas, Pallavas, and Chalukya patronised both Alvar and Nayanar cult.
• Basavanna founded Virashaivas or Lingayats in Karnataka and played a valuable role in the development of his cult.
• Islam was founded by prophet Muhammad in 7th century in Azabia.
• The pillars of Islam are;
(i) Reutors Raima (ii) Namaz
(iii) Ranja (iv) Zakat
(v) Hajj
• The holy book of Islam is Quran Shariff. It has been written in Arabic and has 114 chapters.
• According to Muslim tradition Quran is the compilation of those message which god (Allah) had sent to prophet Muhammad between 610-632 at Mecca and Madina through his envoy Archangel Jibris.
• During Medieval period in India Sufism emerged as a powerful movement.
• Sufis were so called because of the purity (safa) of their hearts. They are in the first queue before god. Some others are of the views that Sufi’s were called so because of their habit of wearing wool (suf).
• Unity in God, complete self-surrender, charity, Ibadat, love for mankinds, etc. are the main teaching of Sufism.
• Sufi silsilas begin to emerge in Islamic world.
• The important silsilas of Islam are;
(i) The Chishti Silsila (ii) The Suhrawardi Silsila
(iii) The Qadiri Silsila (iv) The Naqshbandi Silsila
• Data Gunj Bakhsh, Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti, Shaikh Qutbuddin. Bakhtiyar Kaki, Fariduddin Gunj-i Shakar, and Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya are some of the prominent Sufi Shaikhs in India.
• Ziyarat meant pilgrimage to the tombs of sufi saints. Its main objective was to seek the spiritual grace from the Sufi.
• Music and dance are an important part of Ziyarat.
• The Sufis believed that music and dance evoke divine ecstasy in human heart.
• The religious gathering of Sufism is known as Sama.
• The qual is an Arabic word which meant ‘saying’. It was sung at opening or closing of the qawwals.
• The devotional worship of god with the ultimate objective of attaining moksha is called Bhakti. The word Bhakti was derived from the root ‘Bhaj’ meaning to adore.
• The Bhaktis who were against the worship of avatars and idol worship are known as saints. Kabir, Guru Nanak Dev ji and successor of Guru Nanak Dev ji are the prominent Bhakti Saints.
• The impact of the Bhakti movement on the Indian Society was significant and far-reaching.
1. Great Tradition: The cultural practices of dominant social categories were called the Great Tradition.
2. Little Tradition: These were that tradition which do not correspond with the Great Tradition.
3. Integration of cult: Modes of worship.
4. Jagannatha: The lord of the world.
5. Tantricism: Worship of the golden.
6. Alvar: Devotees of Vishnu in South India.
7. Nayanars: Devotees of Shiva in South India.
8. Saguna Bhakti: Bhakti focused on the worship of Shiva, Vishnu and Devi.
9. Nirguna Bhakti: Worshipping a shapeless or an abstract form of God.
10. Tavaram: Collection of Poems in Tamil.
11. mama: Religious scholars of Islamic studies.
12. Sharia: Law of governing the Muslim community.
13. Maktubat: Letters written by Sufi-saints.
14. Tazkiras: Biographical account of saints.
15. Sangat: Religious society under which the followers assembled both in mornings and evening to listen Guru’s sermons.
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