Class 11 Geography Notes Chapter 7 Natural Hazards and Disasters

Disaster is an undesirable occurrence resulting from forces that are largely outside human control, strikes quickly with little or no warning, which causes or threatens serious disruption of life and property including death and injury to a large number of people, and requires therefore, mobilisation of efforts in excess of that which are normally provided by statutory emergency services.

Change is the law of nature. It is a process present everywhere with variations in terms of magnitude, intensity and scale. Change can be as sudden and swift as volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, earthquakes and lightening, etc.

Disasters are also caused by some human activities. There are some activities carried by human beings that are directly responsible for disasters. Bhopal Gas tragedy, Chernobyl nuclear disaster, wars, release of CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons) and increase of green house gases, environmental pollutions like noise, air, water and soil are some of the examples.

Establishment of National Institute of Disaster Management, India, Earth Summit at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1993 and the World Conference on Disaster Management in May 1994 at Yokohama, Japan, etc. are some of the concrete steps towards disaster management initiated at different levels.

Geological Survey of India, Department of Meteorology, Government of India, along with the recently formed National Institute of Disaster Management, have divided India into the following five earthquake zones:
(i) Very high damage risk zone
(ii) High damage risk zone
(,iii) Moderate damage risk zone
(iv) Low damage risk zone
(v) Very low damage risk zone.

Disaster Management issue was raised at the U.N. General Assembly in 1989 and it was finally formalised at the World Conference on Disaster Management in May 1994 at Yokohama, Japan. This was subsequently called the Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action for a Safer World.

Cyclones originate between 10°-15° north latitudes during the monsoon season. In Bay of Bengal, cyclones mostly develop during the months of October and November. Here, they originate between 16°-2° N latitudes and to the west of 92° E. By July, the place of origin of these storms shifts to around 18° N latitude and west of 90°E near the Sunderban Delta.

Floods occur commonly when water in the form of surface run-off exceeds the carrying capacity of the river channels and streams and flows into the neighbouring low-lying flood plains.

Various states of India face heavy loss of lives and property due to recurrent floods. Rashtriya Barh Ayog (National Flood Commission) identified 40 million hectares of land as flood-prone in India.

According to some estimates, nearly 19 per cent of the total geographical area of the country and 12 per cent of its total population suffer due to drought every year. About 30 per cent of the country’s total area is identified as drought prone affecting around 50 million people.

On the basis of severity of droughts, India can be divided into the following regions:
(i) Extreme Drought Affected Areas
(ii) Severe Drought Prone Area
(Hi) Moderate Drought Affected Area
Different natural calamities, their causes and measures to reduce their impact

Class 11 Geography Notes Chapter 7 Important Terms:

• Disaster: Disaster is an undesirable occurrence resulting from forces that are largely outside human control, strikes quickly with little or no warning, which causes or threatens serious disruption of life and property including death and injury to a large number of people, and requires therefore, mobilisation of efforts in excess of that which are normally provided by statutory emergency services.
• Natural hazards: Natural Hazards are elements of circumstances in the natural environment that have the potential to cause harm to people or property or both.
• Drought: The term ‘drought’ is applied to an extended period when there is a shortage of water availability due to inadequate precipitation, excessive rate of evaporation and over¬utilisation of water from the reservoirs and other storages, including the ground water.
• Landslide: A form of mass movement in which rock and debris moves rapidly downslope under the influence of gravity as a result of failure along a shear plane.
• Tsunamis: Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions that cause the sea-floor to move abruptly resulting in sudden displacement of ocean water in the form of high vertical waves are called tsunamis (harbour waves) or seismic sea waves.
• Flood: When a river bursts its banks and the water spills out onto the floodplain, it is called flood.
• Meteorological drought: When there is a prolonged period of inadequate rainfall marked with mal-distribution of the same over time and space, it is called meterological drought.
• Agricultural drought: When there is by low soil moisture that is necessary to support the crops, thereby resulting in crop failures, it is called agricultural drought.
• A tropical cyclone or hurricane: It is like a heat engine that is energised by the release of latent heat on account of the condensation of moisture that the wind gathers after moving over the oceans and seas.
• Hydrological drought: It results when the availability of water in different storages and reservoirs like aquifers, lakes, reservoirs, etc. falls below what the precipitation can replenish.
• Ecological drought: When the productivity of a natural ecosystem fails due to shortage of water and as a consequence of ecological distress, damages are induced in the ecosystem. It is called ecological drought.
• Eye of the storm: The centre of the cyclone is mostly a warm and low-pressure, cloudless core. It is known as eye of the storm.
• Storm Surge: Abnormal rise in the sea level is known as Storm Surge.
• Famine: Extreme scarcity of food as a result of drought is called famine.
• Earthquake: An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust that creates seismic waves.
• Seismicity: The seismicity, seismism or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time.

Class 11 Geography Notes

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Important Questions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 3 Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables

Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables Class 10 Important Questions Very Short Answer (1 Mark)

Question 1.
How many solutions does the pair of equations y = 0 and y = -5 have? (2013)
Solution:
y = 0 and y = -5 are Parallel lines, hence no solution.

Question 2.
If ax + by = a² – b² and bx + ay = 0, find the value of (x + y). (2013)
Solution:

Question 3.
For what value of k, the pair of equations 4x – 3y = 9, 2x + ky = 11 has no solution? (2017D)
Solution:
We have, 4x – 3y = 9 and 2x + ky = 11

Question 4.
Calculate the area bounded by the line x + y = 10 and both the co-ordinate axes. (2012)
Solution:

Area of triangle
= × base × corresponding altitude
= × 10 × 10 = 50 cm²

Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables Class 10 Important Questions Short Answer-1 (2 Marks)

Question 5.
Find whether the following pair of linear equations is consistent or inconsistent: (2015)
3x + 2y = 8 6x – 4y = 9
Solution:

Therefore, given pair of linear equations is con-sistent.

Question 6.
Check graphically whether the pair of equations 3x – 2y + 2 = 0 and x – y + 3 = 0, is consistent. Also find the coordinates of the points where the graphs of the equations meet the Y-axis.
Solution:

By plotting the points and joining them, the lines do not intersect anywhere, i.e., they are parallel.
Therefore given pair of equations is not consistent, i.e., inconsistent.
The equation 3x – 2y + 2 = 0 meets the Y-axis at A(0,1).
The equation x – y + 3 = 0 meets the Y-axis at B(0, 3).

Question 7.
Draw the graph of
2y = 4x – 6; 2x = y + 3 and determine whether this system of linear equations has a unique solution or not.
Solution:


Since both the lines coincide.
Therefore infinitely many solutions.

Question 8.
Represent the following pair of equations graphically and write the coordinates of points where the lines intersect y-axis.
Solution:

By plotting the points and joining them, the lines intersect at A (6, 0).
Line x + 3y = 6 intersects y-axis at B(0, 2) and Line 2x – 3y = 12 intersects y-axis at C(0, -4).

Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables Class 10 Important Questions Short Answer-II (3 Marks)

Question 9.
Solve the following pair of equations for x and y: (2012)
= 0; = a + b, x ≠ 0; y ≠ 0
Solution:

Question 10.
Solve for x and y:

x + y ≠ 0
x – y ≠ 0 (2012, 2017D)
Solution:

Question 11.
Solve the following pair of linear equations for x and y:
141x + 93y = 189;
93x + 141y = 45 (2013)
Solution:

Question 12.
Solve the following pair of linear equations for x and y: (2013)
= a² + b²; x + y = 2ab
Solution:

Question 13.
Solve by elimination: (2014)
3x = y + 5
5x – y = 11
Solution:
We have, 3x = y + 5, and 5x – y = 11

Putting the value of x in (i), we get
3x – y = 5 ⇒ 3(3) – y = 5
9 – 5 = y ⇒ y = 4
∴ x = 3, y = 4

Question 14.
Solve by elimination: 2015
3x – y – 7
2x + 5y + 1 = 0
Solution:
3 x – y = 7 …(i)
2x + 5y = -1 -00
Multiplying equation (i) by 5 & (ii) by 1,

⇒ x = 2
Putting the value of x in (i), we have
3(2)-y = 7 ⇒ 6 – 7 = y
∴ y = -1 ∴ x = 2, y = -1

Question 15.
Solve for x and y: (2017OD)
27x + 31y = 85;
31x + 2 7y = 89
Solution:

Putting the value of ‘x’ in (i), we get
2 + y = 3 ⇒ y = 3 – 2 = 1
∴ x = 2, y = 1

Question 16.
Solve for x and y: ;
ax + by = a²+ b² (2017D)
Solution:

Putting the value of x in (i), we get
b(a) – ay = 0 ⇒ ba = ay
= y ∴ b = y
∴ x = a, y = b

Question 17.
Solve: = a + b; =2, a, b ≠ 0 (2017OD)
Solution:

Question 18.
Solve the following pair of equations: (2014)
49x + 51y = 499
51x + 49 y = 501
Solution:

Question 19.
Find the two numbers whose sum is 75 and difference is 15. (2014)
Solution:
Let the two numbers be x and y.
According to the question,
x + y = 75 …(i)
∴ x – y = ±15 …(ii)
Solving (i) and (ii), we get

Question 20.
Find the value of a and p for which the following pair of linear equations has infinite number of solutions:
2x + 3y = 7;
αx + (α + β)y = 28 (2013)
Solution:
We have, 2x + 3y = 7 and αx + (α + β)y = 28

Question 21.
Solve the following pair of linear equations by the cross multiplication method: x + 2y = 2; x – 3y = 7 (2015)
Solution:
x + 2y – 2 = 0
x – 3y – 7 = 0

Question 22.
A man earns ₹600 per month more than his wife. One-tenth of the man’s salary and l/6^th of the wife’s salary amount to ₹1,500, which is saved every month. Find their incomes. (2014)
Solution:
Let wife’s monthly income = ₹x
Then man’s monthly income = ₹(x + 600)
According to the question,
(x + 600) + (x) = ₹1,500
= ₹1,500
3x + 1,800 + 5x = ₹45,000
8x = ₹45,000 – ₹1,800
x = ₹ = ₹5,400
Wife’s income = ₹x = ₹5,400
Man’s income = ₹(x + 600) = ₹6,000

Question 23.
The sum of the digits of a two digit number is 8 and the difference between the number and that formed by reversing the digits is 18. Find the number. (2015)
Solution:
Let unit and tens digit be x and y.
∴ Original number = 1x + 10y …(i)
Reversed number = 10x + 1y
According to question,
x + y = 8
⇒ y = 8 – x …(ii)
Also, 1x + 10Oy – (10x + y) = 18
⇒ x + 10y – 10x – y = 18
⇒ 9y – 9x = 18
⇒ y – x = 2 …[Dividing both sides by 9
⇒ 8 – x – x = 2 …[From (it)
⇒ 8 – 2 = 2x
⇒ 2x = 6
From (it), y = 8 – 3 = 5
From (i), Original number = 3 + 10(5) = 53

Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables Class 10 Important Questions Long Answer (4 Marks)

Question 24.
The age of the father is twice the sum of the ages of his 2 children. After 20 years, his age will be equal to the sum of the ages of his children. Find the age of the father. (2012)
Solution:
Let the present ages of his children be x years and y years.
Then the present age of the father = 2(x + y) …(i)
After 20 years, his children’s ages will be
(x + 20) and (y + 20) years
After 20 years, father’s age will be 2(x + y) + 20
According to the Question,
⇒ 2(x + y) + 20 = x + 20 + y + 20
⇒ 2x + 2y + 20 = x + y + 40
⇒ 2x + 2y – x – y = 40 – 20
⇒ x + y = 20 …[From (i)
∴ Present age of father = 2(20) = 40 years

Question 25.
A two digit number is seven times the sum of its digits. The number formed by reversing the digits is 18 less than the given number. Find the given number. (2013)
Solution:
Let unit’s place digit be x and ten’s place digit bey.
Then original number = x + 10y
and reversed number = 10x + y
According to the Question,
x + 10y = 7(x + y)
x + 10y = 7x + 7y
⇒ 10y – 7y = 7x – x
⇒ 3y = 6x ⇒ y = 2x …(i)
(x + 10y) – (10x + y) = 18
x + 10y – 10x – y = 18
⇒ 9y – 9x = 180
⇒ y – x = 2 …[Dividing by 9
⇒ 2x – x = 2 …[From (i)
∴ x = 2
Putting the value of ‘x’ in (i), we get y = 2(2) = 4
∴ Required number = x + 10y
= 2 + 10(4) = 42

Question 26.
Sita Devi wants to make a rectangular pond on the road side for the purpose of providing drinking water for street animals. The area of the pond will be decreased by 3 square feet if its length is decreased by 2 ft. and breadth is increased by 1 ft. Its area will be increased by 4 square feet if the length is increased by 1 ft. and breadth remains same. Find the dimensions of the pond. (2014)
Solution:
Let length of rectangular pond = x
and breadth of rectangular pond = y
Area of rectangular pond = xy
According to Question,

∴Length of rectangular pond = 7 ft.
Breadth of rectangular pond = 4 ft.

Question 27.
On reversing the digits of a two digit number, number obtained is 9 less than three times the original number. If difference of these two numbers is 45, find the original number. (2014)
Solution:
Let unit’s place digit be x and ten’s place digit bey.
∴ Original number = x + 10y Reversed number = 10x + y
According to the Question,
10x + y = 3(x + 10y) – 9
⇒ 10x + y = 3x + 30y – 9
⇒ 10x + y – 3x – 30y = -9
⇒ 7x – 29y = -9 …(i)
10x + y – (x + 10y) = 45
⇒ 9x – 9y = 45
⇒ x – y = 5 …[Dividing both sides by 9
⇒ x – 5 + y …(ii)
Solving (i),
7x – 29y = -9
7(5 + y) – 29y = -9 …[From (ii)
35+ 7y – 29y = -9
-22y = -9 – 35
-22y = -44 ⇒ y = = 2
Putting the value of y in (ii),
x = 5 + 2 = 7
∴ Original number = x + 10y
= 7 + 10(2) = 27

Question 28.
Speed of a boat in still water is 15 km/h. It goes 30 km upstream and returns back at the same point in 4 hours 30 minutes. Find the speed of the stream. 2017D
Solution:
Let the speed of the stream = x km/hr
Speed of the boat in still water = 15 km/hr
then, the speed of the boat upstream = (15 – x) km/hr
and the speed of the boat downstream = (15 + x) km/hr

∴ Speed of stream = 5 km/hr

Question 29.
The owner of a taxi company decides to run all the taxis on CNG fuel instead of petrol/diesel. The taxi charges in city comprises of fixed charges together with the charge for the distance covered. For a journey of 12 km, the charge paid is 789 and for journey of 20 km, the charge paid is ₹145.
What will a person have to pay for travelling a distance of 30 km? (2014)
Solution:
Let the fixed charges = 7x
and the charge per km = ₹y
According to the Question,

Putting the value of y in (i), we get
x + 12(7) = 89
x + 84 = 89 ⇒ x = 89 – 84 = 5
Total fare for 30 km = x + 30y = 5 + 30(7)
= 5 + 210 = ₹215

Question 30.
A boat takes 4 hours to go 44 km downstream and it can go 20 km upstream in the same time. Find the speed of the stream and that of the boat in still water. (2015)
Solution:
Let the speed of the stream = y km/hr
Let the speed of boat in still water = x km/hr
then, the speed of the boat in downstream = (x + y) km/hr
and, the speed of the boat in upstream = (x – y) km/hr

From (i), x = 11 – 3 = 8
∴ Speed of the stream, y =3 km/hr
Speed of the boat in still water, x = 8 km/hr

Question 31.
A man travels 300 km partly by train and partly by car. He takes 4 hours if the travels 60 km by train and the rest by car. If he travels 100 km by train and the remaining by car, he takes 10 minutes longer. Find the speeds of the train and the car separately. (2017D)
Solution:
Let the speed of the train = x km/hr
Let the speed of the car = y km/ hr
According to the Question,

∴ Speed of the train = 60 km/hr
and Speed of the car = 80 kn/hr

Question 32.
The owner of a taxi company decides to run all the taxis on CNG fuel instead of petrol/diesel. The taxi charges in city comprises of fixed charges together with the charge for the distance covered. For a journey of 13 km, the charge paid is ₹129 and for a journey of 22 km, the charge paid is ₹210.
What will a person have to pay for travelling a distance of 32 km? (2014 )
Solution:
Let fixed charge be ₹x and the charge for the distance = ₹y per km
According to the Question,
For a journey of 13 km,
x + 13y = 129 ⇒ x = 129 – 13y …(/)
For a journey of 22 km, x + 22y = 210 …(ii)
⇒ 129 – 13y + 22y = 210 …[From (i)
⇒ 9y = 210 – 129 = 81
⇒ 9y = 81 ⇒ y = 9
From (i), x = 129 – 13(9)
= 129 – 117 = 12
∴ Fixed charge, x = ₹12
∴ The charge for the distance, y = ₹9 per km
To pay for travelling a distance of 32 km
= x + 32y = 12 + 32(9) = 12 + 288 = ₹300

Question 33.
Solve the following pair of linear equations graphically:
x + 3y = 6 ; 2x – 3y = 12
Also find the area of the triangle formed by the lines representing the given equations with y-axis. (2012, 2015)
Solution:

By plotting points and joining them, the lines intersesct at A(6, 0)
∴ x = 6, y = 0
Line x + 3y = 6 intersects Y-axis at B(0, 2) and Line 2x – 3y = 12 intersects Y-axis at C(0, -4). Therefore, Area of triangle formed by the lines with y-axis.
Area of triangle
= × base × corresponding altitude
= × BC × AO = × 6 × 6 = 18 sq. units

Question 34.
Draw the graphs of following equations:
2x – y = 1; x + 2y = 13
Find the solution of the equations from the graph and shade the triangular region formed by the lines and the y-axis. (2013)
Solution:

By plotting the points and joining them, the lines intersect at A(3,5).
∴ x = 3, y = 5
Here ∆ABC is the required triangle.

Question 35.
Draw the graphs of the equations x – y + 1 = 0 and 3x + 2y – 12 = 0. Determine the coordinates of the vertices of the triangle formed by these lines and x-axis. (2012, 2017D)
Solution:

Lines intersect at (2, 3)
∴ x = 2, y = 3
Vertices of ∆ABC are A(2, 3), B(-1, 0) and C(4, 0)

Question 36.
Amit bought two pencils and three chocolates for ₹11 and Sumeet bought one pencil and two chocolates for ₹7. Represent this situation in the form of a pair of linear equations. Find the price of one pencil and that of one chocolate graphically. (2017OD)
Solution:
Let the price of one pencil = ₹x and the price of one chocolate = ₹y.
As per the Question,

Lines intersect at (1, 3).
∴ x = 1, y = 3
Therefore the price of one pencil = ₹1 and price of one chocolate = ₹3

Question 37.
7x – 5y – 4 = 0 is given. Write another linear equation, so that the lines represented by the pair are:
(i) intersecting
(ii) coincident
(iii) parallel (2015 OD)
Solution:
7x – 5y – 4 = 0

Important Questions for Class 10 Maths

The post Important Questions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 3 Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables appeared first on Learn CBSE.

Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 5 Through the Eyes of Travellers (Perceptions of Society)

Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 5 – 2 Marks Questions

Question 1.
How had Bernier described a complex social reality of the artisans under the Mughals? Give one reason. (HOTS, Delhi 2011)
Answer:
Bernier projected the Mughal state as tyrannical, his descriptions hinted at a more complex social reality. He thought that artisans had no incentive to improve the quality of their manufactures as all the profits were enjoyed by the state.

Question 2.
Mention any two characteristics of the cities in the Indian sub-continent as described by Ibn Battuta. (All India 2011)
Answer:
Ibn Battuta described the cities of the sub-continent and mentioned important features of these as follows:

1. These cities were densely populated and prosperous.
2. These cities had crowded streets, bright and colourful markets with a wide variety of goods.

Question 3.
Name the book written by Ibn Battuta. What was his observation about female slaves in the sub-continent? (All India 2008)
Answer:
Ibn Battuta wrote the book named ‘Rihla’.
Ibn Battuta had following observation about the female slaves of Indian sub-continent:

• The female slaves excelled in music and dance and they were employed in Sultan’s service,
• They were also employed by the Sultan to keep an eye on his noble’s activities.

Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 5 – 4 Marks Questions

Question 4.
Examine the causes that made Al-Biruni visit India. (All India 2017)
Answer:
There are many causes that made Al-Biruni visit in India. These are:

• Al-Biruni arrived in Ghazni as a hostage by Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni. It was the place where he developed an interest for India.
• When the Punjab became a part of the Ghaznavid Empire, Al-Biruni travelled widely in the Punjab and parts of northern India.
• Al-Briuni spent years in the Company of Brahmana priests and scholars, learning Sanskrit and studying religious and philosophical texts. He read the Vedas, the Puranas, the Bhagavad Gita, the works of Patanjali, the Manusmriti, etc to understand Indian society properly.

Question 5.
“India had a unique system of communication during the fourteenth century”. Examine the statement of Ibn Battuta. (All India 2017)
Answer:
Ibn Battuta examined the unique system of communication of India which impressed him very much. He explained:

• There were two kinds of postal system in India. These were uluq (horse post) and dawa (foot-post).
• Uluq stationed at a distance of every four miles while the dawa has three stations per mile, means one-third of a mile.
• The foot-post is quicker than the horse post and often it was used to transport the fruits of Khurasan.
• Ibn Battuta was also amazed by the efficiency of the postal system which allowed merchants to not only send information and remit credit across long distances, but also to dispatch goods required at short notice.
• The postal system was so efficient that while it took fifty days to reach Delhi . from Sind, the news reports of spies would reach the sultan through the postal system in just five days. Thus, enabled the ruler to keep a strict watch over the vast empire.

Question 6.
Examine why Bernier described the Mughal .towns as the ‘Camp Towns’. (All India 2017)
Answer:
Bernier described Mughal cities as ‘camp towns’. By camp towns he mean towns that depended for their survival on the imperial court. He believed that these towns came into existence when the imperial court moved in the area and rapidly lost their importance when imperial court moved out. These towns became singificant with the royal patronage, basically they did not have any other social and economic foundations. During Mughal period, 15 per cent of the population lived in these ‘camp towns’ according to Bernier.

Question 7.
State the inherent problems faced by Al-Biruni in the task of understanding Indian social and Brahmanical practices. Mention any two sources that provided him the support. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
Al-Biruni mentioned several ‘barriers’ that obstructed proper understanding of Indian social and Brahmanical practices. These were:

• Sanskrit was so different from Arabic and Persian that ideas and concepts could not be translated from one language to another.
• The second barrier was the difference in religious beliefs and practices.
• The self-absorption and consequent insularity of the local population constituted the third barrier.

Two sources that provided Al-Biruni support were:

• Al-Biruni depended exclusively on the Vedas, the Puranas and the Bhagavad Gita.
• Al-Biruni also mentioned the support from the works of Patanjali and Manusmriti to understand Indian society.

Question 8.
“Bernier’s description of imperial land ownership influenced Western theorists like French philosopher Montesquieu and German Karl Marx.” Justify it with suitable arguments. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
Bernier asserted that in Mughal empire, the land was owned by the state and hence it led to the decline of agricultural production. It was harmful both for the state and its people.
This description of Bernier influenced the Western theorists from the 18th century onwards in following ways:

‘Oriental Despotism’ Theory by Montesquieu:
Montesquieu further developed Bernier’s idea into oriental despotism. According to it, the rulers in Asia exercised the full authority over their subjects. The subjects were kept in the conditions of subjugation and poverty. All land belonged to the king and private property was non-existent. According to this view, everybody except the king and nobles barely managed to survive.

Karl Marx’s Concept of ‘Asiatic Mode’ of Production:
This idea was further developed as the concept of the Asiatic mode of production by Karl Marx in the 19th century.
He argued that in India and other Asian countries, the surplus was appropriated by the state. He added that this led to the emergence of a society with a large number of autonomous and egalitarian village communities. Marx thought that it was a stagnant system.

Question 9.
Explain Al-Biruni’s description of caste system. (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
Al-Biruni’s description of the caste system was influenced by his study of the Sanskrit texts. These texts written by the Brahmanas and followed the four divisions of varna. Al-Biruni accepted this division. According to him, the Brahmana was created from the head of God, Brahma and regarded as the highest caste of society.

The next caste was Kashatriyas, who were created from the shoulders and hands of Brahma. After them followed the Vaishyas, who were created from the thigh of Brahma. The Shudras were created from the feet of Brahma.
However, as these classes differed from each other, they lived together in the same town and villages, mixed together in the same houses and lodgings. In real life, this system was not quite as rigid.

Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 5 – 8 Marks Questions

Question 10.
“Ibn Battuta found Delhi as a city full of exciting opportunities.” Support your answer with evidences given by him. (Delhi 2013)
or
Explain the observations of Ibn Battuta about the cities of India, with special reference to Delhi. (All India 2010)
Answer:
Ibn Battuta arrived at Delhi in the 14th century. His description regarding Indian cities was very informative and helpful to understand the lifestyle of Indians.
He described Indian cities in the following ways:

• Indian cities were densely populated and prosperous although sometimes these were affected by the wars.
• Most cities had crowded streets and bright colourful markets with a wide variety of commodities.
• Delhi with its vast population became the largest city in India. Daulatabad was no less, easily rivalled Delhi in size.
• The rampart round the city was widely expanded. Inside the rampart, there were houses for the night sentry, gate keepers and store houses.
• The lower part of the rampart was built of stone and the upper part was of bricks. It had many towers.
• There were twenty eight gates in Delhi, which were called as ‘Darwazas’. Of these gates, Budaun darwaza, Mandi darwaza, Gul darwaza were very famous.
• The markets and bazaars of Indian cities were the places of economic transactions and social and cultural activities. Most of the bazaars had a masjid and a temple. These places also had fixed spaces for public performances by dancers, musicians and singers.
• Ibn Battuta found that many towns derived their wealth and prosperity through the appropriation of surplus from villages.

Question 11.
“The conception of social pollution intrinsic to the caste system was contrary to the law of nature.” Examine Al-Biruni’s statement on Indian caste system. (HOTS, All India 2013)
Answer:
Al-Biruni wrote the voluminous text ‘Kitab-ul-Hind in which he elaborately discussed about the social life of India. According to him, the conception of the pollution intrinsic to the caste system in India was contrary to the law of nature. Al-Biruni tried to explain the caste system by looking for parallels in other societies. He noted that in ancient Persia, four social categories were recognised. These were kings and princes; monks, fire-priests and lawyers; physicians, astronomers and other scientists and peasants and artisans.
He further explained that

Social Divisions not Unique to India:
In other words, he attempted to suggest that social divisions were not unique to India. At the same time, he pointed out that within Islam all men were considered equal, differing only in their observance of piety (deep respect for God).

Rejection of Notion of Pollution: In spite of his acceptance of the Brahmanical description of the caste system, Al-Biruni disapproved the notion of pollution. He remarked that everything which falls into a state of impurity strives and succeeds in regaining its original condition of purity, e.g. the sun cleanses the air, and the salt in the sea prevents the water from becoming polluted. ,

Cycle of Purification Important for Life on Earth: Al-Biruni believed that if there . were no phenomenon of removing impurity, then the life on Earth would have been impossible. Hence, the conception of social pollution intrinsic to the caste system, was according to him, contrary to the laws of nature.

Al-Biruni’s description of caste system was deeply influenced by his study of normative Sanskrit texts, thus he described caste system from the point of view of Brahmanas. But in real life, the caste system was not so rigid.

Question 12.
Explain the views of Bernier about a more complex social reality of the Mughal empire, (All India 2010)
Answer:
Bernier had the following views about the complex social reality of the Mughal empire:

• Bernier had a belief that the Mughal state was tyrannical.
• He observed that artisans had no incentives to improve the quality of their manufactures, as the profit was appropriated by the state.
• The manufacturers were consequently, everywhere in decline.
• Bernier also pointed out that vast quantities of the world’s precious metals flowed into India, as manufactures were exported in exchange for gold and silver.
• Bernier noted the existence of a prosperous merchant community engaged in long-distance exchange.
• Bernier noted that a large portion of land were extremely fertile and the large kingdom of Bengal surpassed Egypt in agricultural production and innumerable articles like, silk, cotton, indigo, etc.
• He observed that many parts of India were sufficiently populated and the land was well tilled.
• People were employed in manufacturing carpets, brocades, embroideries, gold and silver cloths and various sorts of silk and cotton goods.
• There were several kinds of towns in India. These were manufacturing towns, trading towns, port towns, sacred centres, pilgrimage towns, etc.

Different community of people having different professions like mahajans, sheta, nagarsheth, hakim, pundit, wakil, puinters, archittes, musicians, calligraphers were there in Indian society.

Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 5 Map Based Question

Question 13.
A Warning for Europe:
Bernier warned that if European kings followed the Mughal model, their kingdoms would be very far from being well-cultivated and peopled, so well built, so rich, so polite and flourishing as we see them. Our kings are otherwise rich and powerful and we must avow that they are much better and more royally served.
They would soon be kings of deserts and solitudes, of beggars and barbarians, such as those whom I have been representing (the Mughals)…. We should find the great cities and the great Burroughs (boroughs) rendered uninhabitable because of ill air and to fall to mine (ruin) without any bodies (anybody) taking care of repairing them; the hillocks abandoned and the fields overspread with bushes or filled with pestilential marishes (marshes), as hath been already intimated.

1. In what ways did Bernier condemn Mughal rulers?
2. What contrasts do the account of Bernier and Abul Fazl’s Ain-i-Akbari?
3. Pride has its fall if power and negligence of duty rules anyone Explain the statement in relevance to the Bernier’s warning. (All India 2016)

Answer:
1. Bernier suggested that one of the fundamental differences between Mughal India and Europe was the lack of private property in India. All the land was owned by the emperor and the nobles. It had disastrous consequences for the economy and society. Bernier criticised this land ownership system.

2. Bernier suggested that the state was the sole owner of land. But this fact was not supported by Abul Fazl in his Ain-i-Akbari. Abul Fazl described the land revenue as “remunerations of sovereignty” that was claimed by the ruler for the protection he provided to them. It was not a rent on land that he owned. Thus, Abul Fazl’s view was totally different from Bernier’s view.

3. Bernier thought that in the Mughal empire the emperor owned all the land and distributed it among his nobles. Thus, Indian society consisted of undifferentiated masses of impoverished people who were subjugated by a small minority of a very rich and powerfid ruling class. This had disastrous result for the economy and society. Bernier described the Mughal emperor as the king of ‘beggars and barbarians’.

Question 14.
The Poor Peasant:
An excerpt from Bernier’s description of the peasantry in the countryside Of the vast tracts of country constituting the empire of Hindustan, many are little more than sand or barren mountains, badly cultivated and thinly populated. Even a considerable portion of the good land remains untilled for want of labourers; many of whom perish in consequence of the bad treatment they experience from Governors. The poor people, when they become incapable of discharging the demands of their rapacious lords, are not only often deprived of the means of subsistence, but are also made to lose their children, who are carried away as slaves.

Thus, it happens that the peasantry, driven to despair by so excessive a tyranny, abandon the country. In this instance, Bernier was participating in contemporary debates in Europe concerning the nature of state and society and intended that his description of Mughal India would serve as a warning to those who did not recognise the ‘merits’ of private property.

1. Name the book written by Francois Bernier on the critical insight and reflection on the empire of Hindustan.
2. What description Bernier has given – on the condition of Indian peasantry during the Mughal empire?
3. Which fundamental differences he found between Mughal India and Europe during 16th and 17th century? (Delhi 2015)

or

1. How have the tracts of Hindustan been described by Bernier?
2. Why did the land remain untilled? Explain.
3. What happens when the poor peasants are unable to fulfil the demands of their landlords? (Delhi 2011)

or

1. What were the problems about cultivating the land, according to Bernier?
2. Why did the peasantry abandon the land?
3. Explain the reasons given by Bernier for the exploitation of the peasants.
4. How did his observation influence thinkers in Europe? Explain. (All India 2008)

Answer:
1. Francois wrote the book ‘Travel in the Mughal Empire’ on the critical insight and reflection on the empire of • Hindustan.

2. Bernier gave a description of miserable condition of Indian peasantry during Mughal period. Sometimes, the poor peasants were unable to pay the demand of their lords due to bad harvest. They were not only deprived of the means of subsistence, but were also made to lose their children who were carried away as slaves.

3. Bernier was a supporter of private property. He observed that the Mughal emperor owned all the lands and distributed it among his nobles. It led to a disastrous result for economy and society. The lack of private property to the common men was the main difference between the Mughal India and Europe during 16th and 17th century. He opined that ‘There is no middle state in India.’ But on the other hand, none of the Mughal official documents suggested that the state was the sole owner of the land.

or

1. On the vast tract of country constituting the empire of Hindustan, many were little more than sand, or barren mountains that were badly cultivated and densely populated. Even a considerable portion of good land remained untilled due to the lack of labourers.

2. The land remained untilled for want of labourers as many of them perished in consequence of bad treatment they experienced from Governors.

3. The poor people were exploited by the ways at the hands of the officials of the king. When they were incapable of discharging the demands of their greedy landlords, they were deprived of the means of subsistence and were also made to lose their children, who were taken as slaves.

or

1. According to Bernier, the problems about cultivating the land arose due to the following factors:

• Lands were little more than sand.
• Lands were in barren mountains.
• Lands were badly cultivated.
• Lands were densely populated.

2. The peasantry abandoned the land due to excessive tyranny and bad treatment by the land owners.

3. The poor peasants when they became incapable of discharging the demands of the greedy landlords, were often deprived of the means of subsistence. They were also made to lose their children who were carried away as slaves.

4. Bernier’s description influenced Western theorists from the 18th century onwards. French philosopher Montesquieu used his account to develop the idea of oriental despotism. His idea was further developed as the concept of Asiatic mode of production by Karl Marx in the 19th century.

Question 15.
The Child Sati:
This is perhaps one of the most poignant descriptions by Bernier.
At Lahore, I saw a most beautiful young widow sacrificed, who could not, I think, have been more than twelve years of age.

The poor little creature appeared more dead than alive when she approached the dreadful pit; the agony of her mind cannot be described; she trembled and wept bitterly; but three or four of the Brahmanas, assisted by an old woman who held her under the arm, forced the unwilling victim towards the fatal spot, seated her on the wood, tied her hands, feet, lest, she should run away, and in that situation the innocent creature was burnt alive. I found it difficult to repress my feelings and to prevent their bursting forth into clamorous and unavailing rage….

1. Why did Bernier consider this treatment as a crucial marker of the difference between Western and Eastern societies?
2. What role did the Indian patriarchal society play towards this social evil?
3. Compare the conditions of the women of the era mentioned above to that of today. (All India 2015)

or

1. How has Bernier described the pratice of Sati?
2. Describe the feelings of Bernier that he has expressed in the passage.
3. Explain how Bernier has highlighted the treatment of women as a crucial marker of difference between Western and Eastern societies. (All India 2014)

or

• Describe what Bernier saw at Lahore.
• How had the agony of the girl been described?
• How and why was the girl forced towards the fatal spot? (All India 2011)

Answer:
1. Bernier considered this inhuman custom of Sati in which women were forced to die was the most cruel treatment the women got at that time. This marked a crucial difference between Western and Eastern societies regarding the treatment of women. Western society was free from this social evil but Eastern society was affected with this shameful social evil.

2. The Indian orthodox patriarchal society had no respect and compassion for women. They supported this shameful custom and tried to maintain it.

3. The Sati system was formally banned on 4th December, 1829 by Lord William Bentick. The practice of Sati of burning or burying alive the widows of Hindu was declared illegal and punishable by the criminal courts.
Today the condition of women has changed a lot. Social awareness and education for all brought this change in the condition of women today. Our Constitution has given equal freedom, respect and opportunity for all, irrespective of gender.
or
Answer:

1. Bernier described the practice of Sati in the following ways:

• He saw a very beautiful young widow aged twelve years only being sacrificed. The poor little girl appeared more dead than alive when she approached the pyre.
• The young widow trembled and wept bitterly.
• Three or four Brahmanas and an old woman who hold the widow’ under her arm, forced her towards the pyre, seated her on the wood, tied her hands and feet and the unfortunate girl was burnt alive.

2. Bernier was shocked to see this heinous crime. Really, it was an inhuman system of India in which widows were burnt alive. Bernier found it difficult to repress his emotion, thus he included this incident in his writings. ‘

3. The Sati system was not found in Western society. It was only found in India as a result of patriarchal Brahmanical system. Bernier and other travellers highlighted this barbaric system as a crucial marker of difference in the status of women in Western and Eastern society.
or
Answer:
1. Bernier saw the process of widow sacrifice or sati, in which a twelve year old girl was burnt alive.

2. Bernier described the agony of the girl by indicating that she trembled, wept bitterly but was forced and burnt alive.

3. The girl was forced towards the fatal spot by three or four Brahmans and assisted by an old woman. The girl was forced because she was a widow and was brought there for being burnt alive as a ‘sati’.

Question 16.
Travelling with the Mughal Army:

Bernier often travelled with the army.
This is an excerpt from his description of the army’s march to Kashmir.

I am expected to keep two good Turkoman horses and I also take with me a powerful Persian camel and driver, a groom for my horses, a cook and a servant to go before my horse with a flask of water in his hand, according to the custom of the country.

I am also provided with every useful article, such as a tent of moderate size, a carpet, a portable bed made of four very strong but light canes, a pillow, a mattress, round leather table-clothes used at meals, some few napkins of dyed cloth, three small bags with culinary utensils which are all placed in a large bag and this bag is again carried in a very capacious and strong double sack or net made of leather thongs. This double sack likewise contains the provisions, linen and wearing apparel, both of master and servants.

I have taken care to lay in a stock of excellent rice for five or six days’ consumption of sweet biscuits flavoured with anise (a herb) of limes and sugar. Nor have I forgotten a linen hag with its small iron hook for the purpose of suspending and draining dahi or curds; nothing being considered so refreshing in this country as lemonade and dahi.

1. Who was Bernier? Give his brief introduction.
2. What was the purpose of his travel and what was expected of him while going on travel? Describe briefly.
3. What things would you like to take with you while going on travel and why? Explain. (All India 2012)

Answer:
1. Francois Bernier was a French doctor, political philosopher and historian. He was in India for twelve years from 1656 to 1668. He was closely associated with the Mughal court.

2. Bernier, like many other travellers came to the Mughal empire to seek opportunities. He was closely associated with the Mughal court and became a physician to Prince Dara Shukoh. Later he was appointed as an intellectual and scientist in Mughal court.
At the time of going on travel, Bernier was expected to have two good Turkoman horses, a strong Persian camel and driver, a groom for horses, a cook and a servant alongwith all articles of daily needs.

3. While going on travel, I would prefer to have all the necessary articles like medicines, food, clothes, etc which make my travel secured and comfortable. I also keep some important contact numbers which will be helpful in case, I face any unwanted situation during my travel. Finally, I must not forget to take my plastic money i.e. debit and credit cards while travelling.

Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 5 Value Based Questions

Question 17.
Read the following passage and answer the question that follows.
Contemporary European travellers and writers often highlighted the treatment of women as a crucial marker of difference between Western and Eastern societies. Not surprisingly, Bernier chose the practice of sati, some women seemed to embrace death cheerfully, others were forced to die.

However, women’s lives revolved around much else besides the practice of sati. Their labour was crucial in both agricultural and non-agricultural production. Women from merchant families even taking mercantile disputes to the court of law. It therefore seems unlikely that women were confined to the private spaces of their homes.

1. With the help of travellers and writers accounts, highlight the different conditions of women in which they were treated?
Answer:
1. According to travellers and writers accounts, the conditions of women were different in many places such as

• In the sub-continent, social inequality persisted and women were considered a sort of thing kept inside the homes.
• Women were treated as an inferior article. Some women slaves used to entertain the Sultans in their service like by music and dance performances and also worked as a sky to keep a watch on their nobles.
• The discrimination between genders
  is apparent from this point that the price of female slaves was very low as compared to thier male counterparts.
• Besides, the practice of sati made the condition of women more worse. Some seemed to embrace death cheerfully but who refused was forced to die.
• Some women also worked in agricultural fields and non-agricultural production.
• In merchant class, the situation Was very different. Women actively participated in commercial activities.

Thus, it is not appropriate to say that women were only confined to the private space of their homes in the sub-continent.

Question 18.

1. Explain the unique system of communication in India which amazed Ibn Battuta with special reference to the postal system.
2. How far this postal system is relevant in contemporary India? (All India 2008)

Answer:

1. Ibn Battuta was quite impressed by the communication system in India. The state took special measures by providing inns and guest houses in all trading centres. The advanced postal system allowed merchants to send information and remit credit across long distances and also to dispatch goods required at short notice. The postal system was of two types:

• The horse-post called uluq.
• The foot-post called dawa.

2. This postal system is quite relevant in contemporary India as it is a symbol of all round and holistic progress. Letters and different objects i.e. parcels still today are delivered manually

Important Questions for Class 12 History

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NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Sanskrit

खण्डः क

• अपठितांशावबोधनम्

खण्डः ख – संस्कृतेन रचनात्मकं लिखितकार्यम्

• पत्र-लेखनम् (अनौपचारिकं पत्रम्/प्रार्थनापत्रम्)
• लघुकथा-लेखनम् (शब्दसूचीसाहाय्येन, रिक्तस्थानपूर्ति-माध्यमेन)
• सङ्केताधारितम् अनुच्छेदलेखनम्

खण्डः ग

• अनुप्रयुक्तव्याकरणम्

खण्डः घ
भाग I – पठितांश-अवबोधनम्

• Chapter 1 उत्तिष्ठत जाग्रत (उठो, जागो)
• Chapter 2 सूर्यः एव प्रकृतेः आधारः (सूर्य ही पृथ्वी का आधार है)
• Chapter 3 राष्ट्रचिन्ता गरीयसी (राष्ट्र की चिन्ता अधिक महत्त्वपूर्ण है)
• Chapter 4 दूरदृष्टिः फलप्रदा (दूरदृष्टि अच्छे परिणाम देती है)
• Chapter 5 अहो! राजते कीदृशीयं हिमानी (अहा! कैसी सुशोभित है यह हिम-घाटी)
• Chapter 6 सुधामुचः वाचः (अमृत बरसाने वाले वचन)
• Chapter 7 दारिद्र्ये दुर्लभं सत्त्वम् (दरिद्रता में मनोबल का होना दुर्लभ है)
• Chapter 8 आश्चर्यमयं विज्ञानजगत् (आश्चर्यों से भरा है विज्ञान का यह संसार)

भाग ‘II’

• सामान्यः संस्कृतसाहित्यपरिचयः

NCERT Class 12 Sanskrit Syllabus

संस्कृतम् कक्षा – 12
पूर्णाङ्काः 100
एकम् प्रश्नपत्रम्

अस्मिन् प्रश्नपत्रे चत्वारःः खण्डाः भविष्यन्ति
खण्डः “क” अपठितांश-अवबोधनम् (10)
खण्डः “ख” रचनात्मककार्यम् (15)
खण्डः “ग” अनुप्रयुक्तव्याकरणम् (30)
खण्डः “घ” (45)
(अ) पठित-अवबोधनम् (35)
(ब) संस्कृतसाहित्येतिहास्य परिचयः (10)

प्रतिखण्डं विस्तृतविवरणम्
खण्डः ‘क’ – (अपठितांशअवबोधनम्)

80-100 शब्दपरिमितः एक सरलः अपठितः गद्यांशः। प्रश्नवैविध्यम् (अङ्काः – 10, कालांशः – 21)
(i) एकपदेन उत्तरम्
(ii) पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरम्
(iii) सर्वनामस्थाने संज्ञाप्रयोगः
(iv) कर्तृक्रिया-पदचयनम्
(v) विशेषण-विशेष्य/पर्याय/विलोमादिचयनम्
(vi) समुचितशीर्षकप्रदानम्

खण्डः ‘ख’
(संस्कृतेन रचनात्मकं लिखितकार्यम्) (अङ्काः – 15, कालांशः – 32)

1. अनौपचारिकं पत्रम्/प्रार्थनापत्रम्
2. लघुकथा (शब्दसूचीसाहाय्येन, रिक्तस्थानपूर्ति-माध्यमेन)
3. संकेताधारितम् अनुच्छेदलेखनम् (चित्रमधिकृत्य, निर्दिष्टशब्दसूची-साहाय्येन)

खण्डः ‘ग’
(अनुप्रयुक्तव्याकरणम्) (अङ्काः – 30, कालांशः – 63)

(i) पाठाधारिताः सन्धिच्छेदाः (2 + 2 + 2 = 6)
स्वरसन्धिः, व्यंजनसन्धिः, विसर्गसन्धिः
(ii) पाठाधारितसमस्तपदानां विग्रहा: (6)
अव्ययीभावः, द्विगुः, द्वन्द्वः, तत्पुरुषः, कर्मधारयः, बहुव्रीहिः
(iii) प्रत्ययाः
अधोलिखितप्रत्यययोगेन वाक्यसंयोजनम्/सङ्केताधारितरिक्तस्थानपूर्तिः
(अ) कृत् – क्त, क्तवतु, क्त्वा, तुमुन्, ल्यप्, तव्यत्, अनीयर्, क्तिन्, शतृ, शान। (5)
(आ) तद्धित — मतुप्, इन्, ठक्, ठञ्, त्व, तल्। (3)
(iv) अन्वितिः (5)
कर्तृ-क्रिया-अन्वितिः/विशेषण-विशेष्य-अन्वितिः
(v) उपपदविभक्तिप्रयोगः (पाठ्यपुस्तकम् आधृत्य) (5)

खण्डः ‘घ’
भागः I – (पठितांश-अवबोधनम् ) (अङ्काः – 45, कालांशः – 94)

(अ) अंशत्रयम् (15)
(i) एकः गद्यांशः (5)
(ii) एकः नाट्यांशः (5)
(iii) एकः पद्यांश: (5)
प्रश्नवैविध्यम्
(i) एकपदेन उत्तरम् (1)
(ii) पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरम् (1)
(iii) विशेषण-विशेष्य-अन्विति:/पर्याय/विलोमचयनम् (1)
(iv) सर्वनामस्थाने संज्ञाप्रयोगः (1)
(v) कर्तृ-क्रिया-पदचयनम् (1)
(आ) (i) उद्धृतांशानम् प्रसङ्गसन्दर्भलेखनम् कः कम् कथयति/सन्दर्भग्रन्थस्य लेखकस्य च नामोल्लेखनम् (4)
(ii) प्रदत्ते भावार्थेत्रये शुद्धभावार्थचयनम्/ प्रदत्ते भावार्थे रिक्तस्थानपूर्तिः (4)
(iii) उद्धृतश्लोकानाम् अन्वयेषु रिक्तस्थानपूर्तिः (4)
(iv) प्रदत्तवाक्यानां क्रमयोजनम् (4)
(v) प्रदत्तपंक्तिषु प्रसङ्गानुसारं श्लिष्टपदानाम्/पदानाम् अर्थलेखनम् (4)

भागः II – (सामान्यः संस्कृतसाहित्यपरिचयः) (10)
1. (अ) पाठ्यपुस्तके संकलितपाठ्यांशानां कवीनां कृतीनां संस्कृतेन परिचयः (1 × 5 = 5)
(आ) संस्कृते गद्य-पद्य-नाटकादिविधानां मुख्यविशेषतानां परिचयः (5)

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NTSE Maharashtra: NCERT has released the notification regarding the NTSE 2020 exams. The NTSE Maharashtra stage 1 exam is going to be conducted on 3rd November 2019. While the exam for stage 2 will be conducted on May 10, 2020. Maharastra state council of the exam which is also known as MSCE will release the application form for the Maharastra NTSE exam during the second week of August. Students of Maharashtra that are in class 10 are eligible for applying for NTSE 2020 scholarship exam. It is advisable for candidates to collect their Maharastra NTSE 2020 application form their respective schools. The final date for submission of the NTSE application form online is during the month of September. Read this article to find more details related to NTSE Maharashtra.

NTSE Maharashtra 2020 exam is going to be conducted in 2 stages. The 1st stage will be a state-level talent search exam and students that qualify this exam can appear for stage 2 exam. NCERT is going to conduct the NTSE Maharashtra stage 2 exam. For stage 1, there are two sections asked in the exam. They are MAT (Mental ability test) and SAT (Scholastic aptitude test). Each section here is of 100 marks. Each section should be answered within a duration of 120 and to qualify, students need to score at least 40% in both the papers.

NTSE Maharashtra Exam 2020 Overview

• Name of the Examination: National Talent Search Examination Maharashtra
• Conducted by: Maharashtra State Council of Examinations (MSCE)
• Mode of examination: Pen and paper.
• Medium of Exam: Marathi and English
• State/UT Liaison Officer and Address: Sh.Sukhdeo Hari Dere, Commissioner, Maharashtra State Council of Examinations, 17 – Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune-411001 (Maharashtra)
• Contact Details: 020-26123066, 020-26123067, 020-26056448, Fax: 020-26129919

NTSE Maharashtra Exam Important Dates

NTSE Maharashtra Eligibility Criteria

• Students that are currently in class 10 and studying in Maharastra can be eligible for NTSE Maharashtra 2020 exam.
• Only the students that are currently going to appear for the 10th exam can apply for this exam.
• Students applying should at least have 60% marks in class 9 exams.
• Open schooling students are also eligible to apply for the stage 1 exam. However, the student should be less than 18 years of age and not earning.
• Students applying can only receive 1 scholarship at a time.

NTSE Maharashtra 2020 Exam Application Form

Maharashtra education board will release the NTSE exam application form online during the second week of August 2019. The final date to apply will be in September, while students can also fill the form after the date with the late fee charged. Students can also obtain the NTSE exam application forms from their respective schools. For this, they need to fill it offline and submit it after fees are paid. Students can also download the form online by clicking on the link provided on the page. After the form is filled, students should submit the form back to the schools. NTSE Maharashtra 2020 exam application form will then be submitted to the state liaison officer before the final date. Candidates need to enter the following details while registering for NTSE Maharashtra 2020 exam:

• School name
• School UDISE code
• School address details
• School email ID
• The principal or school head’s mobile number

NTSE Maharashtra 2020 Exam Fee

The details related to the exam fee for NTSE Maharashtra 2020 exam are given below. Candidates need to pay for the exam through the SBI challan only.

NTSE Maharashtra 2020 Exam Fee Details

NTSE Maharashtra 2020 Exam Pattern

• The exam pattern for the 1st stage of the Maharashtra 2020 exam has two parts, mental ability test which is MAT and scholastic ability test which is the SAT.
• There are a total of 100 questions in each section.
• There is no negative marking for stage 1 of the NTSE exam, and all the questions are of 1 mark each.

NTSE Maharashtra Question Papers

Candidates should prepare for the exam using sample papers. Students can download these sample papers for NTSE 2020 exam from the NCERT official website under the title ‘Learn about the test’. Practicing using NTSE Maharashtra 2020 sample papers can help students get familiar with the new exam patterns, time duration, marking scheme, etc.

NTSE Maharashtra 2020 Exam Answer Key

Candidates that are appearing for the Maharastra 2020 exam can check the official answer key on the official SERT website. The answer key will have all the answers to the questions asked in the main exam. Candidates can use this key to calculate the scores for NTSE Maharashtra 2020 exam.

NTSE Maharashtra 2020 Exam Result

The result for the main exam will contain the overall scores of the candidate as well as the MAT and SAT section. Candidates can check their results on the MSCE official website. Along with the result, the council will release the cutoff and merit lists for each state. The candidates that are shortlisted can sit for the NTSE stage 2 exam. The NTSE stage 1 exam result will be announced in September. There are a total of 2000 students that will be selected and awarded the scholarship.

NTSE Maharashtra 2020 Exam Cutoff

Students that are appearing for NTSE Maharashtra 2020 exam can check the cutoff marks for preparing the test. NTSE Maharashtra cutoff is the minimum mark that candidates have to score for qualifying the NTSE stage 2 exam. The cutoff scores for MAT, SAT, and the overall scores are they’re below for the NTSE Maharashtra exam.

NTSE Exam Qualifying Scores

NTSE Exam Scholarship

Under the NTSE program, approximately 2000 students are selected for the scholarship. This scholarship is distributed every year by the national organizing body. Students that are selected through NTSE Maharashtra stage 1 are selected for stage 2 exam.

FAQ’s

Question 1.
What will the student get after qualifying the NTSE exam?

Answer:
Students that have qualified the stage 1 and stage 2 exam will receive the following scholarship amount.

• For class 11 and 12 – Rs. 1250 per month
• For graduate and post-graduate – Rs. 2000 per month
• For Ph.D. – As per the UGC norms

Question 2.
What is the final date of submission for application forms?

Answer:
The final date for the online application form is in the first week of September. The application form can also be filled until the last week of September with a late fee charged.

Question 3.
When will the NTSE exam stage 2 result declared?.

Answer:
The NTSE Maharashtra exam stage 2 result will be declared on September 2020.

The post NTSE Maharashtra 2019-20 for Class 10 | Application Form, Admit Card Result, Cut Off appeared first on Learn CBSE.

Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 6 Bhakti-Sufi Traditions (Changes in Religious Beliefs and Devotional Texts)

Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 6 – 2 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Point out one similarity and dissimilarity between Lingayats and Nayanars. (HOTS; Delhi 2016)
Answer:
Similarity Both Lingayats and Nayanars protested against caste system and the dominance of Brahmanas.
The Alvars were devotees of Vishnu, whereas the Nayanars were devotees of Shiva.

Question 2.
Point out any two similarities between the philosophy of Kabir and Guru Nanak Dev. (Delhi Z016)
Answer:
Two similarities between philosophy of Kabir and Guru Nanak Dev are:

• Both Kabir and Guru Nanak Dev advocated a form of Nirguna Bhakti.
• Both Kabir and Guru Nanak Dev rejected idol worship, also rejected sacrifices and ritual baths.

Question 3.
Point out one difference and one similarity between Be-Shari’a and Ba-Shari’a Sufi traditions. (HOTS; Delhi 2016)
Answer:
Difference The Ba-Shari’a traditions followed Shari’a i.e. the Islamic law.
However, the Be-Shari’a were not bound by it.
Similarity They both ignored rituals and observed extreme forms of asceticism.

Question 4.
Mention any two sources to know about Bhakti and Sufi traditions from 8th century to 18th century. (All India 2016)
Answer:
Sources are as follows:

• Textual sources were available to know about Bhakti and Sufi traditions from 8th century to 18th century. These textual sources included composition attributed to poet saints. Most of them expressed themselves orally in regional languages used by common man.
• Historians also got information from the biographies of saints written by their followers.

Question 5.
How did Karaikkal Ammaiyar become the greatest figure of Nayanar tradition? Explain. (All India 2016)
Answer:
Karaikkal Ammaiyar was a devotee of Shiva. She adopted the path of extreme asceticism in order to attain her goal. Her composition was a challenge to patriarchal norms of the society and it was preserved with the Nayanar tradition. In this way, she became the greatest figure of Nayanar’s philosophy.

Question 6.
Name the major anthology compiled by the Alvars which is also described as the Tamil Veda. How did various chiefdoms in the Tamil region help them in the early first millennium CE? (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
Nalayira Divyaprabandham complied by the Alvars is also described as the Tamil Veda. There were several important chiefdoms in the Tamil region in the early first millennium CE. Rulers like Pallavas, Pandyas, Cholas were patron of Brahmanical and bhakti traditions, making land grants and constructing temples. Chola rulers were the patrons to Shiva temples in Chidambaram, Thanjavur and Gangaikonda Cholapuram.

Question 7.
The Lingayats disapproved certain practices of the Dharmashashtras. Give two examples. (All India 2015)
or
Mention the two ideas of Brahmanical system challenged by the Lingayats. (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
Followers of Basavanna were known as Virashaivas or Lingayats. They challenged the Brahmanical system in the following ways:

• They challenged the idea of caste and the ‘pollution’ attributed to certain groups by Brahmanas.
• They questioned the theory of rebirth.

Question 8.
‘The Message of Guru Nanak Devji was based on divinity’. Mention any two aspects of it. (All India 2015)
Answer:
The message of Guru Nanak Devji was based on divinity. Two aspects of it are:

1. Absolute or ‘rab’ had no gender or form.
2. He proposed a simple way to connect to the divine by remembering and repeating the divine name.

Question 9.
Kabir Bijak and Kabir Granthavali are the two distinct but overlapping traditions. How are they preserved? (All India 2015)
Answer:
Both the traditions are preserved in the following ways:

• The Kabir Bijak is preserved by the Kabir panth (the path or sect of Kabir) in Varanasi and elsewhere in Uttar Pradesh.
• The’Kabir Granthavali is associated with the Dadupanth in Rajasthan.

Question 10.
By the 11th century Sufism evolved into a well developed movement. Give two examples. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
By the eleventh century, Sufism evolved into a well developed movement in the following ways:

• It developed a body of literature on Quranic studies and Sufi practices.
• The Sufis began to organise communities around the hospice or Khanqah and it was controlled by a teaching master known as Shaikh, Pir or Murshid.

Question 11.
Who were Alvars and Nayanars?
Mention the support they got from the Chola rulers. (All India 2014)
Answer:
Alvars: Alvars were those people who immersed themselves in devotion to Vishnu.
Nayanars Nayanars were the devotees of Shiva. They initiated the early Bhakti Movement during the 6th century CE.

Support from Chola Rulers Alvars and Nayanars got support from the Chola rulers in the form of land grants for the construction of splendid temples with stone and metals sculpture to recreate the visions of these popular saints who sang in the language of people.

Question 12.
Explain the meaning of Sufi Silsila. (All India 2012)
Answer:
Sufi Silsila began to flourish in different parts of Islamic world around the 12th century. The literal meaning of Silsila was a chain, signifying a continuous link between master and disciple. It stretched as an unbroken spiritual lineage to the prophet Muhammad. It was through this channel that spiritual power and blessings were transmitted to devotees. Special rituals for initiation were followed, e.g. taking an oath of allegiance, wearing a patched garment and shaving the hair.

Question 13.
Why do thousands of devotees visit dargahs of Muslim saint? (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
Pilgrimage, called Ziyarat to the tombs of Sufi saints is very common all over the Muslim world. For more than seven centuries people of various creeds, classes and social backgrounds have travelled to the dargahs of the five great chisthi saints and expressed their devotions. This practice is an occasion for seeking the sufi’s spiritual grace (barakat).

Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 6 – 4 Marks Questions

Question 14.
Explain the features of Islamic religion which contributed to its spread through the sub-continent. Delhi 2013
Answer:
The development of Islam was not restricted to ruling aristocrats, actually it spread far and wide, through the sub-continent, amongst various social strata i.e. peasants, artisans, warriors, merchants, etc.

All those who adopted Islam accepted the five pillars of this religion. These are:

1. There is one God, Allah and Prophet Muhammad is his messenger (Shahada).
2. Offering prayers five times a day (namaz/salat).
3. Giving alms (Zakat).
4. Fasting during the month of Ramzan (Sawm).
5. Performing the pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj)

The universal features were often overlaid with diversities in practice derived from affiliations (Sunni, Shia) and local customary practices to convert from different social backgrounds. For example, Arab Muslim traders adopted local customs such, as matriliny and matrilocal residence. There was also difference in the architecture of mosque due to the change of regions.

Question 15.
“The Lingayats challenged the idea of caste and the ‘pollution’ attributed to certain groups by Brahmanas,” Critically examine the statement. (HOTS; Compartment 2013)
Answer:
The Lingayats or Virshaivas emerged in the 12th century in Karnataka under the leadership of Basavanna. They worshipped Shiva in his manifestation as a linga and usually wore a small linga in a silver case on a loop strung over their left shoulder.

They believed that on death the devotee would be united with Shiva and would not return to this world. They challenged some important ideas given in our dharmashastras.
The Lingayats challenged the idea of caste and the ‘pollution’ attributed to certain groups by Brahmanas. They did not accept the theory of rebirth. They did not follow the varna system in our society given by the Brahmanas. These won the large number of followers among the marginalised section of the society.

Moreover, the Lingayats encouraged certain practices like post-puberty marriage and the remarriage of widows. Our dharmashastras disapproved these practices. Even the Lingayats did not practise funerary rites such as cremation, prescribed in the dharmashastras. They ceremonially buried their dead.

In this way the lingayats rejected the caste system and other practices followed in our society given by the Brahmanical scriptures.

Question 16.
Mention any two universal architectural features of Mosque. (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
Mosque is regarded as the basis of Islamic religious life. It has an open compound and pillars on all sides. The roof stands on all these pillars. In the middle of the compound, there is a pond, which is artificially made. Here, devotees can take bath or wash themselves before offering Namaz.
Some special architectural features of Mosque are:

• Mosque has orientation towards Mecca. It makes evident in the placement of the milirab (prayer niche) and the minbar (pulpit).
• Mosque blends a universal faith with local traditions. In Kerala, we find the shikhara like roof and in Bangladesh, we find dome like roof. In Kashmir we find the Shah Hamadan mosque which is the best example of Kashmiri wooden architecture, decorated with paper mache.

Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 6 – 8 Marks Questions

Question 17.
Identify the relationship between the Sufis and the state from the eighth to the eighteenth century. All India 2017
Answer:
A major feature of the Chishti tradition was austerity, including maintaining a distance from worldly power. However, this was by no mean a situation of absolute isolation from political power.
The sufis accepted unsolicited grants and donations from the political elites. The Sultans in turn set up charitable trusts (auqaf) as endowments for hospices and granted tax-free land (inam).

The Chishtis accepted donations in cash and kind. Rather than accumulate donations, they preferred to use these fully on immediate requirements such as food, clothes, living quarters and ritual necessities (such as sama). All this enhanced the moral authority of the shaikhs, which in turn attracted people from all walks of life.

Further, their piety and scholarship, and people’s belief in their miraculous powers made sufis popular among the masses, whose support kings wished to secure.

Kings did not simply need to demonstrate their association with sufis; they also required legitimation from them. When the Turks set up the Delhi Sultanate, they resisted the insistence of the ulama on imposing shari’a as state law because they anticipated opposition from their subjects, the majority of whom were non-Muslims. The Sultans wanted their tombs to be in the vicinity of sufi shrines and hospices.

However, there were instances of conflict between the Sultans and the sufis. To assert their authority, both expected that certain rituals be performed such as prostration and kissing of the feet. Occasionally the sufi shaikh was addressed with high-sounding titles. For example, the disciples of Nizamuddin Auliya addressed him as Sultan-ul-Mashaikh (literally, Sultan amongst Shaikhs).

Other sufis such as the Suhrawardi under the Delhi Sultans and the Naqshbandi under the Mughals were also associated with the state. However, the modes of their association were not the same as those of the Chishtis. In some cases, sufis accepted courtly offices.

Question 18.
Identify the relationship of the Alvars and Nayanars of Tamil Nadu with the state from the eighth to the eighteenth century. (All India 2017)
Answer:
The realtionship of the Alvars and Nayanars of Tamil Nadu with the state is discussed below:

• Some of the earliest bhakti movements were led by the Alvars (literally, those who were immersed in devotion to Vishnu) and Nayanars (who were devotees of Shiva).
• They preached their message in Tamil. During their travel they identified certain shrines as abodes of their chosen deities. And these were developed as centres of pilgrimage.
• One of the major themes in Tamil bhakti hymns was the poet’s opposition to Buddhism and Jainism. The main reason for this opposition was competition between members of other religious traditions for royal patronage.
• The Chola rulers (ninth to thirteenth centuries) supported Brahmanical and Bhakti traditions, making land grants and constructing temples for Vishnu and Shiva.
• The Chola rulers constructed many Shiva temples e.g. Chidambram, Thanjavur and
  Gangaikandacholapuram. They done this to proclaim their own power and status.
• This was also the period when some of the most spectacular representations of Shiva in bronze scuplture were produced.
• Both Nayanars and Alvars were revered (admire) by the Vellala peasants. Not surprisingly rulers tried to win their support as well.

Thus, are can say that the Chola rulers had intimate relations with the both Alvars and Nayanars as they had much honour and status in the society.

Question 19.
Explain the teachings of Kabir. How did he describe the ultimate reality through his poems? (Delhi 2010)
or
Explain the significance of Kabir’s poems and the traditions he drew to describe the ultimate reality. (All India 2009)
Answer:
The historians tried to reconstruct Kabir’s life and timings through a study of compositions attributed to him and later hagiographies.

Verses ascribed to Kabir have been compiled in three distinct traditions, viz, Kabir Bijak, Kabir Granthavali and Adi Granth Sahib. All these compilations were made long after the death of Kabir. Kabir’s poems have survived in several languages and dialects.

The significance of Kabir’s poems is as follows:

Source of Inspiration:
Kabir’s poems have been a source of inspiration to those who questioned rigid and unrooted social institutions, ideas and practices in search of God.
Taken from both Hinduism and Islam:
The significance of Kabir’s poem also lies in the fact that his teachings were inspired by both Hinduism and Islam which sometimes expressed diverse and conflicting ideas. For instance, some poems imbibed Islamic ideas and used monotheism and attacked Hindu polytheism and idol worship while others used the Sufi concept of zikr and ishq to express the Hindu practice of nam-simaran i.e. remembrance of God’s name.
Kabir’s ideas crystallised through dialogue and debate and his legacy was claimed by several groups. The traditions, he drew to describe ultimate reality through his poems are:
Islamic Traditions:
He described the ultimate reality as Allah, Khuda, Hazrat and Pir.
Vedantic Tradition:
He used the terms Alakh (Unseen), Nirakar (Formless), Brahman, Atman, etc to describe the ultimate reality.
Yogic Tradition:
Other terms with mystical connotations such as shabda (sound) or Shunya (emptiness) were drawn from yogic tradition.

Question 20.
Explain how the biography of the saint poetess Mirabai has been primarily constructed. How did she defy the norms of society? (HOTS; All India 2010)
Answer:
Reconstruction of Mirabai’s: Biography The reconstruction of biographies of Mirabai has been done from the bhajans composed by herself (transmitted orally for centuries).
Royal affiliations of Mirabai From the bhajans it has been reconstructed that she was a Rajput princess from Merta in Marwar. She was married to a prince of the Sisodia clan of Mewar, Rajasthan, which had been done against her wishes so she defied her husband. She even refused to submit to the traditional role of wife and mother.

Recognition of Krishna as lover: She recognised Krishna, the incarnation of Vishnu, as her lover. Because of her behaviour, her in-laws once tried to poison her, but she managed to escape the in-laws home and preferred to live as a wandering saint and composing the songs of bhakti and love for the Krishna. Her compositions are known for intense expression of her emotion.

Defiance of social barriers: In some traditions, Mirabai has been mentioned as a disciple of Raidas, a leather worker. It indicates that she did not recognise the bonds of caste system and the practices of the society. For her intense love of Krishna, she rejected all the comforts of her husband’s palace and donned the saffron robe of the renouncer or the white robe of widow.

Popular source of inspiration: Mirabai, now-a-days recognised as the source of inspiration instead of attracting a sect or group of followers. Still she and her songs are popular among the poor or ‘low caste’ population in the State of Gujarat and Rajasthan.

Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 6 Source Based Questions

Question 21.
The One Lord:
Here is a composition attributed to Kabir Tell me, brother, how can there be No one lord of the world but two?
Who led you so astray?
God is called by many names.
Names like Allah, Ram, Karim, Keshav, Hari and Hazrat. Gold may be shaped into rings and bangles. Isn’t it gold all the same? Distinctions are only in words that we invent.

Kabir says they are both mistaken. Neither can find the only Ram. One kills the goat, the other cows. They waste their lives in disputation.

1. Name any two scriptures, in which verses, ascribed to Kabir, have been complied.
2. How did Kabir describe the ‘Ultimate Reality’?
3. Explain the arguments give by Kabir against the lords of the world of different communities.
4. Do you agree with Kabir? Give your own views as well. Delhi 2012

Answer:
1. The two scriptures in which verses of Kabir are found are:
(a) Kabir Bijak
(b) Kabir Granthavali

2. Kabir described the ‘Ultimate Reality’ by drawing the ranges of traditions such as from Islam, he had drawn the Ultimate Reality as Allah, Khuda, Hazrat and Pir. Several terms from the vedantic traditions, such as Alakh, Nirakar, Brahmana, Atman were also taken.

3. Kabir used monotheism and iconoclasm to attack Hindu polytheism and idol worship and said God is one. God is the ultimate reality and one lord of the world, although he is known by several names.

4. Yes, I agree with Kabir’s view. The God is only one inspite of having several names. We the people of different religions worship him differently, but God is the ultimate reality and he is one.

Question 22.
A Church in Khambat:
This is an excerpt from a farman (imperial order) issued by Akbar in 1598. Whereas it reached our eminent and holy notice that the padris (fathers) of the Holy Society of Jesus wish to build a house of prayer (Church) in the city of Kambayat (Khambat, in Gujarat); therefore an exalted mandate… is being issued… that the dignitaries of the city of Kambayat should in no case stand in their way but should allow them to build a Church so that they may engage themselves in their own worship. It is necessary that the order of the Emperor should be obeyed in every way.

1. What did the padris want to do?
2. How did Akbar ensure that their desire was fulfilled?
3. Who guided the Muslim rulers?
4. How was the situation complicated in the sub-continent and how did the rulers adopt to this situation?
   (Delhi 200B)

Answer:
1. The padris (fathers) of the Holy Society of Jesus wanted to build a house of prayer i.e. church in the city of Khambat, in Gujarat.

2. Akbar issued an exalted mandate. It contained that the dignitaries of the city of Khambat should not create any hindrance to the making of churches. But they should allow the padris to build a church, so that they would follow their own religion.

3.Theoretically, Muslim rulers were to be guided by the ulama. The ulaina were expected to ensure that they ruled according to the Shari’a.

4. The situation in the sub-continent became complicated, as there were enough population outside Islam. So the category of Zimmi meaning protected was developed by the Muslim rulers for Jews, Christians, Hindus and other non-Muslims who lived under Muslim leadership.

They all had to pay a tax called ‘Jizya’ and gained the right to be protected by the Muslim leaders. In India, Mughal rulers regarded themselves as emperor of not just Muslims but of all peoples. Several Mughal rulers like Akbar and Aurangzeb gave land endowments and granted tax exemption to other, religious institutions and expressed respect and devotion towards non-Muslim religious leaders.

Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 6 Value Based Questions

Question 23.

1. Explain the teachings of Guru Nanak.
2. Did he wish to establish a new religion? Delhi 2009

Answer:
1. We can understand his message which were spelt out in his teachings and hymns called Shabad in Punjabi. The teachings of Baba Guru Nanak are as follows

• Nanak repudiated the external practices of the existing religions.
• He advocated the specific form of bhakti i.e. Nirguna bhakti.
• He rejected the sacrifices, ritual baths, image worship, austerities and scriptures of both Hindus and Muslims.
• According to him, the absolute or ‘rab’ had no gender or any specific form.
• There is only a simple way to connect to the divine by remembering and repeating the divine name.
• He sang his compositions in various ragas while his disciple, Mardana played the rabab.

2. Guru Nanak Dev did not wish to establish a new religion. He organised his followers into a community. He set up rules for congregational worship (sangat) involving collective recitation. He appointed his disciple Angad as the preceptor (guru) after him. After the death of Guru Nanak Dev, his followers consolidated their own practices and distinguished themselves from both Hindus and Muslims. The practice of selecting Guru was followed for nearly 200 years by his followers.

Question 24.
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow. Historians who have tried to understand these developments suggest that there were at least two processes at work. One was a process of disseminating Brahmanical ideas. This is exemplified by the composition, compilation and preservation of Puranic texts in simple Sanskrit verse, explicitly meant to be accessible to women and Shudras, who were generally excluded from Vedic learning. At the same time, there was a second process at work that of the Brahmanas accepting and reworking the beliefs and practices of these and other social categories. In fact, many beliefs and practices were shaped through a continuous dialogue between what sociologists have described as “great” Sanskritic Puranic traditions and “little” traditions throughout the land.

1. Why were shudras and women excluded from vedic learning in vedic period?
2. According to historians what was the second process of integration of cults?

Answer:
1. In Vedic period women and Shudras were generally excluded from Vedic learning because women was treated like a thing which was kept at home only and not allowed to go outside and get education. Thus, prohibited from learning Vedas.
In the same way due to Varna system Shudras treated as the lowest caste and were consider to do only polluted jobs. Thus, prohibited to learn Vedas.

2. In the second process of integration of cults the Brahmanas accept and rework on the beliefs and practies of women and Shudras and other social categories.

Question 25.
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.
Some historians suggest that the Alvars and Nayanars initiated a movement of protest against the caste system and the dominance of Brahmanas or atleast attempted to reform the system. To some extent this is corroborated by the fact that Bhaktas hailed from diverse social backgrounds ranging from Brahmanas to artisans and cultivators and even from castes considered “untouchable”.

The importance of the traditions of the Alvars and Nayanars was sometimes indicated by the claim that their compositions were as important as the Vedas. For instance, one of the major anthologies of compositions by the Alvars, the Nalayira Divyaprabandham, was frequently described as the Tamil Veda, thus claiming that the text was as significant as the four Vedas in Sanskrit that were cherished by the Brahmanas.

1. What was the attitude of Alvars and Nayanars towards caste system?
2. Give an example which indicates that the composition of Alvars was as significant as Vedas of Brahmanas?

Answer:
1. According to some scholars both Alvars and Nayanars were opposed to caste system made by the Brahmanas. In this regard, they initiated a movement to protest against the caste system and the dominance of Brahmanas or at least attempted to reform the system. By these efforts, people from various social backgrounds joined the movement, ranging from Brahmanas to artisans and cultivators and even from the castes considered ‘untouchable’.

2. The importance of the traditions of the Alvars and Nayanars was sometimes indicated by the claim that their compositions were as important as the Vedas. For instance, one of the major anthologies of compositions by the Alvars, the Nalayira Divyaprabandham, was frequently described as the Tamil Veda, thus claiming that the text was as significant as the four Vedas in Sanskrit that were cherished by the Brahmanas:

Important Questions for Class 12 History

The post Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 6 Bhakti-Sufi Traditions (Changes in Religious Beliefs and Devotional Texts) appeared first on Learn CBSE.

NCERT Solutions for Class 6th Social Science Civics Chapter 8 Rural Livelihoods

1.You have probably noticed that people in Kalpattu are engaged in a variety of non­farm work. List five of these.
Ans: (i) Making baskets, utensils, pots, bricks bullock-carts etc.
(i)Teaching
(ii)Washing clothes
(iii)Weaving
(iv)Repairing cycle.

2. List the different types of people you read about in Kalpattu who depend on farming. Who is the poorest among them and why?
Ans: These people are Thulasi, Sekar and Ramalingam.
Thulasi is the poorest among them. It is because she has no land of her own. She works on Ramalingam’s field and earns Rs. 40 per day. Although she is not satisfied with her wages, yet she continues her work in Ramalingam’s field because of the fact that she can depend on him.

3. Imagine you are a member of a fishing family and you are discussing whether to take a loan from the bank for an engine. What would you say?
Ans: I would say that it is better to take a loan from bank for this purpose than to go to a moneylender. Money lenders usually charge high rate of interest which pushes the borrowers in great hardships.

4. Poor rural labourers like Thulasi often do not have access to good medical facilities, good schools, and other resources. You have read about inequality in the first unit of this text. The difference between her and Ramalingam is one of inequality. Do you think this is a fair situation? What do you think can be done? Discuss in class.
Ans: No, this is not a fair situation. There should be a ceiling of land. It will help everyone to have some land where one can earn one’s livelihood. Opportunity should be equal for all. Primary education should be made compulsory. Efforts should be made to promote education among the poor. It will help them know their rights and other awareness.

5. What do you think the government can do to help fanners like Sekar when they get into debt? Discuss.
Ans: Government can provide assistance to farmers like Sekar. Interest-free loan or loan at the lowest rate can help him. Seeds, fertilizers and pesticides can also be provided to him on subsidised rate.

6. Compare the situation of Sekar and Ramalingam by filling out the following table:

Ans.

I.MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Choose the correct option to complete the statements given below:

(i) Ramalingam has …………
(a)Thirty acres of land    (b)Twenty  acres of land
(c) Ten acres of land       (c)Five  acres of land

(ii)  Thulasi earns ………..
(a) Rs. 40 per day   (b) Rs. 60 per day
(c)Rs. 70 per day     (d) Rs. 100 per day

(iii)  Thulasi sold her cow to ………  .
(a)Purchase jewellery
(b)Pay the instalment of the loan that she took from bank
(c) Pay the fees of her daughter
(d)Pay back the money she borrowed from Ramalingam.

(iv) The percentage of large farmers in India is …………..
(a) 80             (b)    20
(c)10        (d) 5

(v) Which one is not a farming activity?
(a) Ploughing                                   (b)    Harvesting
(c) Basket making                            (d)   Weeding.

Ans. (i)—(b), (ii)—(a), (iii)—(c), (iv)—(b), (v)—(c).

II.FILL IN THE BLANKS

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete each sentence:

(i)The people of Chizami village do …………………………………………..  farming.
(ii) Nearly …….  of all rural families are agricultural labourers in India.
(iii) Sekar has a hybrid cow, whose milk he sells in the local ………………
(iv) In some villages in central India, both farming and ………………..  from forest are important sources of livelihood.
(v) The people of Pudupet village earn their living by………………

Ans: (i) terrace                                                 (ii) two fifth
(iii) milk cooperative                             (iu) collection
(v) fishing

III.TRUE/FALSE

State whether these sentences are true CD or false (F).

(i)Ramalingam is a big farmer having twenty acres of land.
(ii) Sekar takes loan from Thulasi and buys seeds and fertilizers.
(iii) In coastal areas we find fishing villages.
(iv) In India 60 percent farmers are small Farmers.
(v) Sekar takes help of other small farmers at the time of harvesting.

Ans. (i) True, (ii) False, (iii) True, (iv) False, (v) True.

IV.MATCHING SKILL

Match the items in column A correctly with those given in column B.

Ans: (i)—(c), (ii)—(f), (iii)—(e), (iv)—(b), (v)-(a),(vi)-d

V.VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. What is the main crop of Kalpattu village?
Ans: The main crop of Kalpattu village is paddy.

2. How is Ramalingam different from others according to Thulasi?
Ans: Unlike others, Ramalingam does not go looking for cheaper labour from other villages. Whenever there is work, he calls Thulasi.

3. What does Thulasi’s husband do when he finds no work on the farm?
Ans: In such situation he finds work outside either loading sand from the river or stone from the quarry nearby.

4. Why did Thulasi borrow from Ramalingam?
Ans: She did so for her daughter’s treatment.

5. How did she pay back the loan to Ramalingam.
Ans: She paid back her loan to Ramalingam by selling her cow.

6 Name some other activities which poor families in rural areas often do for the household apart from farming.  [V. Imp.]
Ans: Collecting firewood, getting water and grazing cattle.

7. Why do people migrate? [V. Imp.]
Ans: People migrate from rural to urban areas to find job.                           .

8. How much land does Sekar own?
Ans: Sekar owns two acres of land.

9. How does he pay back the loan to trader?
Ans: He pays back the loan to trader by selling his paddy to him at a lower price.

10. Why does Sekar need to earn some extra money?
Ans: Whatever he produces last only eight months. So, he needs to earn some extra money.

11. What work does Sekar do at Ramalingam’s rice mill?
Ans: He helps Ramalingam collect paddy from other farmers in the neighbouring villager.

12. Why do farmers like Sekar need to borrow money?
Ans: They need to borrow money to purchase basic things like seeds, fertilizers and pesticides.

13. Why do fishermen go far into the sea?
Ans: They go far into the sea to get a better catch.

14. During which period do fish breed?
Ans: They breed during the monsoon.

15. How do fishermen manage during the monsoon period?
Ans: During the monsoon period fishermen survive by borrowing from the trader.

VI.SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Describe different types of work that Sekar do for a living.                                 [Imp.]
Ans: Sekar is a small farmer having only two acres of land. He grows paddy in his field with the help of his family members. He also works in Ramalingam’s rice milk. He helps him collect paddy from other farmers is the neighbouring villages. He also has a hybrid cow, whose milk he sells in the local milk cooperative.

2. List the three situations in which crops can be ruined.                                    [V. Imp.]
Ans: The three situations in which crops can be ruined are :
(a)If the seeds are not of good quality.
(b)If pests attack the crop.
(c)If the monsoon does not bring enough rain.

3. Write a brief note on the lifestyle of the people of Chizami.
Ans: Chizami is a village in Phek district in Nagaland. The people of this village do terrace farming. They have their own individual fields. But, they also work collectively in each other’s fields. They form groups of six or eight and take an entire mountain side to clean the needs on it. Each group eats together once their work for the day is over.

VII.LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Write a short note on the lives of fishing families. [V. Imp.]
Ans: Fishing families usually live close to the sea. Their lives revolve around the sea and fish. One can find rows of catamarans and nets lying around their houses. Their day usually starts from 7 O’clock in the morning. This is the time when there is a lot of activity on the beach. After catching fish the fishermen return with their catamarans. Women then gather to buy and sell fish.They do not go to the sea for at least four months during the monsoon because this is when the fish breed. During these months they survive by borrowing from the trader. And thus, they are forced to sell the fish to that trader later on.The lives of fisherfolk are full of risks. Whenever there is a storm, they have to suffer a lot. In 2004, the tsunami hit them badly. They were the worst sufferers.

2. What different activities are done by the people of Kalpattu village?
Ans: Kalpattu is coastal village in Tamil Nadu. As the village is surrounded by low hills, paddy is the main crop here. Most of the families earn a living through agriculture. Besides agriculture, people do many non-farm activities such as making baskets, utensils, pots, bricks, bullock carts, etc. The village has no dearth of service providers like blacksmiths, nurses, teachers, washermen, weavers, barbers, cycle repair mechanics and so on. One can find here shopkeepers and traders too. There is a bazaar where a variety of small shops such as tea shops, grocery shops, a tailor, seed shop etc. can be found. There are some coconut groves around the village. A group of people earn their living by working in mango orchards. In the village, there are small farmers as well as big farmers. There are landless labourers too who work in other’s field.

3. Under which circumstances poor farmers find themselves unable to pay back their loans? What happens after that?
Ans: Poor farmers are bound to take loans for agriculture purpose. Sometimes they successfully pay back the loans but there are also moments when they fail to do that in time because of crop failure. This is a very tough time for them. For the family to survive, they have to borrow more money. Soon the loan becomes so large that no matter what they earn, they are unable to repay. This is when we can say they are caught in debt. Whenever this situation occurs, farmers become helpless. Their helplessness to repay the loan sometimes compel them to commit suicide.

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Important Questions for CBSE Class 12 Physics Atoms

1.All elements consists of very small invisible particles, called Every atom is a sphere of radius of the order of 10^_10m, in which entire mass is uniformly distributed and negative charged electrons revolve around the nucleus.

3.Impact parameter perpendicular distance of the velocity vector of a-particle from the central line of the nucleus of the atom is called impact parameter (b).

4.Basic assumption of Rutherford’s atomic model

• Atom consists of small central core, called atomic nucleus in which whole mass and positive charge is assumed to be concentrated.
• The size of nucleus is much smaller than the size of the atom.
•  The nucleus is surrounded by electrons and atom is electrically neutral

6.Angle of Scattering Angle by which a-particle gets deviated from its original path around the nucleus is called angle of scattering.

7.Drawbacks of Rutherford’s Model

(i) Could not explained stability of atom clearly.

(ii) Unable to explain line spectrum

11.Energy Level The energy of an atom is the least when its electron is revolving in an orbit closest to the nucleus i.e. for which n = 1.

12.The lowest state of the atom is called the ground state, this state has lowest energy. The energy of this state is -13.6 eV. Therefore, the minimum energy required to free the electron from the ground state of the hydrogen atom is -13.6 eV.

13.(i)Emission Spectrum Hydrogen spectrum consists of discrete bright lines a dark background and it is specifically known as hydrogen emission spectrum.

(ii) Absorption Spectrum There is one more type of hydrogen spectrum exists where we get dark lines on the bright background, it is known as absorption spectrum

Previous Years Examination Questions

1 Mark Questions

1.The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is – 13.6 eV. What are the kinetic and potential energies of electron in this state? [All India 2014C; HOTS; All India 2010]

Ans. Given, total ground state energy (TE) = (-13.6eV)

.-. Kinetic energy = – TE

= -(-13.6 eV) =13.6 eV Potential energy = 2 (TE)

= 2 x(-13.6) = -27.2 eV

2.When is H_a-line of the Balmer series in the emission spectrum of hydrogen atom obtained? [Delhi 2013C]

Ans. H_a-line of the Balmer series in the emission spectrum of hydrogen atom is obtained in visible region.

3.Why is the classical (Rutherford) model for an atom of electron orbitting around the nucleus not able to explain the atomic Structure?  [Delhi 2012]

Ans.  The classical method could not explain the atomic structure as the electron revolving around the nucleus are accelerated and emits energy as the result, the radius of the circular paths goes on decreasing. Ultimately electrons fall into the nucleus, which is not in practical.

4.Define ionisation energy. What is its value for a hydrogen atoms?  [All India 2010]

Ans. Ionisation energy The minimum amount of energy required to remove an electron from the ground state of the atom is known as ionisation energy.

5.Find the ratio of energies of photons produced due to transition of an electron of hydrogen atom from its

• second permitted energy level to the first permitted level and
• the highest permitted energy level to the first permitted level. [All India 2010]

Ans.

6.What is the ratio of radii of the orbits corresponding to first excited state and ground state, in a hydrogen atom?   [Delhi 2010]

Ans.

7.The radius of innermost electron orbit of a hydrogen atom is 5.3x 10-¹¹ What is the radius of orbit in the second excited state?

Ans.

8.Write the expression for Bohr’s radius in hydrogen atom. [Delhi 2010]

Ans.

9.State Bohr’s quantisation condition for defining stationary orbits. [Foreign 2010]

Ans.

10.In the Rutherford scattering experiment, the distance of closest approach for an a-particle is do. If a-particle is replaced by a proton, then how much kinetic energy in comparison to a-particle will be required to have the same distance of Closest approach do ?      [Foreign 2009]

Ans.


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Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 7 An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara

Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 7 – 2 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Examine how the Amara-Nayaka system was a political innovation of the Vijayanagara empire. (All India 2017)
Answer:
The Amara-Nayaka system was a major political innovation of the Vijayanagara empire. Many features of this system were derived from the iqta system of the Delhi sultanate. The Amara-Nayakas were military commanders ’ who were given territories to govern by the Rayas or the rulers of Vijayanagara.

Question 2.
Examine the outcome of the battle of Rakshasi-Tangadi (Talikota). (All India 2017)
Answer:
In 1565, Rama Raya, the Chief Minister of Vijayanagara, led the army into the battle at Rakashasi Tangadi where his forces were routed by the combined armies of Bijapur, Ahmadnagar and Golconda. The armies of the sultans were responsible for the destruction of the city of Vijayanagara.

It was only after the death of Krishnadeva Raya, the relation between Sultans and Rayas became bitter. The adventurous policy of Rama Raya who tried to play off one Sultan against another, made the Sultans angry and they combinedly defeated him. In this way, Vijayanagara empire was gradually destructed.

Question 3.
Examine the significance of enclosing agricultural land within the fortified area of the city of Vijayanagara.
Answer:
By enclosing the agricultural land within the fortified area of the city, the king of Vijayanagara empire gave protection to their subject. Because at the times of war enemies would not easily penetrate into the fortified walls and also not to cause any harm to the cultivable land. Thus, the situation of starvation or famine in the city can be minimized at the times of difficulty.

Question 4.
Which dynasty did Krishnadeva Raya belong to? Mention any one of his expansion and consolidation policies. (HOTS; Delhi 2013)
Answer:
Krishnadeva Raya (1509-29) was the most famous ruler belonged to the Tuluva dynasty. The expansion and consolidation was a salient feature of his rule as:

• He acquired the land between Tungabhadra and Krishna rivers (the RaichurDoab) in 1512.
• During his rule, the rulers of Odisha were subdued in 1514 and harsh defeats were inflicted on the Sultan of Bijapur (1520).

Question 5.
Mention any two features of the temple complexes in Vijayanagara. (All India 2010)
Answer:
Following are the two features of Vijayanagara temple complexes:

• The immense structures of Raya gopurams or royal gateways often dwarfed the towers on the central shrines and it signalled the presence of the temple from a great distance.
• Other distinctive features include mandapas or pavilions and long pillared corridors within the temple complex.

Question 4.
State two characteristics of Krishnadeva Raya’s rule. (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Two characteristics of Krishnadeva Raya’s rule are as follows:

1. Strengthening the central authority and putting a strict control over the Nayakas. Military chiefs were known as Nayakas who controlled forts and had armed supporters.
2. For the fortification of Vijayanagara city, Krishnadeva Raya built some fine temples and impressive gopurams in the city.

Question 5.
Mention any two features about the location of the city of Vijayanagara. (All India 2009)
Answer:
Two features about the location of the city of Vijayanagara are as follows:

1. Vijayanagara was located on the natural basin formed by the river Tungabhadra which flows in a North-Easterly direction.
2. It is surrounded by the stunning granite hills. These hills seem to form a girdle around the city.

Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 7 – 4 Marks Questions

Question 6.
Highlight the contribution of Krishnadeva Raya in the expansion of Vijayanagara empire. (All India 2016)
Answer:
The most famous ruler of Vijayanagara, Krishnadeva Raya (1509-29) belonged to the Tuluva dynasty. His rule was characterised by expansion and consolidation in the following ways:

• The land between the Tungabhadra and Krishna rivers (the Raichur Doab) was acquired by Krishnadeva Raya in 1512.
• In 1514, rulers of Odisha were subdued and Sultan of Bijapur was defeated in 1520. He made his kingdom so extensive that many smaller kingdoms allied with it and showed their respect to Raja Krishnadeva Raya.
• His kingdom remained in a constant state of military preparedness. It flourished under the conditions of unparalleled peace and prosperity at the time of Krishnadeva Raya.

Question 7.
Highlight any four aspects observed by the Portuguese traveller Barbosa on the Urban core of the Vijayanagara empire. (Delhi 2016)
Am.
The 16th century Portuguese traveller Barbosa highlighted his personal observation on the urban core of the Vijayanagara empire. These were explained in the following ways:

• Barbosa described the houses of ordinary people, though these have not survived.
• The houses of common men were thatched, well built and arranged according to the occupation. These were arranged in long streets with many open places.
• Field survey indicated that the entire area had numerous shrines and small temples, which was a proof of a variety of cults, supported by different communities.
• Wells, rainwater tanks and temple tanks might have served as sources of water to the common men of the town.

Question 8.
Highlight the aspects observed by Domingo Paes on the Mahanavami dibba of the Vijayanagara empire. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
Domingo Paes called the Mahanavami dibba of the Vijayanagara empire as The House of Victory’. These buildings had two platforms, one above the other. These were beautifully sculpted. On the upper platform, the king had a room made of cloth, where the idol had a shrine. It is the highest point in the city and is a massive platform. The other in the middle was placed a dais (a low platform for a throne) on which stood a throne of state.

He suggested that for the people the showed the victory of good over evil. Both these ‘audience hall’ and the ‘Mahanavami dibba’ comprised of the valour, justice and the suzerainty of the king over all other.
The calling of the house as the house of victory was due to the fact that it was situated at the site highest of all in the kingdoms. It was constructed so as to keep up the memory of the victory of the kingdom in war over other kingdoms and empires.

Question 9.
‘The Mahanavami dibba in the Royal centre of Vijayanagara has been assigned name on the basis of its form of building as well as functions.’ Elaborate. (Delhi 2015)
Am.
The Mahanavami dibba in the Royal centre of Vijayanagara has been assigned its name on the basis of the following:

1. Mahanavami dibba, located on one of the highest points in the city, is a massive platform rising from a base of • about 11,000 sq ft to a height of 40 ft.
The base of the platform is covered with relief carvings.

2. Rituals associated with the structure probably coincided with Mahanavami (the great 9th day of the Hindu festival) known as Dussehra in Northern India, Durga Puja in Bengal and Navaratri in Peninsular India. The Vijayanagara rulers showed their prestige, power and suzerainty on this occasion.

3. The ceremonies performed here included worship of the image, worship of the state horse and sacrifice of buffaloes and other animals. Dances, wrestling matches and grand processions of caparisoned horses, elephants, chariots and soldiers took place here. Thus, the great structure was used for some grand ceremonies.

Question 10.
‘The Amara-Nayaka system was the major political innovation of the Vijayanagara empire.’ Elaborate. (HOTS; Delhi 2015)
Answer:
The Amara-Nayaka system was a major political innovation of the Vijayanagara empire.
Many features of this system were derived from the iqta system of the Delhi sultanate. The Amara-Nayakas were military commanders who were given territories to govern by the Rayas or the rulers of Vijayanagara,

The main features of the Amara-Nayaka system were:

• The Amara-Nayakas collected taxes and other dues from peasants, craftpersons and traders in the area.
• They retained part of the revenue for personal use and for maintaining a stipulated contingent of horses and elephants.
• These contingents provided the Rayas an effective fighting force, with the help of which they controlled the Southern Peninsula.
• The Amara-Nayakas sent tribute to the king annually and gave gifts to the king. Kings occasionally transferred them from one place to another to show their supremacy.
• Many of these Nayakas established independent kingdoms which led to the collapse of the central imperial structure.

Question 11.
‘The rulers of Vijayanagara innovated and developed new traditions in the Virupaksha temple’. Elaborate. (HOTS, Delhi 2015)
Answer:
Virupaksha temple was built over centuries. Inscription suggested that the earliest shrine of the Virupaksha temple dated to the 9th-10th centuries.

Later, it was substantially enlarged with the establishment of the Vijayanagara empire. It was believed that the site of Vijayanagara was inspired by the existence of the shrines of Virupaksha and Pampadevi. Royal portrait sculpture was displayed in temple. The king’s visit to temples were treated as important state occasions on which he was accompanied by the important nayakas of the empire

The hall in front of the main shrine with delicately carved pillars was built by Krishnadeva Raya to mark his accession. Virupaksha, the guardian deity of the kingdom, was recognised as a form of Shiva and Vijayanagara kings claimed to rule on behalf of the God Virupaksha. Krishnadeva Raya constructed the Eastern gopuram.

The halls of the temple were used for a variety of purposes like programmes of music, dance, drama and marriages of deities. Special images of deities different from central shrines were used in these occasions. In this way, the rulers introduced new traditions in the Virupaksha temple.

Question 12.
Why were the water resources of the Vijayanagara empire developed? Give reasons. (All India 2015)
or
Explain how the people of Vijayanagara obtained water for their needs. (All India 2008)
Answer:
Vijayanagara empire was one of the most arid zones of the Peninsula, much importance was provided to water resources in the selection of capital.

People of Vijayanagara obtained water in the following ways:
1. The water requirements of Vijayanagara were met by the natural basin formed by the river Tungabhadra. This river flows in a North-Easterly direction. It is surrounded by the stunning granite hills. These hills seem to form a girdle around the city. It is from these rocky outcrops that many streams flow down to the river.

2. In order to meet the water requirements of the city, embankments were built along these streams to create reservoirs of different sizes. One most important of such tanks was built during the early years of the 15 th century. It is now known as the Kamalapuram tank. The nearby fields were irrigated from the water of this tank. In order to meet the water requirements of the ‘Royal centre’, its water was also conducted through a channel to that place.

3. Most of the water requirements of Vijayanagara were met with the  water of Hiriya canal, one of the most prominent water works. It was perhaps built by kings of the Sangama dynasty. It drew water . from a dam across the Tungabhadra. The cultivated valley separate the ‘sacred centre’ from the ‘urban core’. This was irrigated by the water from this canal.
Thus, the rulers of Vijayanagara displayed a special interest in the preservation of the water resources. They made a number of important efforts in order to meet the water requirements of common men.

Question 13.
Why was Vitthala temple of the Vijayanagara unique? (HOTS, All India 2015)
Answer:
The Vitthala temple is the another shrine located at Vijayanagara empire. The uniqueness of this temple can be understood through the following points:

• The Vitthala temple is well-known ‘ for its exceptional architecture and unmatched craftsmanship. The iconic temple has amazing stone structures such as musical pillars. It has 56 musical pillars. The cluster of musical pillars was carved out of huge single pieces of resonant stone.
• A characteristic feature of this temple complexes is the chariot streets that extended from the temple gopuram in a straight line.
  These streets were paved with stone slabs and lined with pillared pavilions in which merchants set up their shops.
• This temple has several halls and a unique shrine designed as a chariot.
• The principle deity of this temple was Vitthala, a form of Vishnu, which is generally worshipped in Maharashtra.

Question 14.
Why did the imperial power of Vijayanagara decline after the death of Krishnadeva Raya? (HOTS, All India 2015)
Answer:
There are various reasons for the decline of Vijayanagara empire e.g.

• Strain began to show within the imperial structure after the death of Krishnadeva Raya in 1529.
• His successors w’ere not much capable to stand up against the rebellious nayakas or military chief s which were posing threat to Vijayanagara.
• By 1542, control at the centre shifted to another ruling lineage, that of the Aravidu, which remained in power till the end of the 17th century.
• During this period, the military ambitions of the rulers of Vijayanagara as well as those of the Deccan sultanates resulted in shifting alignments.
• Eventually, this led to an alliance of the sultanates against Vijayanagara.
  Finally, in 1565, the combined armies of Bijapur, Ahmadnagar and Golconda defeated the army of the Chief Minister of Vijayanagara, Rama Raya at Rakshari-Rangadi (Talikota).
• Consequently, the city of Vijayanagara was sacked by the victorious armies and totally abandoned within a few years.

Question 15.
‘Vijayanagara was characterised by a distinct building style’. Support this statement with the sacred architectural examples of Vijayanagara. (All India 2014)
or
Describe briefly about the buildings that survive and tell us about the way, spaces were organised and used in Vijayanagara. (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
Vijayanagara empire was founded by two brothers, Harihara and Bukka in 1336. The Vijayanagara kings competed with contemporary Sultans of the Deccan and Gajapati rulers of Orissa. Interaction with these states led to the sharing of ideas, especially in the field of architecture.

The building style of Vijayanagara is discussed below:

• The great ruler of Vijayanagara, Krishnadeva Raya, developed the kingdom by establishing some fine temples and adding impressive gopurams to many important South Indian temples. He also founded a suburban township, Nagalapuram, named after his mother.
• Foreign travellers were greatly impressed by the fortification of the capital. The fort was entered through well-guarded gates, which linked the city to the major roads. The architecture of the gateways was influenced by the Turkish architecture. Some of the most important roads extended from temple gateways and were lined by bazaars.
• The style of Raya gopurams or royal gateways were the symbols of the power of kings. Royal palaces had two types of platforms, viz. the audience hall and the Mahanavami dibba. The ceremonies performed in Mahanavami dibba included worship of the image, worship of state horse, sacrifices of buffaloes and other animals, dances, wrestling match, royal procession, etc.
• Other distinctive features include mandapas or pavilions, long pillared corridors, etc. The Lotus Mahal and Hazara Rama temple had spectacular architecture. In this way, Vijayanagara developed a distinctive architectural style.

Question 16.
How and when were the ruins of Hampi brought to light? Explain briefly. (HOTS; Delhi 2012)
Answer:
It was Colin Mackenzie who brought to light the ruins at Hampi in around 1800.
He was an engineer, surveyor and cartographer who served in India (mostly Southern parts).
The following points discussed below tell us about the evidences of the ruins of Hampi:

• His chief source of reconstruction of local histories was information gathered from recollections of priests of Virupaksha temple and Pampadevi (mother Goddess) temple.
• In 1836, epigraphists began collecting several dozen inscriptions found in these temples and various other temples of Hampi. From 1856, photographers began to record the monuments for their research work in these fields.
• The various descriptions left by travellers allowed historians to reconstruct some as’pects of vibrant life at Hampi in those years.
• Other literature in various vernacular languages like Telugu, Kannada, Tamil and Sanskrit also proved to be the directions in assessing the remains of Hampi by various notable historians.
• The oral traditions combined with archaeological findings, monuments, inscriptions and other records helped scholars to rediscover Hampi, i.e. the Vijayanagara empire.

Question 17.
Explain briefly any five striking features about the location of Vijayanagara. (All India 2012)
Answer:
The most striking feature about the location of Vijayanagara is the natural water resources which played an important role regarding the property of the empire. These features were as follows:

• Vijayanagara was located in the natural basin formed by the river Tungabhadra, which flows in the North-Easterly direction.
• The surrounding landscape was characterised by stunning granite hills that seem to form a girdle around the city.
• Many embankments were built along those streams to create reservoirs of different sizes. Since Vijayanagara was one of the most arid zones of the Peninsula, perfect arrangement were made to store rainwater to be used in the city.
• Kamalapuram tank was the best example of a tank built in early years of the 15th century. Water from this tank was used not only for irrigating fields but was also conducted through a channel to the ‘royal centre’.
• According to the historians, the Hiriya canal was one of the most prominent waterworks. This canal drew water from a dam built across the river Tungabhadra and irrigated the cultivated fields that separated the ‘sacred centre’ from the ‘urban core’.

Question 18.
Describe the significance of temple building in the sacred centre of Vijayanagara. (All India 2010)
Answer:
Temple building in Vijayanagara had a long history. Temple building in this area got inspired by the dynasties such as the Pallavas, Chalukyas. Hoysalas and Cholas. Rulers had been encouraging temple building as a means of associating themselves with the divine.

Temples were functioning as centre of learning. Rulers and other rich people granted land and other resources for the maintenance of temples. Temples were developed as significant religious, social, cultural and economic centres. Rulers thought that constructing, repairing and maintaining temple were the important means of winning support and recognition for their power, wealth and piety from the subjects.

The choice of Vijayanagara as a site of sacred centre was inspired by the holy shrines of Virupaksha and Pampadevi. In reality, the Vijayanagara rulers claimed to rule on behalf of the God Virupaksha. Royal portrait sculpture was displayed in temples and the ruler’s visits to these temples in royal style was treated as an important state occasion on which he was accompanied by the important nayakas of the empire.
All royal orders were signed ‘Shri Virupaksha’ using Kannada script.

Rulers indicated their close links with the Gods by using the title ‘Hindu Suratrana’ which literally meant Hindu Sultan. This all added to the significance of temple building in the sacred centre of Vijayanagara.

Question 19.
Describe the various efforts made by scholars to reconstruct the history of the city and the empire from the ruins of Hampi upto the century. (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
Various efforts made by scholars to reconstruct the history of the city and the empire from the ruins of Hampi in the 19th century were as follows:

• Colonel Colin Mackenzie, an engineer, surveyor and cartographer of the East India Company, prepared the first survey map of Hampi in 1800.
• A lot of initial information received by him was based on the memories of priests of the Virupaksha temple
  . and the shrine of Pampadevi.
• Later the photographers started recording the monuments of Hampi which enabled scholars to study them.
• The epigraphists as early as 1836 had started collecting several dozen inscriptions found at this site and other temples at Hampi.
• The historians collated information collected from all these sources with accounts of foreign travellers and relevant literature written in various vernacular languages like Telugu, Kannada, Tamil and Sanskrit in order to reconstruct the history of the city and the empire.

Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 7 – 8 Marks Questions

Question 20.
Explain why Abdur Razzak, a Persian Ambassador was greatly impressed by the fortification of Vijayanagara empire during the 15th century. Delhi 2013
or
Highlight any four aspects observed by Abdur Razzak on the fortification of the vijayanagar empire. Delhi 2016
Answer:
Abdur Razzak was an ambassador sent by the ruler of Persia to Calicut in the 15 th century. He was greatly impressed by the fortification of the Vijayanagara empire. The aspects observed by him are:

• Abdur Razzaq mentioned seven lines of forts.
• The fortification encircled not only the city but also its agricultural hinterlands and forests. Razzak noted that “between the first, second and the third walls there are cultivated fields, gardens and houses”.
• The outermost wall linked the hills surrounding the city.
• The massive masonry construction was slightly tapered. No mortar or cementing agent was used anywhere in the construction. The stone blocks were wedge, shaped, which held them in place. The inner portion of the wall was of i.e. earth packed with rubble. Square or rectangular bastions projected outwards.
• The fort was entered through well-guarded gates which linked the city to the major roads. Gateways were distinctive architectural features that often defined the structures to which they regulated access.
• The arch on the gateway leading into the fortified settlement as well as the dome over the gate are regarded as typical features of the architecture introduced by the Turkish Sultans. Art historians refer to this style as Indo-Islamic, as it grew continually through interaction with local building practices in different regions.

Question 21.
Why was the South-Western part of Vijayanagara settlement designated as Royal centre? Explain. (HOTS; All India 2013)
Answer:
The Royal centre of Vijayanagara empire was located in the South-Western part of the settlement. It had more than 60 temples. The patronage of temples and cults was very important for the rulers. The rulers tried to establish and legitimate their authority through the association with deities in the temple.
‘ The following points explain about the importance of this location:

1. The Royal centres had thirty palaces. These were large structures and were not associated with ritual functions.
The main difference between the palaces and temples was that the temples were constructed entirely of masonry, but the superstructure of the palaces was made of perishable materials.

2. The king’s palace was the largest complex of the royal centre. But there was no definite evidence to prove that it was a royal residence. The entire complex is surrounded by high double walls, with a street running between them. It has two platforms, viz.

The Audience Hall It was a high platform with w’ooden pillars at close and regular intervals. It had a staircase, going up to the second floor, rested on closely spaced pillars. However, it was not clear for what purposes was the hall used.
The Mahanavami Dibba It was located in the highest point of the city. It was a massive platform rising from a base of about 11,000 sq ft to a height of 40 ft. It supported a wooden structure. Main ceremonies being performed in Mahanavami dibba included worship of the image, worship of the state horse and the sacrifice of buffaloes and other animals, dances, wrestling matches, royal processions, etc. The base of the platform was covered with relief carvings.

3. There were several grand places in the royal centre, viz. the Lotus Mahal, the Hazara Rama temple, etc. These were used by the kings for different purposes.

Question 22.
Explain the striking features about the location of Vijayanagara, its water resources and fortifications. (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
Location The most striking feature about the location of Vijayanagara is the natural basin formed by the river Tungabhadra. This river flows in a North-Easterly direction. The surrounding landscape of the city is characterised by granite hills which seem to form a girdle around the city. There are a number of streams that flow down from this river in this rocky area.

Water Resources As Vijayanagara is situated in one of the most arid zones of the Peninsula, so it was necessary to store rainwater and use it later. Thus, a large number of embankments were built along these streams to create reservoirs in different sizes. The most important tank was Kamalapuram tank which was built in early 15th century. Water from this tank was used for irrigation. It was also conducted through a channel to the ‘Royal centre’. Another important water work was the Hiriya canal which was built by the kings of Sangam dynasty. This canal drew water from a dam across the Tungabhadra river and this water was used for cultivation of the valley.

Fortifications Foreign travellers like Abdur Razzaq were greatly impressed by the fortifications of Vijayanagara. There was seven lines of forts. These fortification encircled the city its agricultural hinterland and forests. The outermost wall linked the hills surrounding the city. Between the first, second and the third walls, there are cultivated fields, gardens and houses. The second line of fortification went round the inner core of the urban complex, and a third line surrounded the Royal centre. In royal centre, each set of major building was surrounded by its own high walls.

The dome over the gateways led into the fortified settlement. This was an example of Indo-Islamic style of architecture. The rulers of Vijayanagara adopted an expensive and elaborate strategy of protecting their capital and agricultural belt by constructing ‘ fortification wall.

Question 23.
1. Explain how the Amara-Nayaka system was a major political innovation of the Vijayanagara empire.
2. Why did strain begin to show within the imperial structure after the death of Krishnadeva Raya in 1529?
(All India 2012)
Answer:
1. The Amara-Nayaka system was a major political innovation of the Vijayanagara empire.
Many features of this system were derived from the iqta system of the Delhi sultanate. The Amara-Nayakas were military commanders who were given territories to govern by the Rayas or the rulers of Vijayanagara,

The main features of the Amara-Nayaka system were:

• The Amara-Nayakas collected taxes and other dues from peasants, craftpersons and traders in the area.
• They retained part of the revenue for personal use and for maintaining a stipulated contingent of horses and elephants.
• These contingents provided the Rayas an effective fighting force, with the help of which they controlled the Southern Peninsula.
• The Amara-Nayakas sent tribute to the king annually and gave gifts to the king. Kings occasionally transferred them from one place to another to show their supremacy.
• Many of these Nayakas established independent kingdoms which led to the collapse of the central imperial structure.

2. Following Krishnadeva Raya’s death in 1529, the strain began to show within the imperial structure. The successors of Krishnadeva were troubled by many rebellious nayakas or other military . chiefs.
In 1542, the control at the centre had shifted to another ruling lineage, viz. Aravidu, which remained in power till the end of the 17th century. During this period, the military ambitions of the rulers of Vijayanagara as well as that of the

Deccan sultanates resulted in the shifting of alignments between the kingdoms.
The tense situations led to an alliance of sultanates against Vijayanagara. In 1565, Rama Raya, the Chief Minister of Vijayanagara, led the army into the battle at Rakashasi Tangadi where his forces were routed by the combined armies of Bijapur, Ahmadnagar and Golconda.

The victorious armies sacked the city of Vijayanagara. The city was totally abandoned within a few years. The armies of the sultans were responsible for the destruction of the city of Vijayanagara. It was only after the death of Krishnadeva Raya, the relation between Sultans and Rayas became bitter.

The adventurous policy of Rama Raya who tried to play off one Sultan against another, made the Sultans angry and they combinedly defeated him. In this way, Vijayanagara empire was gradually destructed.

Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 7  Source Based Questions

Question 24.
King and Traders:
Krishnadeva Raya (ruled 1509-29), the most famous ruler of Vijayanagara, composed a work on statecraft in Telugu known as the Amuktamalyada. About traders he wrote : A king should improve the harbours of his country and so encourage its commerce that horses, elephants, precious gems, sandalwood, pearls and other articles are freely imported. He should arrange that the foreign sailors who land in his country on account of storms, illness and exhaustion are looked after in a suitable manner… Make the merchants of distant foreign countries who import elephants and good horses be attached to yourself by providing them with daily audience, presents and allowing decent profits. Then those articles will never go to your enemies.

1. Explain the responsibilities of king mentioned by Krishnadeva Raya.
2. In what ways had Krishnadeva Raya protected articles from going to his enemies?
3. Explain the measures taken by the king to improve the conditions of his country. (Delhi 2014)

or

1. Who was the most famous ruler of Vijayanagara and why?
2. Mention the name and theme of the work compiled by him.
3. Why do you think the king was interested in encouraging trade? Explain. Delhi 2013

Answer:
1. In Amuktamalyada, Krishnadeva Raya mentioned the responsibilities of king in the following ways:

• A king should improve the harbours of his country.
• He should encourage commerce so that horses, elephants, precious gems, sandalwood, pearls and other articles should be freely imported.
• He should also arrange that the foreign sailors who have to land in his country on account of storms, illness and exhaustion are looked after in a proper manner.

2. Krishnadeva Raya gave protection on a regular basis to the merchants of foreign countries who imported elephant and horses to his country. He also gave them precious presents and made extensive arrangements so that the merchants could get decent profits.

3. Measures taken by the king to improve the condition of his country are:

• The king should protect borders from his enemies.
• The king should take necessary steps to improve the trade and commerce, i.e., economic situation of the country.

or
Answer:
1. Krishnadeva Raya (1509-29) was the most famous ruler of Vijayanagara. He belonged to Tuluva dynasty. During his time, Vijayanagara flourished under the conditions of unparalleled peace and prosperity. Thus, his rule was characterised by expansion and consolidation.

2. Krishnadeva Raya composed a work in Telugu known as Amuktamalyada. The main theme of this work was a statecraft.

3. The king wanted to improve the economic conditions, i.e. overall prosperity of his kingdom.

To fulfil this goal, he took the following steps:

• The king improved the harbours of his country.
• He encouraged the commerce of his country,
• He encouraged free import of horses, elephants, precious gems, sandalwood, pearls and other articles.

Question 25.
Colin Mackenzie
Born in 1754, Colin Mackenzie became famous as an engineer, surveyor and cartographer. In 1815, he was appointed as the first Surveyor General of India, a post he held till his death in 1821. He embark on collecting local histories and surveying historic sites in order to better understand India’s past and make governance of the colony easier. He says that “it struggled long under the miseries of bad management… before the South came under the benign influence of the British government”.

But studying Vijayanagara, Mackenzie believed that the East India Company could gain “much useful information on many of these institutions, laws and customs whose influence still prevails among the various Tribes of Natives forming the general mass of the population to this day”.

1. Who was Colin Mackenzie? Give his introduction.
2. Mention what Mackenzie did to make governance of the colony easier.
3. According to him what benefits would the East India Company gain after studying Vijayanagara? Explain in brief. (All India 2013)

Answer:
1. Colin Mackenzie was bom in 1754. He was a famous engineer, surveyor and cartographer. He was appointed as the first Surveyor General of British India in 1815 and held the post till his death in 1821.

2. Mackenzie collected information about local histories and surveyed historic sites. All these helped Britishers to better understand India’s past and govern their colony in an easy manner.

3. studying the important informations about Vijayanagara regarding laws and customs, the East India Company became aware about the various Tribes of Natives forming the general mass of the population of India. This knowledge certainly helped the government officials to rule the general masses.

Question 26.
How tanks were built:
About a tank constructed by Krishnadeva Raya, Paes wrote:
The king made a tank … at the mouth of two hills so that all the water which comes from either one side or the other collects there; and besides this, water comes to it from more than three leagues (approximately 15 kilometres) by pipes which run along the lower parts of the range outside.
This water is brought from a lake which itself overflows into a little river. The tank has three large pillars handsomely carved with figures; these connect above with certain pipes by which they get water when they have to irrigate their gardens and rice-fields.
In order to make this tank, the king broke down a hill. In the tank I saw so many people at work that there must have been fifteen or twenty thousands men, looking like ants.

1. Explain briefly where the tank was constructed.
2. Explain briefly the sources of water for the tanks.
3. Explain briefly the advantages of constructing tanks. All India 2010

or

1. Where and why were tanks build by Krishnadeva Raya?
2. Explain how the tanks were constructed.
3. Describe the most prominent water works among the ruins and who built these waterworks. (All India 2009)

Answer:
1. The tank was constructed by Krishnadeva Raya at the mouth of two hills, so that all the water which comes from either one side or the other collects there.

2. The water is brought from a lake which itself overflows into a little river.

3. These tanks were helpful in irrigating the gardens and rice-fields of the country.

or

1. The tank was constructed by Krishnadeva Raya at the mouth of two hills, so that all the water which comes from either one side or the other collects there.

2. The tanks were constructed by breaking down a hill.

3. One of the most prominent waterworks among the ruins is Hiriya canal. This canal drew water from a dam across the Tungabhadra river and irrigated the cultivated valley which separated the sacred centre from the urban core. This was apparently built by the kings of the Sangama dynasty.

Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 7  Map Based Question

Question 27.
On the given political outline map of India, locate and label the following with appropriate symbols.

1. The area where Krishnadeva Raya ruled. (Delhi 2015)
2. Mysore, Thanjavur. (All India 2011)

Answer:

Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 7 Value Based Questions

Question 28.
Domingo Paes has called the Mahanavami dibba of Vijayanagara empire as ‘The House of Victory’. Justify. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Domingo Paes called the Mahanavami dibba of the Vijayanagara empire as The House of Victory’. These buildings had two platforms, one above the other. These were beautifully sculpted. On the upper platform, the king had a room made of cloth, where the idol had a shrine. It is the highest point in the city and is a massive platform. The other in the middle was placed a dais (a low platform for a throne) on which stood a throne of state.

He suggested that for the people the showed the victory of good over evil. Both these ‘audience hall’ and the ‘Mahanavami dibba’ comprised of the valour, justice and the suzerainty of the king over all other.
The calling of the house as the house of victory was due to the fact that it was situated at the site highest of all in the kingdoms. It was constructed so as to keep up the memory of the victory of the kingdom in war over other kingdoms and empires.

Question 29.
‘Krishnadeva Raya’s rule was characterised by expansion and consolidation’. Justify the statement on the basis of evidences. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
The most famous ruler of Vijayanagara, Krishnadeva Raya (1509-29) belonged to the Tuluva dynasty. His rule was characterised by expansion and consolidation in the following ways:

• The land between the Tungabhadra and Krishna rivers (the Raichur Doab) was acquired by Krishnadeva Raya in 1512.
• In 1514, rulers of Odisha were subdued and Sultan of Bijapur was defeated in 1520. He made his kingdom so extensive that many smaller kingdoms allied with it and showed their respect to Raja Krishnadeva Raya.
• His kingdom remained in a constant state of military preparedness. It flourished under the conditions of unparalleled peace and prosperity at the time of Krishnadeva Raya.

Question 30.
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.
According to tradition and epigraphic evidence two brothers, Harihara and Bukka, founded the Vijayanagara empire in 1336. This empire included within its fluctuating frontiers peoples who spoke different languages and followed different religious traditions.

On their Northern frontier, the Vijayanagara kings competed with contemporary rulers-including the Sultans of the Deccan and the Gajapati rulers of Odisha-for control of the fertile river valleys and the resources generated by lucrative overseas trade. At the same time, interaction between these states led to sharing of ideas, especially in the field of architecture. The rulers of Vijayanagara borrowed concepts and building techniques which they then developed further.

1. Who is considered the founder of Vijayanagara empire?
2. Why was the area of river valley important for Vijayanagara kings?

Answer:
1. According to tradition and epigraphic evidence, two brothers, Harihara and Bukka were considered the founders of Vijayanagara empire (1336).

2. The river valley was important for Vijayanagara kings because of its fertile plains, agricultural lands and the resources generated by lucrative overseas trade. It was also important from the cultural point of view e.g. interaction between neighbouring states led to sharing of ideas, especially in the field of architecture. Building techniques were adopted from the neighbouring states.
Therefore, the Vijayanagara kings were always competed with their contemporary rulers including the Sultans of the Deccan and the Gajapati ruler of Odisha for control of the fertile river valleys.

Question 31.
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.
Answer:
The ceremonies performed on the occasion (Mahanavami) included worship of the image, worship of the state horse, and the sacrifice of buffaloes and other animals. Dances, wrestling matches, and processions of caparisoned horses, elephants and chariots and soldiers, as well as ritual presentations before the king and his guests by the chief nayakas and subordinate kings marked the occasion.

These ceremonies were imbued with deep symbolic meanings. On the last day of the festival, the king inspected his army and the armies of the nayakas in a grand ceremony in an open field. On this occasion the nayakas brought rich gifts for the king as well as the stipulated tribute.

• How was the occasion of Mahanavami celebrated during the period of Vijayanagara empire?
• How were the kings of Vijayanagara displayed their power during the occasion of Mahanavami?
• On this occasion, the nayakas brought rich gifts for the king as well as the stipulated tribute.

Important Questions for Class 12 History

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CBSE Class 12 Sanskrit अपठितांशावबोधनम्

आवश्यक निर्देशनम् :

1. अस्मिन् खण्डे केवलमेकस्मिन् एव गद्यांशे आधारितानि प्रश्नानि भविष्यन्ति।
2. प्रश्नानामुत्तराणि अनुच्छेदे एव भविष्यन्ति।
3. तस्मादेव उपयुक्तं शब्दं वाक्यं वा नीत्वा उत्तराणि दातव्यानि!
4. ‘एकपदेन उत्तरत’ इत्यस्य प्रश्नस्य उत्तरं केवलं एकेनैव शब्देन दातव्यम्। द्वाभ्यां त्रिभिः वा शब्दैः न।
5. अनेनैव प्रकारेण ‘पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत’ इत्यस्य प्रश्नस्य उत्तरम् एकेन पूर्णवाक्येन एव दातव्यम् एकेन पदेन न।
6. ‘शीर्षको लिख्यताम्’ इत्यस्य प्रश्नस्य उत्तरं विचिन्त्य एव दातव्यम्। यतः शीर्षक: सम्पूर्णानुच्छेदस्य प्रतिबिम्बं भवति। शीर्षक दृष्ट्वा अनुच्छेदस्य सरलतया ज्ञानं भवति। अतः शीर्षको सरल: संक्षिप्तः समुचितश्च भवेत् अतिदीर्घ वाक्यं शीर्षकरूपे न प्रयोक्तव्यम्।

अधोलिखितं गद्यांशम् आधृत्य प्रश्नान् उत्तरत –

1. व्यायामस्य अनेकविधता प्रत्यक्षं दृश्यते। तयोः एका पौरस्त्या अपरा च पाश्चात्या। पौरस्त्यः व्यायामः प्रायेण बाह्यसाधनानि न्यूनात् न्यूनम् अपेक्षते। योगव्यायामः अद्वितीया विधा। एतस्यां विधायां पर:शतानाम् आसनानाम् उपयोगः भवति। आसनैः शरीरस्य आमूलचूलं सम्यग् व्यायामो जायते। योगासनेन सह प्राणायामस्य अपि सम्बन्धो वर्तते। सम्यग् व्यायामेन रुधिरस्य समयक् अनिरुद्धश्च सञ्चारो जायेते। तेन च सर्वाणि इन्द्रियाणि स्वस्थान तिष्ठन्ति। कार्ये कुशलता जायते। ‘योग:कर्मसु कौशलम्’ इति। योगेन बुद्धिः अप्रतिहता तिष्ठति। उदरं न परिवर्धते। परिवृद्धम् उदरं संकोचं गच्छति। उरसि शक्तिः स्फुरता च जायते। स्कन्धद्वयं दृढं पुष्टं सशक्तं च भवति। चक्षुः स्फारीभवति। मस्तिष्कम् उर्वरं तिष्ठति। कबड्डी, खो-खो, धावनम्, मल्लयुद्धम्, मल्लस्तम्भम्, दण्डचालनम् इत्यादयः विविधाः पौरस्त्याः व्यायामाः सन्ति। एभिः व्यायामैः विनाधिकं व्ययं अधि काधिकं फलम् अस्ति।

I. एकपदेन उत्तरत (1/2 x 4 = 2)
(i) व्यायामेन कार्ये किं जायते?
(ii) व्यायामेन कीदृशम् उदरं संकोचं गच्छति?
(iii) व्यायामेन मस्तिष्कं कीदृशं भवति?
(iv) केन बुद्धिः अप्रतिहता तिष्ठति?
उत्तर:
(i) कुशलता
(ii) परिवृद्धम्
(iii) उर्वरं
(iv) व्यायामेन।

II. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत (1 x 2 = 2)
(i) कैः व्यायामै: विनाधिकं व्ययं अधिकाधिकं फलम् अस्ति?
(ii) कैः शरीरस्य आमूलचूलं सम्यग् व्यायामो जायते?
उत्तर:
(i) पौरस्त्यै: व्यायामैः विनाधिकं व्ययं अधिकाधिकं फलम् अस्ति।
(ii) आसनै: शरीरस्य आमूलचूलं सम्यग् व्यायामो जायते।।

III. “एतस्यां विधायाम्’, अत्र ‘एतस्यां’ इति सर्वनामपदं कस्मै प्रयुक्तम्?
उत्तर:
योगव्यायामाय।

IV. ‘अपेक्षते’ इति क्रियापदस्य कर्तृपदम् अवचित्य लिखत।
उत्तर:
पौरस्त्यः व्यायामः

V. (i) आसनानाम्’ इति पदस्य अत्र किं विशेषणं प्रयुक्तम्?
(ii) “रक्तस्य’ इति अर्थे अत्र किं पर्यायपदं प्रयुक्तम्।
उत्तर:
(i) पर:शतानाम्
(ii) रुधिरस्य

VI. अस्य अनुच्छेदस्य कृते समुचितं शीर्षकं लिखत।
उत्तर:
व्यायामस्य लाभा:/व्यायामस्य महत्त्वम्।

2. ‘कबड्डी’ इति क्रीडा श्वासावरोधक्रीडा वर्तते। ये क्रीडका: श्वासावरोधने दक्षाः ते अस्याम् अतीव निपुणाः सन्ति। अस्यां क्रीडायां दलद्वयम् वर्तते। क्रीडाक्षेत्रं सीमितं वर्तते। समस्तं क्रीडाक्षेत्रं द्वयोः समानभागयो: विभक्तं वर्तते। द्वयोः भागयो: मध्ये स्थिता ‘पाला’ नाम्नी रेखा वर्तते। अस्याः रेखाया: अग्रतः द्वयोः पक्षयोः पार-रेखा-द्वयं वर्तते। प्रतिदलं प्रायेण नव-नव क्रीडकाः भवन्ति। कदाचित् एतेषां क्रीड़कानां संख्या प्रत्येकं भागे एकादश एव वर्तते। यदा इयं क्रीडा प्रारभ्यते तदा एकभागस्य एकः क्रीडकः द्वितीयभागस्य क्रीडकानाम् अग्रे ‘कबड्डी-कबड्डी’ इति वदन् गच्छति तेषु च एकम् एकाधिकं वा क्रीडकं स्पृष्ट्वा प्रत्यावर्तते। पुनः श्वासग्रहणं विनैव सः तान् स्पृष्ट्वा मध्यरेखां यावत् प्रत्यागच्छति। द्वितीयभागस्य क्रीडकाः तं ग्रहीतुं यतन्ते परं सः तेभ्यः आत्मानं रक्षित्वा स्वदलं प्रत्यावर्तते। सः यान्-यान् स्पृशति ते उपविशन्ति, तत्कारणात् च तेषाम् अंकहानिः अपि भवति। यदि श्वासावरोधकः क्रीडकः द्वितीयपक्षस्य क्रीडकैः गृह्यते तदा स: क्रीडकः एव उपविशति स्वदलस्य अंकहानिं च करोति। तदनन्तरं द्वितीयपक्षस्य क्रीडकः तादृशमेव करोति। एवं निश्चितकालावधि क्रीडन्तः यस्य पक्षस्य क्रीडका: अधिकम् अंकं प्राप्नुवन्ति असौ पक्षः विजयी भवति।।

I. एकपदेन उत्तरत (4 x 4 = 2)
(i) मध्यरेखायाः अग्रत: द्वयोः पक्षयोः किं वर्तते?
(ii) प्रत्येकं भागे क्रीडकानां संख्या कति वर्तते।
(iii) कस्यां क्रीडायां दलद्वयं वर्तते?
(iv) क्रीडक: किं वदन् द्वितीयभागस्य क्रीडकानाम् अग्रे गच्छति?
उत्तर:
(i) पाररेखाद्वयम्
(ii) नव
(iii) कबड्डी-क्रीडायम्
(iv) ‘कबड्डी कबड्डी’ इति।

II. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत (1 x 2 = 2)
(i) नवक्रीडकानां स्थाने कदाचित् कति क्रीडका: प्रत्येक भागे क्रीडन्ति?
(ii) कः पक्षः विजयी भवति?
उत्तर:
(i) नवक्रीडंकानां स्थाने कदाचित् प्रत्येकं भागे एकादश क्रीडकाः क्रीडन्ति।
(ii) निश्चितकालावधि क्रीडन्तः यस्य पक्षस्य क्रीडकाः अधिकान् अङ्कान् प्राप्नुवन्ति असौ पक्ष: विजयी भवति। 12 संस्कृत (केन्द्रिक) –

III. सः तान् स्पृष्ट्वा , अत्र ‘तान्’ इति सर्वनामपदं केभ्यः प्रयुक्तम्?
उत्तर:
द्वितीयभागस्य क्रीडकेभ्यः।

IV. ‘उपविशन्ति’ क्रियापदस्य कर्तृपदं लिखत।
उत्तर:
ते

V. (i) ‘श्वासावरोधकः’ इति पदस्य अत्र किं विशेष्यपदं प्रयुक्तम्?
(ii) ‘असीमितम्’ इति पदस्य अत्रे किं विलोमपदं प्रयुक्तम्।
उत्तर:
(i) क्रीडकः
(ii) सीमितम्

VI. अस्य अनुच्छेदस्य कृते समुचितं शीर्षकं लिखत।
उत्तर:
कबड्डी क्रीडा।

3. किमिदम् अनुशासनम् इति। शासन-पदस्य अर्थः ‘आज्ञा’ इति। अनुशासनपदस्य अर्थः ‘आज्ञा-पालनम्’ इति। आज्ञापालनम्, नियम-पालनम् इत्यादयः गुणाः अनुशासने समायान्ति। वयं भारतीयाः स्वतन्त्र-राष्ट्रस्य नागरिकाः स्मः। अस्माकम् एकं संविधानम् अस्ति। तत्र नागरिकैः अनुवर्तनीयाः बहवः नियमाः सन्ति। अनुशासितनागरिकस्य इदं कर्तव्यम् अस्ति यत् सः स्व-संविधाने स्वीकृतान् नियमान् पालयतु। यदि सः तथा करोति तदा तस्य देश: समुन्नतिं करोति, नागरिक-जनानां जीवन सुखमयं भवति। तेन तस्यापि जीवनं सुखम् आवहति। यदि सः अनुशासनहीनता प्रदर्शयति, यानि कार्याणि आरक्षिजनैः करणीयानि तानि सः स्वयमेव कर्तुम् उत्सहते, तदा राष्ट्रजीवनम् संकटोपपन्नं जायते। ईदृशम् अवसरम् प्रतीक्षमाणाः शत्रवः स्वपक्षे तस्य लाभ प्राप्नुवन्ति।

I. एकपदेन उत्तरत (4 x 4 = 2)
(i) अनुशासनपदस्य अर्थः कः?
(ii) नागरिकैः अनुवर्तनीयाः नियमाः कुत्र सन्ति?
(iii) केन सर्वेषां जीवन सुखमयं भवति?
(iv) के स्वपक्षे नागरिकाणाम् अनुशासनहीनतायाः लाभं प्राप्नुवन्ति?
उत्तर:
(i) आज्ञापालनम्
(ii) संविधाने
(iii) अनुशासनेन
(iv) शत्रवः

II. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत (1 x 2 = 2)
(i) अनुशासने के गुणा: समायान्ति?
(ii) अनुशासितनागरिकस्य किं कर्त्तव्यम् अस्ति?
उत्तर:
(i) आज्ञापालनम्, नियमपालनम् इत्यादयः गुणाः अनुशासने समायान्ति।।
(ii) अनुशासितनागरिकस्य इदं कर्त्तव्यम् अस्ति यत् स: स्व-संविधाने स्वीकृतान् नियमान् पालयतु।

III. ‘अस्माकम् एकम्’, अत्र ‘अस्माकम्’ इति सर्वनामपदं केभ्यः प्रयुक्तम्?
उत्तर:
स्वतन्त्रराष्ट्रस्य नागरिकेभ्यः।

IV. ‘प्राप्नुवन्ति’ क्रियापदस्य कर्तृपदम् अवचित्य लिखत।
उत्तर:
शत्रवः

V. (i) संकटग्रस्तम्’ इत्यर्थे अत्र किं पर्यायपदं प्रयुक्तम्?
(ii) ‘अवनतिम्’ इति पदस्य अत्र किं विलोमपदं प्रयुक्तम्।
उत्तर:
(i) संकटोपपन्नम्
(ii) समुन्नतिम्

VI. अस्य अनुच्छेदस्य कृते समुचितं शीर्षकं लिखत।
उत्तर:
अनुशासनस्य महत्त्वम् अथवा राष्ट्रजीवने अनुशासनस्य महत्त्वम्।

4. ‘हर की बैडी’ इति स्थाने स्नानार्थम् सहस्रशः जनाः पंक्तिबद्धाः एकैकशः कृत्वा शनैः-शनैः अग्रे गच्छन्तः प्रसिद्ध गंगामन्दिरनिकटस्थां स्नानभूमिं गच्छन्ति स्म। अहमपि होरानन्तरं तत्स्थानं गतः। अत्र श्रद्धालवः पूजा-पिण्डदान-स्नान-मन्त्रपाठादिषु धार्मिककृत्येषु व्यापृताः तिष्ठन्त: कुम्भपर्वणः पुण्यम् अर्जयन्ति स्म। मयाऽत्र पञ्चदशपलेभ्यो वेदपाठं विधाय स्नानं कृतम्। ततोऽहं ‘सप्तर्षिमन्दिरम्’ इति स्थानम् उपगम्य ऋषीणां मूर्तिदर्शनं कुर्वन् भित्तिषु लिखितान् श्लोकान् मन्त्रांश्च पठन् अभिनन्दन् च गीता-मन्दिरम् उपागतः। तत्पश्चादहं, नृसिंहमन्दिरं प्रयातः। अत्र नृसिंहावतारस्य विशालं चित्रं तविषयिकी कला च भित्तिषु अंकिता दृष्टा। गंगामन्दिरे श्रीगंगामातुः धवलधारं चित्रम् अतीव रम्यम् आसीत्। अत्रापि ‘गंगालहरी’ इत्याख्या स्तुतिः मन्दिरभित्तिषु लब्धा। हरिद्वारे अन्यानि अपि तीर्थस्थलानि मन्दिराणि च मया दृष्टानि। सर्वत्र यात्रिणां पवित्रभावान् दृष्ट्वा मम मन: पुलकितं जातम्।

I. एकपदेन उत्तरत (4 x 4 = 2)
(i) श्रीगंगामातुः धवलधारं चित्रं कुत्रास्ति?
(ii) गंगालहरी’ इत्याख्या स्तुतिः कुत्र वर्तते? .
(iii) सप्तर्षिमन्दिरे केषां मूर्तीनां दर्शनं भवति?
(iv) ‘हर की पैडी’ इति स्थानं कुत्र वर्तते?
उत्तर:
(i) गंगामन्दिरे
(ii) मन्दिरभित्तिषु
(ii) ऋषीणां
(iv) हरिद्वारे।

II. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत (1 x 2 = 2)
(i) किं दृष्ट्वा मम मनः पुलकितं जातम्?
(i) नरसिंहमन्दिरे किं दर्शनीयम् अस्ति?
उत्तर:
(i) सर्वत्र यात्रिणां पवित्रभावान् दृष्ट्वा मम मनः पुलकितं जातम्।
(ii) नरसिंहमन्दिरे नृसिंहावतारस्य विशालं चित्रं, भित्तिषु च तद्विषयिकी कला दर्शनीया अस्ति।

III. ‘तत्स्थानं गतः’, इति अत्र ‘तत्स्थानम्’ इति पदं कस्मै प्रयुक्तम्?
उत्तर:
‘हर की पैडी’ इति स्थानाय।

IV. ‘लब्धा’ क्रियापदस्य कर्तृपदम् अवचित्य लिखत।
उत्तर:
स्तुतिः

v. (i) ‘स्नानभूमिम्’ इति पदस्य अत्र किं विशेषणपदं प्रयुक्तम्?
(ii) ‘रोमाञ्चितम्’ इत्यर्थे अत्र किं पर्यायपदं प्रयुक्तम्।
उत्तर:
(i) प्रसिद्धाम्
(ii) पुलकितम्

VI. अस्य अनुच्छेदस्य कृते समुचितं पदं लिखत।
उत्तर:
हरिद्वारस्य दर्शनीयस्थानानि अथवा मम हरिद्वारयात्रा।

5. नागरिकाः अनुशासनस्य शिक्षा बाल्यावस्थायां, विशेषतः छात्रावस्थायामेव, ग्रहीतुं पारयन्ति। परम् अधुना छात्रजीवनम् अपि विषमं जायते। शिक्षाक्षेत्रे राजनीते: अनुचितः हस्तक्षेपः जायते। न केवलं विरोधपक्षेन एव छात्राणाम् स्वपक्षे उपयोगः क्रियते अपितु शासकदलेन अपि स्वसत्तां स्थिरीकरणाय छात्राणाम् उपयोगः क्रियते। तदा छात्राणां सम्मुखे विद्यार्जनं प्रमुखम् उद्दिष्टं न भवति। अधुना राजनीतौ स्वार्थः प्रबल: अस्ति, ते छात्राः येन केन प्रकारेण तस्यां स्वकीयं स्थानं निर्धारयितुं स्वकीयं कालं यापयन्ति। यद्यपि ईदृशानां छात्राणां संख्या स्वल्पा वर्तते तथापि ते अन्यछात्राणां मार्गे बाधाम् उपस्थापयन्ति। शासनस्य इदं कर्तव्यम् अस्ति यत् स्वदलस्य मोहं परित्यज्य विद्यार्थिनां सम्मुखे स्वकर्तव्यपरायणतायाः आदर्श समुपस्थापयेत् तदैव छात्राणां अनुशासनस्य शिक्षा प्रदेया भविष्यति।

I. एकपदेन उत्तरत (4 x 4 = 2)
(i) अधुना छात्रजीवन कीदृशं जायते?
(ii) शासकलेन विरोधपक्षेन च केषाम् उपयोगः क्रियते?
(iii) शिक्षाक्षेत्रे कस्याः अनुचित: हस्तक्षेपः जायते?
(iv) कस्मिन् क्षेत्रे राजनीते: अनुचित: हस्तक्षेपः जायते?
उत्तर:
(i) विषमम्
(ii) छात्राणाम्
(iii) राजनीते:
(iv) शिक्षाक्षेत्रे

II. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत (1 x 2 = 2)
(i) अन्यछात्राणां मार्गे के बाधाम् उपस्थापयन्ति?
(ii) के छात्रा: राजनीतौ स्थानं निर्धारयितुं कालं यापयन्ति?
उत्तर:
(i) अन्यछात्राणां मार्गे ते छात्रा: बाधाम् उपस्थापयन्ति ये राजनीतौ स्थानं निर्धारयितुं विद्यालयेषु स्वकीयं कालं यापयन्ति।
(ii) येषाम् छात्राणां सम्मुखे प्रमुखम् उद्दिष्टं विद्यार्जनं न भवति ते राजनीतौ स्थानं निर्धारयितुं कालं यापयन्ति।

III. ‘तस्याम्’ इदं सर्वनामपदं कस्य कृते प्रयुक्तम्?
उत्तर:
‘राजनीतौ’ पदस्य कृते।

IV. यापयन्ति’ इति क्रियापदस्य कर्तृपदं लिखत।
उत्तर:
छात्राः

V. (i) ‘स्वकीयं स्थानम्’ इति अनयोः पदयोः अत्र किं विशेषणम् अस्ति?
(ii) ‘अदेया’ इति पदस्य अत्र किं विलोमपदं प्रयुक्तम्।
उत्तर:
(i) स्वकीयम्।
(ii) प्रदेया .

VI. अस्य अनुच्छेदस्य कृते समुचितं शीर्षकं लिखत।
उत्तर:
छात्रजीवने अनुशासनम् अथवा किं छात्राणां राजनीत्या भागग्रहणम् उचितम्?

6. भारतस्य राजधानी नवदिल्ली इति ख्याता। अस्याः प्राचीनतमं नाम ‘इन्द्रप्रस्थम्’ इति आसीत्। यथा शरीरस्य मध्यभागे हृदये आत्मा तिष्ठति तथैव भारतदेशस्य मध्यमो भागः स एव यत्र ‘देहली’ इति नाम्ना ख्याता विशाला नगरी वर्तते। ‘देहली’ इति नाम ‘ढिल्लिका’ इति नाम्नः अपभ्रंशरूपः वर्तते। देहली नगरे भारतस्य विविध-प्रदेश-वास्तव्याः जनाः सुगमतया द्रष्टुं शक्यन्ते। अत्र चाणक्यपुर्यां अन्येषामपि राष्ट्राणां राजदूतनिवासानि सन्ति। देहलीमध्ये सर्वकारस्य केन्द्रीयशासनस्य अनेके कार्यालयाः तिष्ठन्ति। तत्र बहुभूमिकानि भवनानि सत्यमेव दर्शनीयानि। एतेषु भवनेषु लोकसभा-भवनम्, राज्यसभा-भवनम् राष्ट्रपतिनिवासश्च दर्शनीयानि सन्ति। भारतस्य प्रधानमन्त्री, अन्ये च केन्द्रीय-मन्त्रिणः अपि अस्मिन् नगरे वसन्ति।

I. एकपदेन उत्तरत (1/2 x 4 = 2)
(i) भारतस्य राजधानी का?
(ii) नवदिल्ल्या : प्राचीनतमं नाम किम्?
(iii) शरीरस्य मध्यभागे कः तिष्ठति?
(iv) ‘देहली’ इति नाम कस्य पदस्य अपभ्रंशः?
उत्तर:
(i) नवदिल्ली
(ii) इन्द्रप्रस्थम्
(iii) आत्मा
(iv) ‘ढिल्लिका’ (इति पदस्य)

II. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत (1 x 2 = 2)
(i) भारतस्य प्रधानमन्त्री अन्ये च केन्द्रीय-मन्त्रिणः कुत्र वसन्ति?
(ii) नवदिल्ल्यां कानि भवनानि दर्शनीयानि सन्ति?
उत्तर:
(i) भारतस्य प्रधानमन्त्री अन्ये च केन्द्रीयमन्त्रिणः नवदिल्ल्यां वसन्ति।
(ii) नवदिल्ल्यां लोकसभाभवनं, राज्यसभाभवनं, राष्ट्रपतिनिवासश्च इति भवनानि दर्शनीयानि सन्ति।

III. ‘स एव’, अत्र ‘सः’ इति पदं कस्मै प्रयुक्तम्?
उत्तर:
भारतदेशस्य मध्यमभागाय।

IV. ‘सन्ति’ इति क्रियापदस्य कर्तृपदं लिखत।
उत्तर:
लोकसभाभवनं, राजसभाभवनं, राष्ट्रपतिनिवासश्च।

V. (i) ‘एषु’ इत्यर्थे अत्र किं पर्यायपदं प्रयुक्तम्?
(ii) ‘असत्यमेव’ इति पदस्य अत्र किं विलोमपदं प्रयुक्तम्।
उत्तर:
(i) एतेषु
(ii) सत्यमेव

VI. अस्य अनुच्छेदस्य कृते समुचितं शीर्षकं लिखत।
उत्तर:
नवदिल्ल्याः दर्शनीयस्थलानि।

7. वेदेषु मन्त्रद्रष्टारो यथा पुरुषाः आसन् तथैव काश्चन नार्योऽपि अभवन्। ब्रह्मवादिन्यः मैत्रेयीगार्गीसमाः अनेकाः स्त्रियो भारतेऽभवन्। मण्डनमिश्रस्य पत्नी भामती स्वयं परमविदुषी आसीत्। कालिदासस्य पत्नी विद्योत्तमा पण्डिता इति प्रसिद्ध एव। अतो भारतस्य वैदिकपरम्पराम् अनुरुध्य स्त्रीशिक्षा पुरुषशिक्षा इव अनिवार्या। नारीशिक्षा नारीपूजैव। यत्र चे नारीपूजा तत्र देवतानां वास इति इदं यत्र नार्यस्तु पूज्यन्ते रमन्ते तत्र देवताः’ इत्यनेन श्लोकखण्डेन सुतरां प्रतिपादितम्। शिक्षिता नारी शिक्षिता माता, भगिनी, पुत्री च। सा च स्वपरिवारस्य महते कल्याणाय यथा कल्पते न च तथा अशिक्षिता नारी। सा हि शिक्षितपुरुषस्येव समाजस्यापि अलक्रिया। शिक्षितया स्त्रिया समाजः स्वस्थः पुष्टः विकासोन्मुखश्च जायते। तस्मात् निजस्त्रीधनस्य रक्षापराः तिष्ठन्तो वयं तासां शिक्षाविषये अपि अप्रमत्ता: तिष्ठेम इत्येव साधुः।।

I. एकपदेन उत्तरत (4 x 4 = 2)
(i) वेदेषु कीदृशाः पुरुषाः आसन्?
(ii) केस्य पत्नी परमविदुषी आसीत्?
(iii) यत्र नार्यः पूज्यन्ते तत्र के रमन्ते?
(iv) कीदृशी नारी परिवारस्य महते कल्याणार्य कल्पते?
उत्तर:
(i) मन्त्रद्रष्टारः
(ii) मण्डनमिश्रस्य
(iii) देवताः
(iv) शिक्षिता

II. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत (1 x 2 = 2)
(i) शिक्षितपुरुषस्येव समाजस्य का अलंक्रिया?
(ii) शिक्षितया स्त्रिया समाजः कीदृशः जायते?
उत्तर:
(i) शिक्षितपुरुषस्येव शिक्षिता नारी अपि समाजस्य अलक्रिया।
(ii) शिक्षितया स्त्रिया समाज: स्वस्थ: पुष्ट: विकासोन्मुखश्च जायते।

III. ‘सा हि’, अत्र ‘सा’ इति सर्वनामपदं कस्मै प्रयुक्तम्?
उत्तर:
शिक्षितनायें।

IV. ‘तिष्ठेम’ इति क्रियापदस्य कर्तृपदं लिखत।
उत्तर:
वयम्

V. (i) ‘कल्याणाय’ इति पदस्य अत्र किं विशेषणं प्रयुक्तम्?
(ii) ‘अस्वस्थः’ इति पदस्य अत्र किं विलोमपदं प्रयुक्तम्।
उत्तर:
(i) महते
(ii) स्वस्थः

VI. अस्य अनुच्छेदस्य कृते समुचितं शीर्षकं लिखत।
उत्तर:
स्त्रीशिक्षा। स्त्री शिक्षायाः महत्त्वम्

8. सहशिक्षा नास्त्युचिती यतो हि विविधाः बाला: विविधेभ्यः गृहेभ्यः एकत्र समेत्य विविधाः रुच्या: अतिरुच्याश्च वेशभूषा: परिधाय, विविधरूपम् आकर्षकं स्वरूपं केशविन्यासं च कृत्वा उद्भवद्यौवनांकुराः कामवासनाग्रस्ता: अकाले एव जायन्ते। परस्परस्निग्धदृष्टयः अन्योन्याकर्षणतत्पराश्च शिक्षाग्रहणे प्रमत्ता इन्द्रियजन्यसुखोत्सुका: कालं क्षिपन्ति। तेन च ब्रह्मचर्याभावः अनुशासनहीनती च वर्धेते। तत् कुतः शिक्षा? तस्मात्सु गुप्तव्यभिचारकारणात् वीर्यक्षयात् रोगवृद्धयोः च बालानां बालिकानाञ्च शालाः पृथक् दूरे च स्युः। योरोपदेशेष्वपि यौनदोषाः अनेन कारणेन एव। तस्मात् पृथक् व्यवस्थया स्वास्थ्यरक्षा, सर्वकारस्य धनरक्षा च तस्य धनस्य कश्चिदंशः पृथक् व्यवस्थाकृते कल्पेत एव। अतो नोचिता सहशिक्षा।

I. एकपदेन उत्तरत (4 x 4 = 2)
(i) अत्र का अनुचिता कथिता?
(ii) केषु देशेषु यौनदोषाः सहशिक्षाया: कारणेन सन्ति?
(iii) बाल बालिकानां च पृथक् शाला: कुत्र स्युः?
(iv) सहशिक्षायां छात्राः शिक्षाग्रहणे कीदृशाः भवन्ति?
उत्तर:
(i) सहशिक्षा
(ii) योरोपदेशेषु
(ii) दूरे
(iv) प्रमत्ता:

II. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत (1 x 2 = 2)
(i) अस्मिन् गद्यांशे कस्याः दोषाः वर्णिताः सन्ति?
(ii) सहशिक्षया किं वर्धते?
उत्तर:
(i) अस्मिन् गद्यांशे सहशिक्षायाः दोषाः वर्णिताः सन्ति
(ii) सहशिक्षया ब्रह्मचर्याभावः अनुशासनहीनता च वर्धेते।

III. ‘तेन च’, अत्र ‘तेन’ इति सर्वनामपदे कस्मै प्रयुक्तम्?
उत्तर:
सहशिक्षादोषेभ्यः।

IV. ‘वर्धेते’ इति क्रियापदस्य कर्तृपदं लिखत।
उत्तर:
ब्रह्मचर्याभावः अनुशासनहीनता च

V. (i) वेशभूषाः’ इति पदस्य अत्र किं विशेषणं प्रयुक्तम्?
(ii) ‘सावधानाः’ इति पदस्य अत्र किं विलोमपदं प्रयुक्तम्।
उत्तर:
(i) अतिरुच्याः
(ii) प्रमत्ता:

VI. अस्य अनुच्छेदस्य कृते समुचितं शीर्षकं लिखत।
उत्तर:
सहशिक्षायाः दोषाः अथवा सहशिक्षया हानयः।

9. केचन सहशिक्षायाः समर्थकाः अस्माकं देशे सन्ति। तदनुसारं सहशिक्षा आवश्यकी यतोहि सहवासेन बाल: बालिकानां प्रवृत्ती: चेष्टाश्च बुध्यते। तद् बुद्ध्वा च स भविष्यजीवने गृहस्थाश्रमे यथावत् चेष्टते। तदभावे सः स्त्रीप्रकृतिम् अबुद्ध्वा कुशलो गृहस्थो न स्यात्। अथ च शिक्षा बहुधनम् अपेक्षते। भारतशासनम् आर्थिकसहायतां ददाति विद्याशालाभ्यः। परं कोशे तावद्धनं न भवति यत् बालानां बालिकानाञ्च कृते पृथक्-पृथक् विद्याशाला: प्रयोगशालाश्च स्थापिताः स्युः। तस्मात् एकस्यां विद्याशालायाम् उभयोरपि सहशिक्षा भवितुं शक्नोति अल्पेनापि व्ययेन। इतरथा तु द्विगुणो व्ययो भवति। न च तावान् अर्थभारो भारतशासनेन सोढुं शक्यः। तेन सहशिक्षैव सर्वत्र चलतु इति तन्मतम्।।

I. एकपदेन उत्तरत (4 x 4 = 2)
(i) सहवासेन कः बालिकानां प्रवृत्ती: बुध्यते?
(ii) स्त्रीप्रकृतिम् अबुद्ध्वा जनः कीदृशः गृहस्थः न भवति?
(iii) शिक्षा किम् अपेक्षते?
(iv) अर्थभार: केन सोढुं न शक्य:?
उत्तर:
(i) बालः
(ii) कुशलः
(iii) बहुधनम्।
(iv) भारतशासनेन

II. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत (1 x 2 = 2)
(i) अल्पेन व्ययेन कीदृशी शिक्षा भवितुं शक्नोति?
(ii) भारतशासनं विद्याशालाभ्यः किं ददाति?
उत्तर:
(i) अल्पेन व्ययेन सहशिक्षा भवितुं शक्नोति।
(ii) भारतशासनं विद्याशालाभ्यः आर्थिकसहायतां ददाति।

III. ‘स स्त्रीप्रकृतिम् अबुद्ध्वा ‘, अत्र ‘स’ इति सर्वनामपदं कस्मै प्रयुक्तम्?
उत्तर:
सहशिक्षायाः वञ्चिताय।

IV. ‘अपेक्षते’ इति क्रियापदस्य कर्तृपदं लिखत।
उत्तर:
शिक्षा।

V. (i) ‘विद्यालयाः’ इत्यर्थे अत्र किं पर्यायपदं प्रयुक्तम्?
(ii) ‘सम्भूय’ इति पदस्य अत्र किं विलोमपदं प्रयुक्तम्।
उत्तर:
(i) विद्याशालाः
(ii) पृथक्-पृथक्

VI. अस्य अनुच्छेदस्य कृते समुचितं शीर्षकं लिखत।
उत्तर:
सहशिक्षायाः लाभाः।

10. प्रतिवर्ष नवम्बरमासस्य चतुर्दश्यां तारिकायां बालदिवसः सम्पूर्ण भारतदेशे सोत्साहम् उत्सवरूपेण मान्यते। एतस्यां तिथौ स्वतन्त्रभारतस्ये प्रथमप्रधानमन्त्रिणः श्री जवाहरलालनेहरो: जन्मदिवसः वर्तते। श्रीनेहरूमहाभागः शिशुषु बालेषु च भृशं स्नेहं करोति स्म। स्वतंत्रभारतराष्ट्रस्य पुनर्निर्माणार्थं यत्र अन्येषु क्षेत्रेषु अपि विविधाः योजनाः निर्मिताः तत्र बालकानां शिशुना विकासाय अपि अनेकाः कार्यक्रमाः विरचिताः। बालसुलभरुच्यनुसारं सांस्कृतिक कार्यक्रमशंखलां विरच्य नेहरूमहोदयः एतादृशीं प्रसिद्धिम् आप्नोत् तस्मिन् उपरते अपि जनाः तस्य जन्मदिवसे एव बालविकासकार्यक्रमान् अद्य यावत् प्रचालयन्ति। तस्मिन् प्रधानमन्त्रिणि सति सः न केवलं भारतदेशे एव अपितु विदेशेष्वपि बालकानां सांस्कृतिककार्यक्रमेभ्यः अपूर्वी रुचिं प्रादर्शयत्। बालकाः अपि श्रद्धाभिभूताः स्नेहवशीभूत-नेहरू-महाभागानां विनोदाय बाललीलाः बालक्रीडाः च प्रादर्शयन्। अतएव तेषां जन्मदिवसएवं बालोत्सवरूपेण सर्वत्र सम्पाद्यते।

I. एकपदेन उत्तरत (4 x 4 = 2)
(i) भारते नवम्बरमासय चतुर्दश्यां तारिकायां कः मान्यते?
(ii) बालदिवसे कस्य जन्मदिवसः वर्तते?
(iii) नेहरूमहाभागानां जन्मदिवसः बालोत्सवरूपेण कुत्र सम्पाद्यते?
(iv) कः शिशुषु अतीव स्नेहं करोति स्म?
उत्तर:
(i) बालदिवसः
(ii) श्रीजवाहरलालनेहरो:
(iii) सर्वत्र
(iv) श्रीनेहरूमहाभागः

II. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत (1 x 2 = 2)
(i) कस्मिन् प्रधानमन्त्रिणि सति बालका: तस्य विनोदाय बाललीला: प्रादर्शयन्?
(ii) श्रीनेहरूमहाभागे उपरते अपि जनाः अद्य यावत् किं प्रचालयन्ति?
उत्तर:
(i) श्रीनेहरूमहाभागे प्रधानमन्त्रिणि सति बालकाः तस्य विनोदाय बाललीलाः प्रादर्शयन्।।
(ii) श्रीनेहरूमहाभागे उपरते अपि जनाः अद्य यावत् बालविकास कार्यक्रमान् प्रचालयन्ति।

III. ‘तेषां जन्मदिवसः’, अत्र ‘तेषाम्’ इति सर्वनामपदं केभ्यः प्रयुक्तम्?
उत्तर:
श्रीनेहरूमहाभागेभ्यः।

IV. ‘सम्पाद्यते’ क्रियापदस्य कर्तृपदं लिखत।
उत्तर:
जन्मदिवसः

V. (i) ‘बालकाः’ इति पदस्य अत्र किं विशेषणं प्रयुक्तम्?
(ii) ‘निर्मिताः’ इत्यर्थे अत्र किं पर्यायं प्रयुक्तम्?
उत्तर:
(i) श्रद्धाभिभूताः।
(ii) विरचिताः

VI. अस्य अनुच्छेदस्य कृते समुचितं शीर्षकं लिखत।
उत्तर:
बालदिवसस्य महत्त्वम् अथवा बालदिवसः।

11. योग्यतमे शिक्षके ये गुणाः तत्त्वतः अपेक्षिताः, ते सर्वे गुणाः प्रायेण मम प्रिये शिक्षके श्रीमति आनन्दस्वरूपे दृश्यन्ते। सः स्वविषयं पूर्वतः एव सम्यक् पठित्वा कक्षायाम् आयाति। स्वविषयम् अत्यन्तेन विश्वासेन सह अध्यापयति। कठिनम् अपि विषयम् उदाहरणैः सह सरलीकृत्य उपस्थापयति। तस्य व्याख्याने छात्रजन: सावधानमनसा शृणोति। मन्दबुद्धिः अपि छात्रः सुगमतया विषयम् आकलयति। अध्यापनसमये गुरुमहाभागः पुनः-पुनः प्रश्नान् करोति, तेन सर्वेऽपि छात्रा: सावधानाः तिष्ठन्ति। छात्राः अपि या प्रश्नान् पृच्छन्ति सः तान् सम्यक् समादधते। सः प्रतिदिनं छात्राय गृहकार्यम् अपि ददाति। परस्मिन् दिने छात्राणां गृहकार्यं पश्यति। यत्र-यत्र प्रमादः वर्तते तत्र तेन निराकरणं क्रियते। छात्राणां पुन:-पुनः प्रमादं दृष्ट्वा तस्य मनः खेदं ने वहति। यः छात्रः प्रमादं करोति गुरुवर्यः तं पुनः-पुन: बोधयति। तस्य व्यवहारं परिश्रम च दृष्ट्वा सर्वे छात्राः तस्य आज्ञां परिपालयन्ति।

I. एकपदेन उत्तरत (4 x 4 = 2)
(i) श्री आनन्दस्वरूपः कीदृशः शिक्षकः अस्ति?
(ii) सः स्वविषयं केन सह अध्यापयति?
(iii) सः कान् सम्यक् समादधते?
(iv) छात्राणां प्रमादं दृष्ट्वा तस्य मनः किं न वहति?
उत्तर:
(i) योग्यतमः
(ii) विश्वासेन
(iii) प्रश्नान्
(iv) खेदम्

II. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत (1 x 2 = 2)
(i) श्री आनन्दस्वरूप: प्रतिदिनं छात्रेभ्यः किं ददाति?
(ii) किं दृष्ट्वा छात्रा: श्रीमत: आनन्दस्वरूपस्य आज्ञा परिपालयन्ति?
उत्तर:
(i) श्री आनन्दस्वरूपः छात्रेभ्यः प्रतिदिनं गृहकार्यं ददाति।
(ii) श्रीमतः आनन्दस्वरूपस्य व्यवहारं परिश्रमं च दृष्ट्वा छात्रा: तस्य आज्ञा परिपालयन्ति।

III. ‘सः तान् सम्यक् समादधते’, अत्र ‘तान्’ इति सर्वनामपदं कस्मै प्रयुक्तम्?
उत्तर:
प्रश्नेभ्यः

IV. ‘दृश्यन्ते’ इति क्रियापदस्य कर्तृपदं लिखत।
उत्तर:
गुणा:

v. (i) ‘अप्रमत्ताः’ इत्यर्थे अत्र किं पर्यायपदं प्रयुक्तम्?
(ii) ‘प्रसन्नताम्’ इति पदस्य अत्र किं विलोमपदं प्रयुक्तम्।
उत्तर:
(i) सावधानाः
(ii) खेदम्

VI. अस्य अनुच्छेदस्य कृते समुचितं शीर्षकं लिखत।
उत्तर:
मम प्रियः शिक्षकः अथवा ‘आनन्दस्वरूपः’ इति योग्यतमः शिक्षकः।

12. ग्राम्यजीवने कृषिः एव प्रमुखो व्यवसायः। अन्ये च प्रायेण कृषिकर्मसहायाः श्रमिकाः तत्र वसन्ति। केषाञ्चित् कृषकाणां समीपं तु जीवननिर्वाहात् अपि अधिका भूमिः वर्तते, परं बहूनां समीपं अत्यल्पाः भूमिखण्डाः एव सन्ति येभ्यः उत्पादितेन अन्नेन ते अतिकठिनतया निर्वाहं कुर्वन्ति। केषञ्चित् कृषकाणां पाश्र्व इष्टकानिर्मितं आवासगृहं वर्तते परं बहूनां समीपं मृदा-निर्मित-कोष्ठागाराः एव भवन्ति। धनाभावात् ते सुबद्धगृहनिर्माणाय न प्रभवन्ति। केचन ग्रामीणाः सन्ति ये ऋतु-अनुकूलानि वस्त्राणि धारयन्ति, परं बहुनां समीपं एका लघुशाटिका एव वर्तते। श्रमिकवर्गस्तु अत्यर्थं दारिद्र्यं गतः तिष्ठति। सः दिने द्विकृत्वः न उदरपूरं भुङ्क्ते। ईदृशः ग्रामीणजन: अशिक्षितः, रोगबहुलः, कथञ्चित् जीवनयात्रां करोति। तस्य ललाटे समस्याः लिखिताः सन्ति परं न तासां समाधानम्। दारिद्र्योपहतः सः धूम्रपान-मद्यपानादिदुर्गुणैः संवीतः दर्शकाणां हृदयानि द्रवयति।

I. एकपदेन उत्तरत (4 x 4 = 2)
(i) ग्राम्यजीवने कः प्रमुखः व्यवसाय:?
(ii) ग्रामीणजनस्य ललाटे काः लिखिताः सन्ति?
(iii) दारिद्र्योपहत: ग्रामीण: केषां-हृदयानि द्रवयति?
(iv) ग्रामीणाः कीदृशानि वस्त्राणि धारयन्ति?
उत्तर:
(i) कृषिः
(ii) समस्याः
(iii) दर्शकाणां
(iv) ऋतु-अनुकूलानि।

II. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत
(i) ग्रामीणा: कस्मात् सुबद्धगृहनिर्माणाय न प्रभवन्ति?
(ii) ग्रामीणजनः कीदृशीं जीवनयात्रां करोति?
उत्तर:
(i) ग्रामीणाः धनाभावात् सुबद्धगृहनिर्माणाय न प्रभवन्ति।
(ii) ग्रामीणजन: अशिक्षितः, रोगबहुलः कथञ्चित् जीवनयात्रां करोति।

III. ‘ये’ इति सर्वनामपदं केभ्यः प्रयुक्तम्?
उत्तर:
ग्रामीणेभ्यः।

IV. ‘तिष्ठति’ इति क्रियापदस्य कर्तृपदं लिखत।
उत्तर:
श्रमिकवर्गः

V. (i) ‘दारिद्र्योपहतः सः’ इति अनयोः विशेषणपदं किम् प्रयुक्तम्?
(ii) धनिकवर्ग:’ इति पदस्य अत्र किं विलोमपदं प्रयुक्तम्?
उत्तर:
(i) दारिद्र्योपहतः
(ii) श्रमिकवर्ग:

VI. अस्य अनुच्छेदस्य कृते समुचितं शीर्षकं लिखत।
उत्तर:
ग्राम्यजीवनम्। ग्रामीणनाम् जीवनम्।

13. इह संसारे सर्वेषु वस्तुषु समयः अधिकं मूल्यवत् वस्तु वर्तते। अन्यवस्तूनि विनष्टानि पुनरपि लब्धं शक्यन्ते परं समय: विनष्ट: केनापि उपायेन पुनः प्राप्तुं न शक्यते। यस्य आयुषः यावान् अंशः निरर्थकं गतः स गतः एव। अतः तथा प्रयतितव्यं यथा एकस्यापि क्षणस्य दुरुपयोगः न स्यात्। समस्तः एव समयः समुचितरूपेण व्यतीतः भवेत्। समयः कस्यापि प्रतीक्षां न करोति। अनेके जनाः छूते, विवादे, वृथाभ्रमणे, पिशुनतायां, निद्रायां च समस्तं समयं नयन्ति। ते निजजीवनस्य बहुमूल्यम् अंशं वृथा यापयन्ति। समयस्य सदुपयोग: जीवनसफलतायाः प्रथम सोपानम्, समुन्नते: च मूलमंत्रम् अस्ति। प्रकृतिः अपि समयस्य सदुपयोगमेव शिक्षयति। ये जनाः समयस्य दुरुपयोग न कुर्वन्ति ते सदा सुखेनैव तिष्ठन्ति। अतः आलस्यं विहाय सर्वदैव समयस्य सदुपयोग: कर्तव्यः। उक्तं च ‘क्षिप्रमक्रियमाणस्य कालः पिबति तद् रसम्’।

I. एकपदेन उत्तरत (2 x 4 = 2)
(i) संसारे सर्वाधिकं मूल्यवत् वस्तु किम् अस्ति?
(ii) समस्त: समयः कथं व्यतीतः भवेत्?
(iii) समयस्य सदुपयोगः कस्याः मूलमंत्रम् अस्ति?
(iv) किं विहाय समयस्य सदुपयोग: कर्तव्य:?
उत्तर:
(i) समय:
(ii) समुचितरूपेण
(iii) समुन्नते:
(iv) आलस्यं

II. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत (1 x 2 = 2)
(i) अनेके जनाः कथं समस्तं समयं नयन्ति?
(ii) कीदृशाः जनाः सदा सुखेनैव तिष्ठन्ति?
उत्तर:
(i) अनेके जनाः छूते, विवादे, वृथाभ्रमणे, पिशुनतायां, निद्रायां च समस्तं समयं नयन्ति।
(ii) ये जना: समयस्य दुरुपयोगं न कुर्वन्ति ते सदा सुखेनैव तिष्ठन्ति।

III. ‘स गतः एव’ अत्र ‘स’ इति सर्वनामपदं कस्य कृते प्रयुक्तम् अस्ति?
उत्तर:
आयुष: अंशस्य कृते।

IV. निर्देशानुसारेण उत्तरत् (1 x 3 = 3)
(i) ‘अंशम्’ इति पदस्य किं विशेषणम्?
(ii) ‘व्यर्थम्’ इति पदस्य किं पर्यायपदम् अत्र प्रयुक्तम्?
(iii) ‘सदुपयोगः’ इत्यस्य विपरीतार्थकं पदं किं प्रयुक्तम्?
उत्तर:
(i) बहुमूल्यम्
(ii) निरर्थकम्
(iii) दुरुपयोगः

V. अस्य गद्यांशस्य समुचितं शीर्षकं लिखत।
उत्तर:
अस्य गद्यांशस्य शीर्षक: समयः बहुमूल्यः अस्ति अथवा समयस्य सदुपयोगः।

14. देशस्य भक्ति: देशभक्तिः कथ्यते। देशभक्तिभावनया एव सैनिकाः अन्ये जनाः च देशहिताय स्वप्राणान् अपि त्यक्तुम् । इच्छन्ति। कवयः वदन्ति-जननी जन्मभूमिश्च स्वर्गादपि गरीयसी। लोकानां शरणदायिनी, नानाभोज्यपदार्थप्रदायिनी एषा अस्माकं जन्मभूमिः वीरभूमिः अस्ति। राष्ट्रसंरक्षणाय परस्परम् एकताया: भावना अपेक्षिता। नरस्य हृदये राष्ट्रभावना यदि नास्ति तदा तस्य जीवनं निष्फलम् अस्ति। युद्धक्षेत्रे वीराः देशस्य रक्षणार्थं स्वप्राणान् समर्पितवन्तः। यदा सर्वेषु एव देशवासिषु एतादृशी भावना भविष्यति तदा देशः नूनम् उन्नतिं करिष्यति। यस्य नरस्य हृदयं राष्ट्रप्रेमभावनया भरितं नास्ति तत् हृदयं पाषाणतुल्यम् वर्तते। अस्माभिः अपि स्वार्थं परित्यज्य देशस्य उन्नतिः देशवासिनां च सेवा करणीया।

I. एकपदेन उत्तरत (1/2 x 4 = 2)
(i) सैनिकाः अन्ये जनाः च देशहिताय किं त्यक्तुम् इच्छन्ति?
(ii) अस्माकं जन्मभूमिः कीदृशी अस्ति?
(iii) देशस्य रक्षणार्थम् स्वप्राणान् के समर्पितवन्त:?
(iv) अस्माभिः किं परित्यज्य देशवासिन सेवा करणीया?
उत्तर:
(i) स्वप्राणान्
(ii) वीरभूमिः
(iii) वीराः
(iv) स्वार्थम्

II. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत (1 x 2 = 2)
(i) कस्य हृदयं पाषाणतुल्यम् अस्ति?
(ii) राष्ट्र संरक्षणाय का अपेक्षिता अस्ति?
उत्तर:
(i) यस्य नरस्य हृदयं राष्ट्रप्रेमभावनया भरितं नास्ति तस्य हृदयं पाषाणतुल्यम् अस्ति।
(ii) राष्ट्रसंरक्षणाय परस्परम् एकतायाः भावना अपेक्षिता अस्ति।

III. ‘अस्माकम्’ इति पदं गद्यांशे कस्मै प्रयुक्तम्? (1 x 3 = 3)
उत्तर:
भारतवासिभ्यः

VI. निर्देशानुसारेण उत्तरत्
(i) ‘लोकानां शरणदायिनी’ इति पदस्य किं विशेष्यपदम् अत्र किम् अस्ति?
(ii) ‘अवनतिः’ इत्यस्य किं विलोमपदं गद्यांशे प्रयुक्तम्?
(iii) ‘माता’ इत्यर्थे कः शब्दः अत्र प्रयुक्त:?
उत्तर:
(i) जन्मभूमिः
(ii) उन्नतिः
(iii) जननी

V. अस्य अनुच्छेदस्य उपयुक्तं शीर्षक लिखत।
उत्तर:
जननी जन्मभूमिश्च स्वर्गादपि गरीयसी अथवा देशभक्तिः।

15. नराणां सर्वाङ्गीण विकासार्थं छात्रजीवनम् अतीव महत्वपूर्णं भवति। जीवनस्य अस्मिन्नेव काले सः यादृशं वृत्तं समाचरति, यादृशान् मूल्यान् स्वीकरोति तादृक् एव भवति। जीवनस्य विकासक्रमे अयं प्रथमः सोपानः विद्याध्ययनकालः कथ्यते। वैदिके युगे अयमेव काल: ‘ब्रह्मचर्याश्रमम्’ इति नाम्ना ज्ञायते स्म। अद्यापि अभिभावका: सर्वविधक्लेशान् समुपेक्ष्य यथाशक्ति उत्तमशिक्षाव्यवस्थायै प्रयतन्ते। परं अद्यतनीयाः छात्राः स्वभविष्यं अविचार्य पाश्चात्य-परम्पराणाम् अंधानुकरणं कुर्वन्त: समयं वृथा यापयन्ति। परीक्षाकाले येन-केनापि प्रकारेण अङकानि ग्रहीतुम् यतन्ते। न विचारयन्ति ते स्वविकासलतायामेव कुठाराघातं कुर्वन्ति। विद्याध्ययनकालः तु तपस्याकालः। अतः सर्वाणि सुखानि आलस्यं च विहाय विद्यार्जनं कर्तव्यम् यतो हि-क्षणे नष्टे कुतो विद्या।

I. एकपदेन उत्तरत (4 x 4 = 2)
(i) कः तपस्याकाल:?
(ii) नराणां सर्वाङ्गीणविकासार्थं किम् अतीव महत्त्वपूर्ण भवति?
(iii) सुखानि आलस्यं च विहाय किं कर्तव्यम्?
(iv) जीवनस्य विकासक्रमे अयं प्रथम: सोपान: किं कथ्यते?
उत्तर:
(i) विद्याध्ययनकालः
(ii) छात्रजीवनम्
(iii) विद्याजर्नम्
(iv) विद्याध्ययनकाल:

II. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत (1 x 2 = 2)
(i) छात्रजीवनं किमर्थम् महत्त्वपूर्ण भवति?
(ii) परीक्षाकाले छात्राः किं कर्तुम् यतन्ते?
उत्तर:
(i) नराणां सर्वाङ्गीण विकासार्थं छात्रजीवनम् अतीव महत्त्वपूर्ण भवति।
(ii) परीक्षाकाले छात्रा: येन-केनापि प्रकारेण अङ्कानि ग्रहीतुम् यतन्ते।

III. निर्देशानुसारेण उत्तरत् (1 x 3 = 3)
(i) ‘न विचारयन्ति ते’ अत्र ‘ते’ सर्वनामपदं केभ्यः प्रयुक्तम्?
(ii) ‘वृत्तम्’ इत्यस्य पदस्य विशेषणं किम्?
(iii) अनुच्छेदे ‘आधुनिका:’ पदस्य अर्थे कि पदं केभ्यश्च प्रयुक्तम्?
उत्तर:
(i) अत्र ‘ते’ सर्वनाम पदं छात्रेभ्यः’ प्रयुक्तम्।
(ii) यादृशम्
(iii) अद्यतनीयाः पदं छात्रेभ्यः प्रयुक्तम्।

IV. अस्य गद्यांशस्य समुचितं शीर्षकं लिखत।
उत्तर:
छात्रजीवनस्य महत्त्वम्।

16. वन्दे भारतमातरम्। भारतभूमिः सुजला, सुफला, शस्यश्यामला च अस्ति। इयं देवानाम् अपि मनांसि मोहयति। गंगा यमुनादयः नद्यः स्वजलेन मातरम् सिञ्चन्ति। रत्नाकरः अस्याः पादौ प्रक्षालयति। हिमालयः उत्तरस्यां दिशि अस्याः रजतकिरीटमिव शोभते। धन्याः खलु वयम् ये अस्याः भूम्यां सुखेन वसामः। अत्र महर्षिः व्यासः, कवि: कालिदासः, भगवान् रामः, कृष्णः, दयानन्दः, महात्मा गांधी तथा अन्ये अनेके महापुरुषाः जन्म गृहीतवन्त: मातुः यश:जगति प्रसारितवन्तश्च। अस्माकम् अपि कर्त्तव्यम् अस्ति यत् वयम् अस्याः रक्षणे सदा उद्यता: भवेम, सच्चारित्र्येण च भारतभूमेः मस्तकम् उन्नतं कुर्याम। देवाः अपि गीतकानि गायन्ति यत् ते भारतभूमिभागाः धन्याः यत्र ते सुरत्वात् भूयः मनुष्याः भवन्ति।

I. एकपदेन उत्तरत (4 x 4 = 2)
(i) भारतभूमि: केषाम् अपि मनांसि मोहयति?
(ii) अस्याः पादौ क: प्रक्षालयति?
(iii) हिमालयः भारतस्य कस्यां दिशि विराजते?
(iv) कां वन्दे?
उत्तर:
(i) देवानाम्
(ii) रत्नाकरः
(iii) उत्तरस्याम्
(iv) भारतमातरम्

II. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत (1 x 2 = 2)
(i) के के जनाः मातुः यश: जगति प्रसारितवन्त:?
(ii) कस्याः रजतकिरीटम् इव हिमालयः शोभते?
उत्तर:
(i) अत्र महर्षिः व्यासः, कवि: कालिदासः, भगवान् रामः, कृष्णः, दयानन्दः, महात्मा गाँधी तथा अन्ये अनेके महापुरुषाः जन्म गृहीतवन्तः, मातुः यशः जगति प्रसारितवन्तः च।
(ii) हिमालयः भारतमातुः रजतकिरीटम् इव शोभते।

III. निर्देशानुसारेण उत्तरत् (1 x 4 = 4)
(i) ‘गृहीतवन्तः’ इति पदे कः प्रत्ययः?
(ii) ‘अस्माकम् अपि कर्तव्यम् अस्ति।’ अत्र ‘अस्माकं पदं केभ्यः प्रयुक्तम्?
(iii) ‘अनेके महापुरुषा:’ अनयोः पदयोः किं पदं विशेषणम्?
(iv) ‘ये वयम् अस्याः भूम्यां सुखेन वसामः’ अत्र ‘अस्याः’ पदं कस्यै प्रयुक्तम्?
उत्तर:
(i) क्तवतु प्रत्ययः
(ii) भारतीयेभ्यः
(iii) अनेके
(iv) भारतमात्रे

IV. अस्य गद्यांशस्य समुचितं शीर्षकं लिखत।
उत्तर:
धन्या भारतमाता।

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Sanskrit

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Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 8 Peasants, Zamindars and the State (Agrarian Society and the Mughal Empire)

Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 8 – 2 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Mention any two steps taken by the Mughals to create the revenue as an administrative apparatus. (All India 2013)
Answer:
The Mughal created the revenue as an administrative apparatus in the following ways:

• The office (daftar) of the diwan was responsible for supervising the fiscal system of the empire.
• The revenue officials and record keepers penetrated the agricultural domain and became decisive agent in shaping agrarian relations.

Question 2.
Write two functions of Jati Panehayat in the 16th and 17th centuries. (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
Following are the two major functions of Jati Panchayat:

• They decided land disputes, and decided whether marriage were being performed according to the norms laid down by caste.
• Jati Panchayats decided civil cases between members of different castes.

Quesiton 3.
Why were women considered as an important resource in agrarian society? Mention two reasons. (HOTS; Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Women were considered as an important resource in the agrarian society due to the following reasons:

• Women were child bearers in agrarian society which was dependent on labour.
• Artisanal tasks such as spinning yarn, sifting and kneading clay for pottery, and embroidery were among the many aspects of production dependent on female labour.

Question 4.
Mention the major crop of Western India during 17th century. How did it come to India. (All India 2010)
Answer:
Maize was the major crop of Western India. It come into India via Africa and Spain and by the 17th century it was being listed as one of the major crops of Western India.

Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 8 – 4 Marks Questions

Quesiton 5.
Describe the life of forest dwellers in the Mughal Era. (All India 2015)
or
Describe the life led by the forest dwellers during the Mughal Era in 16th-17th centuries. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
The life of the forest dwellers during the Mughal Era in 16th-17th centuries can be described in the following ways:

• Forests dwellers were termed as Jangli, but it did not mean an absence of ‘civilisation’.
• The term ‘Jangli’ rather described those whose livelihood came from the gathering of forest products, hunting and shifting agriculture.
•  Their activities were mainly season specific. For example, among the Bhils spring was reserved for collecting forest produce, summer for fishing, the monsoon months for cultivation and autumn and winter for hunting.
• For the state, the forest became a subversive place i.e. a place of refuge for troublemakers.
• Forest dwellers supplied elephants for the army.
• In the Mughal period regular hunting expeditions to the forests, often enabled the king to attend personally to the grievances of its inhabitants. ,

Question 6.
How were the subsistence and commercial production closely interwined in an average peasant’s holding during the Mughal period in 16th and 17th centuries? Explain. (HOTS; All India 2014)
Answer:
The agriculture in medieval India was not only for subsistence. The term jins-i-kamil or perfect crops was found in the sources. The subsistence and commercial production were interwined in an average peasant’s holding in the following ways:

• The Mughal state encouraged peasants to produce commercial crops like cotton and sugar for more revenue. These two crops were jins-i-kamil par excellence.
• Cotton was grown over a vast territory, spreading over central India and the Deccan plateau. Bengal was famous for its sugar production.
• Other cash crops included various sorts of oilseeds (mustard) and lentils.
• Many new crops from the different parts of the world reached India. These were maize, tomatoes, potatoes, chillies, pineapple and papaya. It clearly shows that subsistence and commercial production were closely intertwined.

Question 7.
Describe three factors that accounted for the constant expansion of agriculture during 16th and 17th centuries.
(Delhi 2012, 2010)
Answer:
During the 16th and 17th centuries about 85 percent of the population of India lived in villages and agriculture was the main. profession of people. The factors which were responsible for the expansion of agriculture can be explained in the following ways:

The Abundance of Land: The cultivating peasants (asamis) i.e. plough up the fields, marked the limit of each field for identification and demarcation with borders of earth, brick and thorn. There was abundance of land for agriculture.

Availability of labour during Mughal Regime: There was much labour available for the purpose of agriculture, mobility of peasants, which would help in continuous expansion of agricultural land as it increased cultivable land.

Artificial System of Irrigation: Monsoons remained the backbone of Indian agriculture as they are even today. But there were crops which required additional water. Artificial system of irrigation had to be devised for this. Irrigation projects received state support as well. For example e.g. in Northern India, the state undertook digging of new canals and also repaired the old canals.

Question 8.
Describe the condition of an average peasant of North India during the 17th century. (All India 2012)
Answer:
In the Mughal period raiyat, muzarian, kisan or asami were the terms to denote a peasant.
Condition of peasants in North India during 17th century was as follows:

• Overall condition was very ordinary, they had to face economic distress after a femine.
• They had hardly one pair of bullocks and two ploughs. However, most of them even had less than these. In Gujarat, peasants possessing about 6 acre of land were considered to be affluent. In Bengal, 5 acre was the upper limit of an average peasant farm and 10 acres would make a peasant a rich asami.
• Cultivation was based on the principle of individual ownership. Lands of peasants were bought and sold in same way as the lands of other property owners.
• There existed two kinds of peasants: Khud-Kashta They were residents of village in which they had their lands. Pahi-Kashta They were non-resident cultivators, meaning, resident of other village and cultivated in other village. People became Pahi-Kashta either out of a choice (e.g. when terms of revenue were more favourable in other village) or out of compulsion (e.g. forced by economic distress after a famine).

Question 9.
Why were the Jati Panchayats formed during 16th and 17th centuries? Explain their functions and authority. (All India 2011)
Answer:
The Jati Panchayats were formed during 16th and 17th centuries due to the following reasons:
1. The decision of the Panchayat in conflicts between Tower-caste’ peasants and state officials or the local zamindar could vary from case to case.

2. Archival records from Western India-notably Rajasthan and Maharashtra contain petitions presented to the Panchayat complaining about extortionate taxation or the demand for unpaid labour (begar) imposed by the ‘superior’ castes or officials of the state. These included excessive tax demands which, especially in times of drought or other disasters, endangered the peasant’s subsistence.

Thus, Jati Panchayats came into existence. Authorities and functions of Jati Panchayats are as follow:

• These Panchayats wielded considerable power in rural society. In Rajasthan Jati Panchayats arbitrated civil disputes between members of different castes.
• They mediated in contested claims on land.
• They decided whether marriages were performed according to the norms laid down by a particular caste group.
• They also determined who had ritual precedence in village functions, and so on.
• In most cases, except in matters of criminal justice, the state respected the decisions of Jati Panchayats.

Question 10.
Explain why Ain-i Akbari remains an extraordinary document of its times even today. (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
Ain – i Akbari written by Abu’l Fazl remains an extraordinary document of Mughal period even today.

The following are the reasons:
1. It is the third book of Akbar Nama. The Ain is made up of five books, of which the first three books describe the administration, the fourth and fifth books deal with religious, literary cultural tradition and a collection of Akbar’s auspicious sayings. It provided a fascinating glimpses into the structure and organisation of the Mughal empire.

2. It gave us ‘quantitative’ information about its products and people. The value of the Ain’s quantitative evidence is uncontested, where the study of agrarian relations is concerned. Abu’l Fazl adopted completely different stand point from the traditional writers of chronicles by recording the information about the country, its people and products. It contained people, their professions and trades on the imperial establishment and the grandness of the empire. It enables historians to reconstruct the social fabric of India at that time.

Question 11.
Describe the results of India’s overseas trade under the Mughals. (All India 2008)
Answer:
The Mughal Empire was considered as one of the largest territorial empires in Asia which consolidated power and resources during the 16th and 17th centuries. India’s overseas trade under the Mughals flourished due to the following reasons:

• The political stability achieved by the Ming (China) empire, Salavid (Iran) empire and Ottoman (Turkey) empire helped to create vibrant networks of overland trade from China to the Mediterranean Sea.
• Voyages of discovery’ and the opening up of the New World resulted in a large expansion of Asia’s, particularly India’s trade with Europe. It led to a greater geographical diversity of India’s overseas trade. An expansion in the commodity composition of this trade also developed.
• An expanding trade brought in huge amounts of silver bullion to India which was good for India as it did not have natural resources of silver.
• The 16th and 18th century saw a remarkable stability in the availability of silver currency (Rupya) in India.
• It facilitated a large scale expansion of minting coins and circulation of money which helped Mughal state to extract taxes and revenue in cash.

Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 8 – 8 Marks Questions

Question 12.
“There was more to rural India than the sedentary agriculture”. Explain the statement in the context of Mughal period. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
There was more to rural India than the sedentary agriculture. Apart from . intensively cultivated land, there were dense forests or scrubland all over Eastern India, Central India, Northern India, Jharkhand and in Peninsular India down the Western Ghats and the Deccan plateau. The life of the forest dwellers justify the above statement in the following ways:

• Forest dwellers were termed as ‘Jangli’ which did not mean an absence of civilisation.
• The livelihood of forest dwellers included the gathering of forest produce, hunting and shifting agriculture.
• The livelihood of the forest dwellers were largely season specific. For e.g. among the Bhil tribes, spring season was reserved for collecting forest produce, summer for fishing, the monsoon months for cultivation, and autumn and winter for hunting.
• For the state, the forest was regarded as a subversive place i.e. a place of refuge for troublemakers.
• The state required elephants for army. Thus, forest people supplied elephants.
• In the Mughal period, hunting ensured justice to all its subjects, rich and poor. Regular hunting expeditions enabled the emperor to travel extensively and attend grievances of its inhabitants. These were the observations found in Ain-i Akbari.
• New cultural influences also began to penetrate into forested zones. Sufi-saints played a major role in the slow acceptance of Islam among agricultural communities in newly colonised places.

Question 13.
Inspite of the limitations, the Ain-i Akbari remains an extraordinary document of its time. Explain the statement. (HOTS; Delhi 2016)
Answer:
The major sources for the agrarian history of the 16th and early 17th centuries are chronicles and documents from the Mughal court.

One of the most important chronicles was the Ain-i Akbari. Ain was authored by Akbar’s court historian Abu’l Fazl. This text meticulously recorded the arrangements made by the state to ensure cultivation to enable the collection of revenue by the agencies of the state and to regulate the relationship between the state and the zamindars.
Ain-i Akbari was not a mere reproduction of official papers. Abu’l Fazl had worked very carefully to search the authenticity of the documents. He tried to cross-check and verify oral testimonies before incorporating them as facts in the chronicle.

This was why that the text achieved its final form only after having gone through five . revisions. But there are some problems in using the Ain-i Akbari as a source for reconstructing agrarian history of that period. These are:

• We should realise that the Ain-i-Akbari was penned under patronship of the emperor. It was a part of larger royal project of history writing. Its main objective was to depict the Mughal empire under Akbar in such a way as to prove that social harmony was provided by a strong ruling class in the empire.
• The totalling given in the Ain-i Akbari are not thoroughly accurate. We find numerous errors in the totalling.
• Another problem while using the Ain-i Akbari as a source for reconstructing agrarian history is that the quantitative data given in it is of skewed nature.
• Similarly, though the fiscal data from the provinces has been given in detail, sufficient light had not been thrown on vital parameters such as prices and wages of the same areas.

However, it should be kept in mind that despite these limitations, Ain-i-Akbari has its own significance as a historical document. It is a mine of information for us about the Mughal Empire during Akbar’s reign, although it gives us a view, of society from its apex.
The various information compiled in the text, help us significantly in reconstructing the history of the period under consideration.

Question 14.
“The village panchayat during the Mughal period regulated rural society. Explain the statement. (Delhi 2016)
or
Describe caste and rural milieu of Mughal India. How did Jati-Panchayats wield considerable power in the rural society during Mughal period? Clarify. (Delhi 2016)
or
Assess the role played by Panchayats in the villages during Mughal period. (All India 2016)
or
Explain the ways through which Mughal village Panchayats and village headmen regulated rural society. (Delhi 2013)
or
How were the Panchayats formed during 16th and 17th centuries? Explain their functions and authorities (Delhi 2011)
or
Explain the role of Panchayats in the Mughal Rural Indian Society during 16th-17th centuries. (Delhi 2014)
or
Examine the role of Panchayat as the main constituent of the Mughal village community. (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
The Panchayat and villagemen occupied a significant place in rural society during the period of the 16th and 17th centuries. They played an important role in regulating the rural society.

Generally the Village Panchayat was an assembly of important and respected elders of the village having hereditary rights over their property Every Panchayat was headed by a headman who was known as Muqaddam or Mandal. The headman could hold his office as long as he enjoyed the confidence of the village elders. He had to lose his position if he failed to win the confidence of the elders. The Panchayat had its own funds. All the villagers contributed to a common financial pool. All expenditures of the Panchayat were met from these funds. The functions of Panchayat are:

1. The Panchayat was responsible for the administration of the village. All the functions such as security, health, and cleanliness, primary education, law and order, irrigation, construction work and making arrangements for the moral and religious upliftment of the masses were performed by the Panchayat.
One of the main function of the Panchayat was to keep accounts of the income and expenditure of the village. It used to accomplish this task with the help of the accountant or patwari of the Panchayat.

2. The most important function of the Panchayat in medieval India was to regulate the rural society The Panchayat endeavoured to ensure that the various communities inhabiting the village were up holding their caste limits and were following their caste norms as well. Thus, overseeing the conduct of the members of the village community in order to prevent any offence against their caste w’as an important duty of the village headman or mandal.

In addition to the village Panchayat, each caste or jati in the village had its own Jati Panchayat. The caste Panchayat protected the rights and interests of its members and raised voice against any injustice caused to them. The members of a particular caste could complain to their Panchayat in case the members of a superior caste or state officials forced them to pay taxes or to perform unpaid labour.

Villagers regarded the village Panchayat as the court of appeal that would ensure that the state carried out its moral obligations and guaranteed justice. The decision of the Panchayat in relation to conflicts between ‘lower caste’ peasants and state officials or lower zamindars could vary from case to case. Sometimes panchayat suggested to compromise and in cases where reconciliation failed, peasants took their own decisions.

3. The Panchayats had the authority to levy fines and inflict more serious forms of punishment like expulsion from the community. These meant that the person was forced to leave the village and became an outcaste and he lost the right to practise his profession. Such a measure was taken on a violation of caste norms.

Question 15.
“Revenue was the economic mainstay of the Mughal Empire”. Explain the statement in the context of agriculture and trade. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
Revenue was the economic mainstay of the Mughal Empire. This can be explained in the following ways:

• It was vital for the state to create an administrative apparatus to ensure control over agricultural production and to fix and collect revenues from the entire empire.
• The administrative apparatus included the office (daftar) of the diwan who was responsible for supervising the fiscal system of the empire. The revenue officials and record keepers became decisive agents in shaping agrarian relations.
• The Mughal state tried to first acquire specific information about the extent of the agricultural lands in the empire and what these lands produced before fixing the burden of taxes on people.
• The land revenue arrangements consisted of two stages-first assessment and then actual collection. The ‘Jama’ was the amount assessed, and the hasil was the amount collected by the cultivators.
• Akbar decreed that cultivators could pay in cash or in kinds. While fixing revenue, the attempt of the state was to maximise its claims. Both cultivated and cultivable lands were measured in each province.
• In the field of trade, a huge amounts of silver bullion from Europe came to India which was good for our country, as India did not have natural resources of silver. It resulted a remarkable stability in the availability of metal currency i.e. silver rupya. It also facilitated an unprecedented expansion of minting of coins and the circulation in the economy. It helped the Mughal state to extract taxes and revenues in cash.

Question 16.
Analyse the role of zamindars during the Mughal period. (HOTS; All India 2016, 2014, 2013)
Answer:
The zamindars in the Mughal period were the class of those people who lived off agriculture but did not take part directly in the processes of agricultural production. Role of zamindars during the Mughal period are:

• They were landed proprietors who enjoyed certain social and economic privileges by virtue of their superior status in rural society.
• The factor of caste hierarchy played a significant role in the elevated status of zamindars. Another factor was that, they performed certain services (Khidmat) for the state.
• The zamindars had extensive personal lands, known as milkiyat. These lands w’ere cultivated with the help of hired labour for the private use of zamindars. The zamindars had the right to sell or mortgage these lands.
• The zamindars could often collect
  revenue on behalf of the state, a service for which they were compensated financially.
• The zamindars had fortresses and armed military resources which comprised of cavalry, artillery and infantry.
• If we visualise social relations in the Mughal countryside as a pyramid, zamindars constituted its very narrow apex. Abu’l Fazal said that an upper-caste, Brahmana-Rajput combine had already established firm control over rural society. However, Muslim zamindars were also present at that time.
• The dispossession of weaker people by a powerful military chieftain was a way of expanding a zamindari system. State did not support this aggression unless the zamindar had an imperial order (sanad).
• Sometimes in the slow processes of zamindari consolidation people belonging to the relatively lower castes entered the rank of zamindars. For e.g. peasant-pastoralists (like the Sadgops) carved out powerful zamindaris in areas of Central and South-Western Bengal.
• Zamindars spear headed the colonisation of agricultural land and helped in setting cultivators by providing them means of cultivation, cash, loan, etc.
  The buying and selling by zamindars accelerated the process of monetisation in the country side. They sold the produce from their milkiyat lands. They often established markets (haats) to which peasants came to sell their produce.
• Although, zamindars were an exploitative class, their relationship with the peasantry had an element of reciprocity, paternalism and patronage.
• Two views supported this fact. Firstly, the Bhakti saints who were the strong critic of casteism and other forms of oppression, did not portray the zamindars as exploiters of the peasantry. Secondly in a large number of agrarian uprisings in the 17th century, zamindars often received the support of the peasantry in their struggle against the state.

Question 17.
Examine the status and role played by women in the agrarian society during Mughal period. All India 2016 or
Explain the role of women in the agrarian society in Mughal India (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
Women played an important role in Indian agrarian society during the medieval period. Women belonging to peasant families participated actively in agricultural produce and worked shoulder to shoulder with men in the field.
Status and role of women were as follows:

1. The work of tilling and ploughing the fields was performed by men. The women particularly did the work of sowing, weeding and harvesting. They also extended their cooperation in threshing and winnowing the harvest. In fact, the labour and resources of the entire household had become the basis of production with the growth of nucleated village and expansion in individual peasant fanning during the 16th and 17th centuries. Therefore, it became quite difficult to draw a divisive line between the spheres of works for women and men.

2. Some aspects of production especially, artisanal tasks like spinning yarn, sifting and kneading clay for pottery and embroidery, etc were thoroughly dependent on female labour. It seems that the demand of women’s labour started growing with the commercialisation of the product. The peasant and artisan women worked in the fields, went to the house of their employers or to the markets, if necessary.

3. It is worth mentioning that as the women were child bearers in a society dependent on labour, they were regarded as an important resource in agrarian society. But because of frequent pregnancies, malnutrition and death during child birth, the mortality rate among women was very high. Thus, the number of the married women or wives in the society became less. Thus, marriages in many rural communities required the payment of bride price rather than dowry.

4. Instances from the contemporary sources suggest that several Hindu and Muslim women were inherited by zamindaris. They could sell or mortgage those zamindars. We find mention of women zamindars in Bengal and Rajasthan.

5. However, it should be kept in mind that the biases related to women’s biological functions still remained in existence.
For instance, in Western India, menstruating women could not touch the plough or potter’s wheel. In fact, they were not allowed to do so. Similarly, in Bengal, the menstruating women were not allowed to enter the groves where betel leaves (pan) were grown.

6. Women were kept under strict control by the male members of the family and the community. There was strict punishment for women if they suspected infidelity. But male infidelity was not always punished. Documents from Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra showed that record of petition sent by women to seek justice.

Question 18.
Explain the organisation of the administration and army during the rule of Akbar as given in ‘Ain-i Akbari’. (All India 2012)
Answer:
Ain-i Akbari consists of 5 books or daftars. The first three books of the Ain are about the description of the administration. Akbar was a great administrator and viewed it as the central point of his policies in administration. It is considered as a rich treasure of various information regarding the Mughal Empire during the rule of Akbar.
The following points can be the highlights:

The Manzil-Abadi:
The first book among 5 describes the royal household and its maintenance.

Sipah-Abadi:
The second book gives the detailed account of civil and military administration and the establishment of servants. It includes notices and short biographical sketches of imperial officials, learned men, poets and artists.

Mulk-Abadi:
The third book gives the fiscal polices of Mughal rule. It gives the detailed information on revenue rates alongwith the account of the 12 provinces. It also comprises of statistical figures having information on geographic, topographic and economic details of all subas and their administrative and fiscal divisions (Sarkars, Paraganas and Mahals), total measured area and assessed revenue (Jama).

Ain also provides a detailed picture of the Sarkars below the Suba. It does give a table data which has 8 columns with the following information:

• Parganat/Mahal
• Qila/(Forts)
• Arazi and Zamin-i-Paimuda (measured area)
• Naqdi, revenue assessed in cash
• Suyurghal, grants of revenue in charity
• Zamindars and

Columns 7 and 8 contain details of the castes of these zamindars, and their troops including their horsemen, foot soldiers and elephants.

Organisation of the Army during Akbar

• It consisted mainly three parts
  • The troops provided by the Rajas or chiefs who were bound to supply military help to the king.
  • The contingents of the Mansabdars.
  • Emperor’s standing Army.
• There were two groups of soldiers to serve as bodyguards and were highly paid. These were known as Dakhilis and Ahdis.
• The imperial army consists of
  • The infantry.
  • The artillery
  • The Cavalry
  • The elephant corps
  • The Navy
• The cavalry was considered as the main power centre of the army. Though the Mughal Empire is less known about naval power but Akbar had a naval department.

Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 8 Source Based Question

Quesiton 19.
The Ain on land revenue collection:
Let him (the amil-guzar) not make it a practice of taking only in cash but also in kind. The latter is effected in several ways. First, kankut: in the Hindi language kan signifies grain, and kut, estimates… If any doubts arise, the crops should be cut and estimated in three lots, the good, the middling and the inferior, and the hesitation
should be removed. Often, too, the land taken by appraisement, gives a sufficiently accurate return.

Secondly, batai, also called bhaoli, the crops are reaped and stacked and divided by agreement in the presence of the parties. But in this case several intelligent inspectors are required; otherwise, the evil-minded and false are given to deception. Thirdly, khet-batai, when they divide the fields after they are sown. Fourthly, land batai, after cutting the grain, they form it in heaps and divide it among themselves, and each takes his share home and turns it to profit.

1. Explain the kankut system of land revenue.
2. How was the land revenue assessed in the case of batai or bhaoli?
3. Do you think that the land revenue system of the Mughals was flexible? (All India 2017)

Answer:
1. I think Kankut was a better method. The term ‘Kankut’ is a combination of two terms:

• Kan which signifies grain and
• Kut signifies estimates.

If any doubt arose, the crops were cut and estimated in three lots, the good, the middling and the inferior. Thus, the peasant could give tax in kinds not in cash.

2. In the case of batai or bhaoli the crops are reaped and stacked and divided by agreement in the presence of the parties. But in this case several intelligent inspectors are required; otherwise the mediator who are evil-minded are given to deception.

3. Yes, the land revenue system in the period of Mughal was flexible. As there are four kinds of revenue systems due to which revenue can be collected easily.

Question 20.
Classification of Lands under Akbar:
The following is a listing of criteria of classification excerpt from the Ain. The Emperor Akbar in his profound sagacity classified the lands and fixed a different revenue to be paid by each.

Polaj is a land which is annually cultivated for each crop in succession and is never allowed to lie fallow.

Parauti is land left out of cultivation for a time that it may recover its strength. Chachar is land that has lain fallow for 3 or 4 years. Banjar is land uncultivated for 5 years and more. Of the first two kinds of land, there are 3 classes, good, middling, and bad. They add together the produce of each sort, and the third of this represents the medium produce, one-third part of which is exacted as the Royal dues.

1. Explain briefly the classification of lands by Akbar.
2. How the revenue was fixed for the first two type of lands?
3. Suggest some other way as you feel better. (Delhi 2010)

Answer:
1. Emperor Akbar classified lands in the following ways:

• Polaj: The land which is annually cultivated for each crop in succession and is never allowed to lie fallow.
• Parauti: The land is left out for cultivation for a time that it may recover its strength.
• Chachar: The land that has lain fallow for 3 or 4 years.
• Banjar: The land is uncultivated for 5 years and more.

2. The first two types of lands were divided into three classes, viz. good, middling and bad. The produced of each sort was added together and the third of this represents the medium produce, on-third part of which is exacted as the Royal dues.

3. I think Kankut was a better method. The term ‘Kankut’ is a combination of two terms:

• Kan which signifies grain and
• Kut signifies estimates.

If any doubt arose, the crops were cut and estimated in three lots, the good, the middling and the inferior. Thus, the peasant could give tax in kinds not in cash.

Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 8 Map Based Question

Quesiton 21.
On the given political outline map of India, locate and label the following appropriately.
(i) Goa-A territory under the Mughals.
Answer:

Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 8 Value Based Questions

Question 22.
1. Explain the various sources to know about the rural society during the Mughal period.
2. Explain the technology used by the peasants for the cultivation during the same period. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
1. The major source for the history of agrarian society of the 16th and 17th centuries are chronicles and documents from Mughal court. The authors of Mughal chronicles were courtiers. The histories they wrote focused on events centred on the ruler, his family, the court, nobles, war and administrative arrangements.

Some of the important chronicles were Akbar Nama, Shahjahan Nama, Alamgir Nama, etc. The most important Chronicle was Ain-i Akbari which was the third book of Akbar nama.

Ain-i Akbari was written by Akbar’s court hisorian Abu’l Fazl. It meticulously recorded the arrangements made by the state to ensure cultivation, to enable the collection of revenue by the agencies of the state and to regulate the relationship between the state and the zamindars.

The main purpose of the Ain was to present a vision of Akbar’s empire where social harmony was provided by the ruling class. Abu’l Fazl thought that any revolt against the Mughal rulers was predestined to fail.
Whatever we know from the Ain about peasants remains a view from the top. The extensive records of the East India

Company provided us with important descriptions of the agrarian relations in Eastern India. All these sources record instances of conflicts between peasants, zamindars and the state. In the process, they give us an insight into peasant’s perception and expectations from the state authority.

2. During the Mughal peirod the terms raiyat, muzarian were used to denote the peasants. Cultivation was based on the principle of individual ownership. Monsoon is regarded as the backbone of Indian agriculture. But some crops required additional water. Artificial system of irrigation thus needed for it. Technologies used by the peasants for the cultivation were:

• Sometimes people used buckets and wheels to irrigate the land.
• Irrigation projects got state support. In Northern India, the state undertook digging of new canals (nahr or nala) and also repaired old ones, e.g. Shahnahar in Punjab during Shah Jahan’s reign.
• Peasants also used technologies that generally harnessed cattle energy.
  The wooden plough was light and easily assembled with an iron tip or coulter. It did not make deep furrows, which preserved the moisture better during the intensely hot months.
• A drill, pulled by a pair of giant oxen was used to plant seeds. But broadcasting was the most prevalent method during that time. Hoeing and weeding were done simultaneously using a narrow iron blade with a small wooden handle.

Question 23.
Read the following passage and answer the question that follows.
Women were considered an important resource in agrarian society also because they were child bearers in a society dependent on labour. At the same time high mortality rates among women – owing to malnutrition, frequent pregnancies, death during childbirth-often meant a shortage of wives. This led to the emergence of social customs in peasant and artisan communities that were distinct from those prevalent among elite groups. Marriages in many rural communities required the payment of bride-price rather than dowry to the bride’s family. Remarriage was considered legitimate both among divorced and widowed women.

The importance attached to women as a reproductive force also meant that the fear of losing control over them was great. According to established social norms, the household was headed by a male. Thus, women were kept under strict control by the male members of the family and the community. They could inflict draconian punishments if they suspected infidelity on the part of women.
1. Discuss the status of women in agrarian society in 17th century.
Answer:
1. In the 17th century in agrarian society women were considered an important resource, because they were child-bearers in a society dependent on labour.

At the same time, high mortality rates among women owing to malnutrition, frequent pregnancies, death during child-birth often meant a shortage of wives. This led to the emergence of new social customs in peasant and artisan communities which were never before. For e.g. payment of bride-price rather than dowry and remarriage of divorced and widowed women.

None the less women were considered as an important reproductive source, there was a great fear of losing control over them by male society. According to established social norms, the household was headed by a male. Thus, women were kept under strict control by the male members of the family and the community. They could inflict draconian punishments if they suspected infidelity on the part of women. While male infidelity was not always punished due to gender biasness. Thus, the status of women in agrarian society was some what the same as today.

Question 24.
Read the following passage and answer the question that follows.
Although there can be little doubt that zamindars were an exploitative class, their relationship with the peasantry has an element of reciprocity, paternalism and patronage.

Two aspects reinforce this view. First, the bhakti saints, who eloquently condemned caste-based and other forms of oppression, did not portray the zamindars (or, interestingly, the moneylender) as exploiters or oppressors of the peasantry.

Usually it was the revenue official of the state who was the object of their ire.
Second, in a large number of agrarian uprisings which erupted in north India in the seventeenth century, zamindars often received the support of the peasantry in their struggle against the state.

1. Which aspects highlight the view that zamindars were not exploitative class in the period of the Mughals?

Answer:
There are two aspects which reinforce the view that zamindars were not an exploitative class, rather their relationship with the peasantry had an element of reciprocity, paternalism and patronage. These aspects are as follow:

• The first aspect is that, the bhakti saints, who eloquently condemned caste-based and other forms of oppression did not portray the zamindars (or, interestingly, the moneylenders) as exploiters or oppressors of the peasantry. Usually it was the revenue official of the state who was the object of their ire.
• Second aspect explains that, in a large number of agrarian uprisings which erupted in north India in the 17th century, zamindars often received the support of the peasantry in their struggle against the state.

Important Questions for Class 12 History

The post Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 8 Peasants, Zamindars and the State (Agrarian Society and the Mughal Empire) appeared first on Learn CBSE.

NTSE Preparation Tips 2019-20: National Talent Search Examination is popularly known as NTSE and prestigious scholarship programs in India. Every lakhs of students will apply for this scholarship program along with them only a 1000 students will get NTSE Scholarship and become NTSE Scholar based on performance. NTSE exam is conducted only for class 10 students by NCERT as sate level and national level. Aspiring students must have a proper NTSE Preparation strategy to achieve the scholarship reward.

Before starting preparation students first step is to know about NTSE Exam Pattern and NTSE Syllabus. Get some tricks and tips from this article.

NTSE Preparation 2019-20 – Tips to become an NTSE Scholar

Before getting into the NTSE Preparation aspirants must know about NTSE Exam. NTSE Exam is conducted in two stages, the first stage is the state level exam and the second stage is a national level exam. Both stages of NTSE Exam have two papers namely SAT and MAT. Exam Pattern for both the stages of NTSE Exam is exam but the difference is actually in questions.

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Check Detailed NTSE Exam Syallubs 2019-20

NTSE Preparation Tips for MAT Section

As mentioned earlier each stage of NTSE Exam ha two papers. Best way to prepare both papers is knowing the nature of each paper.

Mental Ability Test is popularly known as MAT to gauge one’s mental ability to reason, judge, evaluate and visualize in spatial orientation. MAT section of NTSE exam will have a variety of aptitude questions based on analogies, classification, series, pattern perception, hidden figures, coding-decoding, block assembly, problem-solving, etc. This section might be the most important section of both as it has a good hold on the NTSE Selection. Candidates must give ample amount of time for this section of NTSE preparation. While regular practice aids in cracking this section, you can also try a few of the NTSE tips and tricks for MAT section from below

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Scholastic Aptitude Test also known as SAT is another paper in both stages of NTSE 2019-20. This section is conducted to assess the reasoning and logical ability of the candidates. SAT paper of NTSE 2019-20 will test the students’ potential concerning their mental abilities, languages, scholastic aptitudes and social sciences. Referring to the NCERT Books will help to score well in this section. Also, going through a good general knowledge book for ‘out of the course’ questions will aid in score improvisation.

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Find Out Detailed NTSE 2019-20 Notification

NTSE Preparation Tips to Become a Scholar

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The post NTSE Preparation 2019-20 | Check Effective Tips and Tricks to Become an NTSE Scholar appeared first on Learn CBSE.

Important Questions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 4 Quadratic Equations

Quadratic Equations Class 10 Important Questions Very Short Answer (1 Mark)

Question 1.
Find the roots of the equation x2 – 3x – m (m + 3) = 0, where m is a constant. (2011OD)
Solution:
x² – 3x – m(m + 3) = 0
D = b² – 4ac
D = (- 3)² – 4(1) [-m(m + 3)]
= 9 + 4m (m + 3)
= 4m² + 12m + 9 = (2m + 3)²

∴ x = m + 3 or -m

Question 2.
If 1 is a root of the equations ay² + ay + 3 = 0 and y² + y + b = 0, then find the value of ab. (2012D)
Solution:
ay² + ay + 3 = 0
a(1)² + a(1) + 3 = 0
2a = -3
a =

y² + y + b = 0
1² + 1 + b = 0
b = -2
∴ ab = = 3

Question 3.
If x = – , is a solution of the quadratic equation 3x² + 2kx – 3 = 0, find the value of k. (2015D)
Solution:
The given quadratic equation can be written as, 3x² + 2kx – 3 = 0

Question 4.
If the quadratic equation px\frac{1}{2} – 2 px + 15 = 0 has two equal roots, then find the value of p. (2015OD)
Solution:
The given quadratic equation can be written as px\frac{1}{2} – 2 px + 15 = 0
Here a = p, b = – 2 p, c = 15
For equal roots, D = 0
D = b² – 4ac – 0 …[∵ Equal roots
0 = (-2p)² – 4 × p × 15
0 = 4 × 5p² – 60p
0 = 20p² – 60p => 20p² = 60p
p = = 3 ∴ p = 3

Quadratic Equations Class 10 Important Questions Short Answer-I (2 Marks)

Question 5.
Find the value of p so that the quadratic equation px(x – 3) + 9 = 0 has two equal roots. (2011D, 2014OD)
Solution:
We have, px (x – 3) + 9 = 0
px² – 3px + 9 = 0 Here a = p, b = -3p,
D = 0
b² – 4ac = 0 ⇒ (-3p)² – 4(p)(9) = 0
⇒ 9p² – 36p = 0
⇒ 9p (p – 4) = 0
⇒ 9p = 0 or p – 4= 0
p = 0 (rejected) or p = 4
∴ p = 4 ……..(∵ Coeff. of x² cannot be zero

Question 6.
Find the roots of 4x² + 3x + 5 = 0 by the method of completing the squares. (2011D)
Solution:
Here 4x² + 3x + 5 = 0


But cannot be negative for any real value of x.

Question 7.
Find the value of m so that the quadratic equation mx (x – 7) + 49 = 0 has two equal roots. (2011OD)
Solution:
We have, mx (x – 7) + 49 = 0
mx² – 7mx + 49 = 0
Here, a = m, b = – 7m, c = 49
D = b² – 4ac = 0 …[For equal roots
⇒ (-7m)² – 4(m) (49) = 0
⇒ 49m² – 4m (49) = 0
⇒ 49m (m – 4) = 0
⇒ 49m = 0 or m – 4 = 0
m = 0 (rejected) or m = 4
∴ m = 4

Question 8.
Solve for x:
36x² – 12ax + (a² – b²) = 0 (2011OD)
Solution:
We have, 36x² – 12ax + (a² – b²) = 0
⇒ (36x² – 12ax + a²) – b² = 0
⇒ [(6x)² – 2(6x)(a) + (a)²] – b² = 0
⇒ (6x – a)² – (b)² = 0 …[∵ x² – 2xy + y² = (x – y)²
⇒ (6x – a + b) (6x – a – b) = 0 „[∵ x² – y² = (x + y)(x – y)
⇒ 6x – a + b = 0 or 6x – a – b = 0
⇒ 6x = a – b or 6x = a + b
⇒ x = or

Question 9.
Find the value(s) of k so that the quadratic equation x² – 4kx + k = 0 has equal roots. (2012D)
Solution:
We have, x² – 4kx + k = 0
Here a = 1, b = -4k:, c = k D = 0 …[Since, Equal roots
As b² – 4ac = 0
⇒ (-4k)² – 4(1) (k) = 0
⇒ 16k² – 4k = 0 ⇒ 4k(4k – 1) = 0
⇒ 4k = 0 or 4k – 1 = 0
k = 0 (rejected) or 4k = 1
∴ k =

Question 10.
Find the value of k for which the equation x² + k(2x + k – 1) + 2 = 0 has real and equal roots. (2017D)
Solution:
We have, x² + k(2x + k – 1) + 2 = 0
x² + 2kx + k² – k + 2 = 0
Here a = 1, b = 2k, c = k² – k + 2
D = 0 …[real and equal roots
∴ b² – 4ac = 0
⇒ (2k)² – 4 × 1(k² – k + 2) = 0
⇒ 4k² – 4 (k² – k + 2) = 0
⇒ 4(k² – k² + k – 2) = 0 ⇒ 4(k – 2) = 0
⇒ k – 2 = 0 ⇒ k = 2

Question 11.
Find the value of p for which the roots of the equation px(x – 2) + 6 = 0, are equal. (2012OD)
Solution:
We have , px(x – 2) + 6 = 0
px² – 2px + 6 = 0, p ≠ 0
Two equal roots …[Given
b² – 4ac = 0 ….[a = p, b = -2p, c = 6
∴ (-2p)² – 4(p)(6) = 0
4p² – 24p = 0 ⇒ 4p(p – 6) = 0
4p = 0 or p – 6 = 0
p = 0 (rejected) or p = 6
Since p cannot be equal to 0.
…[Standard form of a quad. eq. ax² + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0
∴ P = 6

Question 12.
Solve the following quadratic equation for x: 4x² + 5x – 2 = 0 (2013D)
Solution:
4x² + 5x – 2 = 0
4x² + 8x – 3x – 2 =0
4x(x + 2) – (x + 2) = 0
(x + 2)(4x – ) = 0
x + 2 = 0 or 4x – = 0

Question 13.
Solve the following for x: x² + 7x + 5 = 0 (2017D )
Solution:
x² + 7x + 5 = 0
⇒ x² + 5x + 2x + 5 = 0
x(x + 5) + (x + 5) = 0
(x + 5)(x + ) = 0

Question 14.
Solve the quadratic equation 2x² + ax – a² = 0 for x. (2014D)
Solution:
We have, 2x² + ax – a² = 0
2x² + 2ax – ax – a² = 0
2x(x + a) – a(x + a) = 0
(x + a) (2x – a) = 0
x + a = 0 or 2x – a = 0
∴ x = -a or x =
Alternatively:
First calculate D = b² – 4ac
Then apply x =
We get x = -a, x =

Question 15.
Find the values of p for which the quadratic equation 4x² + px + 3 = 0 has equal roots. (2014OD)
Solution:
Given: 4x² + px + 3 = 0
Here a = 4, b = p. (= 3 … [Equal roots
D = 0 (Equal roots)
As b² – 4ac = 0
∴ (p)² – 4(4)(3) = 0
= p² – 48 = 0 ⇒ p² = 48
∴ p =

Question 16.
Solve the following quadratic equation for x: 4x²– 4a²x + (a⁴ – b⁴) = 0. (2015D)
Solution:
The given quadratic equation can be written as,
4x² – 4a²x + (a4⁴ – b⁴) = 0
(4x² – 4a²x + a⁴) – b⁴ = 0
or (2x – a²)² – (b²)² = 0
⇒ (2x – a² + b²) (2x – a² – b²) = 0
⇒ (2x – a² + b²) = 0 or (2x – a² – b²) = 0
∴ x = or x =

Question 17.
Solve the following quadratic equation for x: 9x² – 6b²x – (a⁴ – b⁴) = 0 (2015D)
Solution:
The given quadratic equation can be written as
(9x² – 6b²x + b⁴) – a⁴ = 0
⇒ (3x – b²)² – (a²)² = 0
⇒ (3x – b² + a²) (3x – b² – a²) = 0 …[:: x² – y² = (x + y) (x – y)
⇒ 3x – b² + a² = 0 or 3x – b² – a² = 0
⇒ 3x = b² – a² or 3x = b² + a²

Question 18.
Solve the following quadratic equation for x: 4x² + 4bx – (a² – b²) = 0 (20150D)
Solution: The given quadratic equation can be written as
4x² + 4bx + b² – a²2 = 0
⇒ (2x + b)² – (a)² = 0
⇒ (2x + b + a) (2x + b – a) = 0 …[x² – y² = (x + y)(x – y)
⇒ (2x + b + a) = 0 or (2x + b – a) = 0
⇒ 2x = -(a + b) or 2x = (a – b)

Question 19.
Solve the following quadratic equation for x: x² – 2ax – (4b² – a²) = 0) (2015OD)
Solution:
Given quadratic equation can be written as
x² – 2ax – 4b² + a² = 0.
(x² – 2ax + a²) – 4b² = 0 or (x – a)² – (2b)² = 0
As we know,
[a² – b² = (a + b)(a – b)]
∴ (x – a + 2b) (x – a – 2b) = 0
⇒ x – a + 2b = 0 or x – a – 2b = 0
⇒ x = a – 2b or x = a + 2b
⇒ x = a – 2b and x = a + 2b

Question 20.
If x = and x = -3 are roots of the quadratic equation ax² + 7x + b = 0, find the values of a and b. (2016D)
Solution:
We have, ax² + 7x + b = 0
Here ‘a’ = a, ‘b’ = 7, ‘c’ = b
Now, α = and β = -3 … [Given

Question 21.
Find the value of p, for which one root of the quadratic equation px² – 14x + 8 = 0 is 6 times the other. (20170D)
Solution:
Given equation is px² – 14x + 8 = 0.
Here a = p b = -14 c = 8
Let roots be a and 6α.

Question 22.
If -5 is a root of the quadratic equation 2x² + px – 15 = 0 and the quadratic equation p(x² + x) + k = 0 has equal roots, find the value of k. (2016OD)
Solution:
We have, 2x² + px – 15 =0
Since (-5) is a root of the given equation
∴ 2(-5)² + p(-5) – 15 = 0
⇒ 2(25) – 5p – 15 = 0
⇒ 50 – 15 = 5p
⇒ 35 = 5p ⇒ p = 7 …(i)
Now, p(x² + x) + k ⇒ px² + px + k = 0
7x² + 7x + k = 0 …[From (i)
Here, a = 7, b = 7, c = k
D = 0 …[Roots are equal
b² – 4ac = 0
⇒ (7)² – 4(7)k = 0 ⇒ 49 – 28k = 0
⇒ 49 = 28k ∴ k =

Question 23.
Solve for x: + x = 13. (20160D)
Solution:
+ x = 13 …(i)
⇒ = 13 – x
⇒ ()² = (13 – x)² …[Squaring both sides
⇒ 2x + 9 = 169 + x²2 – 26x
⇒ 0 = 169 + x²2 – 26x – 2x – 9
⇒ x² – 28x + 160 = 0
⇒ x² – 20x – 8x + 160 = 0
⇒ x(x – 20) – 8(x – 20) = 0
⇒ (x – 20) (x – 8) = 0
⇒ x – 8 = 0 or x – 20 = 0
⇒ x = 8 or x = 20
Checking, When x = 8 in (i)
+ 8 = 13
+ 8 = 13
5 + 8 = 13 ⇒ 13 = 13 …[True
∴ x = 8 is the solution.
Checking, When x = 20 in (i),
+ 20 = 13 … [From (1)
+ 20 = 13
7 + 20 ≠ 13 …[False
∴ x = 20 is not a solution.
Therefore, x = 8 is the only solution.

Question 24.
Solve for x: – (2x – 7) = 0 (20160D)
Solution:
– (2x – 7) = 0…(i)
⇒ = 2x – 7
⇒ ()² = (2x – 7)² …[Squaring both sides
⇒ 6x + 7 = 4x² – 28x + 49
⇒ 0 = 4x² – 28x – 6x – 7 + 49
⇒ 4x² – 34x + 42 = 0
⇒ 2x² – 17x + 21 = 0 …[Dividing by 2
⇒ 2x² – 14x – 3x + 21 = 1
⇒ 2x(x – 7) – 3(x – 7) = 0
⇒ (x – 7) (2x – 3) = 0
⇒ x – 7 = 0 or 2x – 3 = 0 =
x= 7 or x =
Checking: When x = 7 in (i),
– [2(7) – 7] = 0
– (14 – 7) = 0
7 – 7 = 0 … [True
Checking: When x = in (i),
= 0
– (3 – 7) = 0
– (-4) = 0
4 + 4 ≠ 0
∴ x = 7 is the only solution.

Quadratic Equations Class 10 Important Questions Short Answer-II (3 Marks)

Question 25.
ind the roots of the following quadratic equation: 2x² – 5x + = 0 (2011D)
Solution:
We have, 2x² – 5x + = 0
Here, a = 2, h = -5, c =
D = b² – 4ac
∴ D = (-5)² – 4 (2)()
= 25 – 24 = 1

Question 26.
Solve for x: 4x² – 4ax + (a² – b²) = 0 (2011OD)
Solution:
4x² – 4ax + (a² – b²) = 0
⇒ [4x² – 4ax + a²] – b² = 0
⇒ [(2x)² – 2(2x)(a) + (a)²] – b² = 0
⇒ (2x – a)² – (b)² = 0
⇒ (2x – a + b) (2x – a – b) = 0
⇒ 2x – a + b = 1 or 2x – a – b = 0
2x = a – b or 2x = a + b
∴ x = or x =

Question 27.
Solve for x: 3x²} – 2 x + 2 = 0 (2012D)
Solution:
3x²} – 2 x + 2 = 0
⇒ 3x² – x – x + 2 = 0
⇒ x (x – – (x – ) = 0
⇒ (x – )(x – ) = 0
⇒ x – = 0 ⇒ x =
∴ x = ….[

Question 28.
Find the value(s) of k so that the quadratic equation 2x² + kx + 3 = 0 has equal roots. (2012D)
Solution:
Given: 2x² + kx + 3 = 0
Here a = 2, b = k, c= 3
D = 0 … [Since roots are equal
As b² – 4ac = 0 ∴ K² – 4(2)(3) = 0
K² – 24 = 0 or k² = 24
∴ k =

Question 29.
Find the value(s) of k so that the quadratic equation 3x² – 2kx + 12 = 0 has equal roots. (2012D)
Solution:
Given: 3x² – 2kx + 12 = 0
Here a = 3, b = -2k, c = 12
D = 0 … [Since roots are equal As
b² – 4ac = 0
∴ (-2k)² – 4(3) (12) = 0
⇒ 4k² – 144 = 0 ⇒ k² = = 36
∴ k =

Question 30.
Solve the following quadratic equation for x: x² – 4ax – b² + 4a² = 0 (2012OD)
Solution:
We have, x² – 4ax – b² + 4a² = 0
⇒ x² – 4ax + 4a² – b\frac{144}{4} = 0
⇒ [(x)\frac{144}{4} – 2(x)(2a) + (2a)\frac{144}{4}] – (b)² = 0
(x – 2a)² – (b)² = 0
(x – 2a + b) (x – 2a – b) = 0
x – 2a + b = 0 or x – 2a – b = 0
∴ x = 2a – b or x = 2a + b

Question 31.
Find the value of k for which the roots of the equation kx(3x – 4) + 4 = 0, are equal. (20120D)
Solution:
We have, kx(3x – 4) + 4 = 0
3kx² – 4kx + 4 = 0
Here a = 3k, b = -4k, c = 4
D = 0 … [Since roots are equal
b² – 4ac = 0
∴ (-4k)² – 4(3k) (4) = 0
16k² – 48k = 0
16k (k – 3) = 0
16k = 0 or k – 3 = 0
k = 0 or k = 3
…[Rejecting k = 0, as coeff. of x² cannot be zero
∴ k = 3

Question 32.
Find the value of m for which the roots of the equation. mx (6x + 10) + 25 = 0, are equal. (2012OD)
Solution:
We have, mx(6x + 10) + 25 = 0
6mx² + 10mx + 25 = 0
Here a = 6m, b = 10m, c = 25
D = 0 … Since roots are equal
b² – 4ac = 0
∴ (10m)² – 4(6m) (25) = 0
100m² – 600m = 0 ⇒ 100m (m – 6) = 0
100m = 0 or m – 6 = 0
m = 0 or m = 6
…[Rejecting m = 0, as coeff. of x² cannot be zero
∴ m = 6

Question 33.
For what value of k, the roots of the quadratic equation kx(x – 2) + 10 = 0, are equal? (2013D)
Solution:
We have, kx(x – 2) + 10 = 0
kx² – 2kx + 10 = 0
Here a = k, b= -2k, c= 10
D = 0 …[∵ Roots are equal
As b² – 4ac = 0
∴ (-2 k)² – 4(k)(10) = 0
20k² – 40k = 0
⇒ 20k(k – 2) = 0
∴ 20k = 0 or k – 2 = 0
k = 0 (rejected) or k = 2
…[∵ Coeff. of x² cannot be zero
∴ k= 2

Question 34.
For what values of k, the roots of the quadratic equation (k + 4)x² + (k + 1)x + 1 = 0 are equal? (2013D)
Solution:
We have, (k + 4) x² + (k + 1) x + 1 = 0
Here, a = k + 4, b = k + 1, c = 1
D =0 …[∵ Roots are equal
b² – 4ac = 0
∴ (k + 1)² – 4(k + 4)(1) = 0
k² + 2k + 1 – 4k – 16 = 0
k² – 2k – 15 = 0
k² – 5k + 3k – 15 = 0
k(k – 5) + 3(k – 5) = 0
(k – 5)(k + 3) = 0
k – 5 = 0 or k + 3= 0
k = 5 or k = -3
∴ k = 5 and -3

Question 35.
For what value of k, are the roots of the quadratic equation: (k – 12)x² + 2(k – 12)x + 2 = 0 equal? (2013OD)
Solution:
We have, (k – 12)x² + 2(k – 12)x + 2 = 0
The given quadratic equation will have equal roots if D = 0 ⇒ b² – 4ac = 0
Here a = (k – 12), b = 2(k – 12), c = 2
b² – 4ac = 0
0 = 4(k – 12)² – 4 × (k – 12) × 2
0 = (k – 12)[4(k – 12) – 4 × 2]
0 = (k – 12) 4[k – 12 – 2]
0 = 4(k – 12) (k – 14)
∴ 4(k – 12)(k – 14) = 0
∴ k = 12 (rejected) or k = 14
But k cannot be equal to 12 because in that case the given equation will imply 2 = 0 which is not true.
∴ k = 14

Question 36.
For what value of k, are the roots of the quadratic equation y² + k² = 2 (k + 1)y equal? (2013OD)
Solution:
y² + k² = 2(k + 1)y
y² – 2(k + 1)y + k² = 0
Here a = 1, b = -2(k + 1), c = k²
D = 0 … [Roots are equal
b² – 4ac = 0
∴ [-2(k + 1)]² – 4 × (1) × (k²) = 0
⇒ 4(k² + 2k + 1) – 4k² = 0
⇒ 4k² + 8k + 4 – 4k² = 0
⇒ 8k + 4 = 0
⇒ 8k = -4 ∴ k =

Question 37.
Find that non-zero value of k, for which the quadratic equation kx² + 1 – 2(k – 1)x + x² = 0 has equal roots. Hence find the roots of the equation. (2015D)
Solution:
The given quadratic equation can be written as
kx² + x² – 2(k – 1)x + 1 = 0
(k + 1) x² – 2 (k – 1) x + 1 = 0 …(i)
Here, a = (k + 1), b = -2(k – 1), c = 1
For equal roots, D = 0
D = b² – 4ac
⇒ (-2(k – 1)]² – 4 × (k + 1) × 1 = 0
⇒ 4(k − 1)² – 4(k + 1) = 0
⇒ 4k² + 4 – 8k – 4k – 4 = 0
⇒ 4k² – 12k = 0 ⇒ 4k(k – 3) = 0
k = 3 or k = 0 (rejected)
∴ k = 3
Putting k = 3 put in equation (i), we get
⇒ 4x² – 4x + 1 = 0
⇒ 4x² – 2x – 2x + 1 = 0
⇒ 2x(2x – 1) – 1(2x – 1) = 0
⇒ (2x – 1) (2x – 1) = 0
⇒ 2x – 1 = 0 or 2x – 1 = 0
⇒ x = or x =
Roots are

Question 38.
Find that value of p for which the quadratic equation (p + 1)x² – 6(p + 1)x + 3 (p + 9) = 0, p ≠ -1 had equal roots. (2015D(
Solution:
For the given quadratic equation to have equal roots, D = 0
Here a = (p + 1), b = -6(p + 1), c = 3(p + 9)
D = b² – 4ac
⇒ [-6(p + 1)]² – 4(p + 1).3 (p + 9) = 0
⇒ 36(p + 1)² – 12(p + 1) (p + 9) = 0
⇒ 12(p + 1) (3p + 3 – p – 9) = 0
⇒ 12(p + 1)(2p – 6) = 0
⇒ 24(p + 1)(p – 3) = 0
⇒ p + 1 = 0 or p – 3 = 0
⇒ p = -1 (rejected) or p = 3
∴ p = 3

Question 39.
Solve for x: x² – 2x – 2 = 0 (2015OD)
Solution:
The given quadratic equation can be written as
x² – 2x – 2 = 0
Here, a = , b = -2, c= -2
D = b² – 4ac

Question 40.
Solve for x: 2x² + 6x – 60 = 0 (2015OD)
Solution:
Given equation can be written as
2(x² + 3 x – 30) = 0
x² + 3 x – 30 = 0
Here, a = 1, b = 3, C = -30
D = b² – 4ac

Question 41.
If the roots of the quadratic equation (a – b)x² + (b – c)x + (c – a) = 0 are equal, prove that 2a = b + c. (2016OD)
Solution:
Here’a’ = a – b, ‘b’ = b – c, ‘c’ = c – a
D = 0 ….[Roots are equal
b² – 4ac = 0
⇒ (b – c)² – 4(a – b)(c – a) = 0
⇒ b² + c² – 2bc – 4(ac – a² – bc + ab) = 0
⇒ b² + c² – 2bc – 4ac + 4a² + 4bc – 4ab = 0
⇒ 4a² + b2² + c² – 4ab + 2bc – 4ac = 0
⇒ (-2a)² + (b)² + (c)2² + 2(-2a)(b) + 2(b)(c) + 2(c)(-2a) = 0
⇒ [(-2a) + (b) + (c)]² = 0
….[∵ x² + y² + z² + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx = (x + y + z)²
Taking square-root on both sides
-2a + b + c = 0
⇒ b + c = 2a ∴ 2a = b + c

Question 42.
Solve the equation , for x. (2014D)
Solution:

⇒ 5x = (2x + 3) (4 – 3x)
⇒ 5x = 8x – 6x² + 12 – 9x
⇒ 5x – 8x + 6x² – 12 + 9x = 0
⇒ 6x² + 6x – 12 = 0
⇒ x² + x – 2 = 0 …[Dividing by 6
⇒ x² + 2x – x – 2 = 0
⇒ x(x + 2) – 1(x + 2) = 0
⇒ x – 1 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
∴ x = 1 or x = -2

Question 43.
Solve the equation ; x ≠ -1, x ≠ for x. (2014D)
Solution:

⇒ 2(2x + 2) = (5 – x)(3x – 1)
⇒ 4x + 4 = 15x – 5 – 3x² + x
⇒ 4x + 4 – 15x + 5 + 3x² – x = 0
⇒ 3x² – 12x + 9 = 0
⇒ x² – 4x + 3 = 0 …[Dividing by 3
⇒ x² – 3x – x + 3 = 0
⇒ x(x – 3) – 1(x – 3) = 0
⇒ (x – 1) (x – 3) = 0
⇒ x – 1 = 0 or x – 3 = 0
∴ x = 1 or x = 3

Question 44.
Solve the equation ; x ≠ -3, -1, for x. (2014D)
Solution:

⇒ 5(x + 3) = (11 – x) (x + 1)
⇒ 5x + 15 = 11x + 11 – x² – x
⇒ 5x + 15 – 11x – 11 + x² + x = 0
⇒ x² – 5x + 4 = 0
⇒ x² – 4x – x + 4 = 0
⇒ x(x – 4) – 1(x – 4) = 0
⇒ (x – 1) (x – 4) = 0
⇒ x – 1=0 or x – 4 = 0
⇒ x= 1 or x = 4

Question 45.
Solve for x: = 0, x ≠ 3,
Solution:

⇒ 4x² + 6x + x – 3 + 3x + 9 = 0
⇒ 4x² + 10x + 6 = 0
⇒ 2x² + 5x + 3 = 0 …[Dividing both sides by 2
⇒ 2x² + 3x + 2x + 3 = 0
⇒ x(2x + 3) + 1(2x + 3) = 0
⇒ (2x + 3) (x + 1) = 0
⇒ 2x + 3 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
⇒ x= or x = -1
But, x ≠ 2 …[Given
∴ x= -1 is the only solution.

Question 46.
Solve for x: ; x ≠1, -2, 2 (2016D)
Solution:

⇒ (2x² + 4)(x – 2) = (2x – 11)(x² + x – 2)
⇒ 2x³ – 4x² + 4x – 8 = 2x³ + 2x² – 4x – 11x² – 11x + 22
⇒ 2x³ – 4x² + 4x – 8 – 2x³ – 2x² + 4x + 11x² + 11x – 22 = 0
⇒ 5x² + 19x – 30 = 0
⇒ 5x² + 25x – 6x – 30 = 0
⇒ 5x(x + 5) – 6(x + 5) = 0
⇒ (x + 5) (5x – 6) = 0
⇒ x + 5 = 0 or 5x – 6 = 0
⇒ x = -5 or x =

Question 47.
Solve the following quadratic equation for x: (2016D)
Solution:

Question 48.
Solve for x: , x ≠ 1, 2, 3 (2016OD)
Solution:

⇒ (x – 1)(x – 3) = 3
⇒ x² – 3x – x + 3 – 3 = 0
⇒ x² – 4x = 0 ⇒ x(x – 4) = 0
⇒ x = 0 or x – 4 = 0
∴ x = 0 or x = 4

Question 49.
Three consecutive natural numbers are such that the square of the middle number exceeds the difference of the squares of the other two by 60. Find the numbers. (2016OD)
Solution:
Let three consecutive natural numbers are x, x + 1, x + 2.
According to the question,
(x + 1)² – [(x + 2)² – x²] = 60
⇒ x² + 2x + 1 – (x² + 4x + 4 – x²) = 60
⇒ x² + 2x + 1 – 4x – 4 – 60 = 0
⇒ x² – 2x – 63 = 0
⇒ x² – 9x + 7x – 63 = 0
⇒ x(x – 9) + 7(x – 9) = 0
⇒ (x – 9) (x + 7) = 0
⇒ x – 9 = 0 or x + 7 = 0
⇒ x = 9 or x = -7
Natural nos. can not be -ve, ∴ x = 9
∴ Numbers are 9, 10, 11.

Question 50.
If the sum of two natural numbers is 8 and their product is 15, find the numbers. (2012OD)
Solution:
Let the numbers be x and (8 – x).
According to the Question,
x(8 – x) = 15
⇒ 8x – x² = 15
⇒ 0 = x² – 8x + 15
⇒ x² – 5x – 3x + 15 = 0
⇒ x(x – 5) – 3(x – 5) = 0
⇒ (x – 3)(x – 5) = 0
x – 3 = 0 or x – 5 = 0
x = 3 or x = 5
When x = 3, numbers are 3 and 5.
When x = 5, numbers are 5 and 3.

Quadratic Equations Class 10 Important Questions Long Answer (4 Marks)

Question 51.
Find the values of k for which the quadratic equation (3k + 1)x² + 2(k + 1)x + 1 = 0 has equal roots. Also find the roots. (2014D)
Solution:
(3k + 1)x² + 2(k + 1) + 1 = 0
Here, a = 3k + 1, b = 2(k + 1), c = 1
D = 0 …[∵ Roots are equal
As b² – 4ac = 0
∴ [2(k + 1)]² – 4(3k + 1)(1) = 0
4(k + 1)² – 4(3k + 1) = 0
4(k² + 2k + 1 – 3k – 1) = 0
(k² – k) = ⇒ k(k – 1) = 0
k = 0 or k – 1 = 0
∴ k = 0 or k = 1
Roots are x = ..[As equal roots (Given)
x = ⇒ x =
When k = 0, x = = -1
∴ Equal roots are -1 and -1
When k = 1, x =
x=
∴ Equal roots are

Question 52.
Find the value of p for which the quadratic equation (2p + 1)x² – (7p + 2)x + (7p – 3) = 0 has equal roots. Also find these roots. (2014D)
Solution:
(2p + 1)x² – (7p + 2)x + (7p – 3) = 0
Here, a = 2p + 1, b = -(7p + 2), c = 7p – 3
D = 0 …[∵ Equal roots As h2 – 4ac = 0
∴ [-(7p + 2)]² – 4(2p + 1)(7p – 3) = 0
⇒ (7p + 2)² – 4(14p² – 6p + 7p – 3) = 0
⇒ 49p² + 28p + 4 – 56p² + 24p – 28p + 12 = 0
⇒ -7p² + 24p + 16 = 0
⇒ 7p² – 24p – 16 = 0 … [Dividing both sides by -1
⇒ 7p² – 28p + 4p – 16 = 0
⇒ 7p(p – 4) + 4(p – 4) = 0
⇒ (p – 4) (7p + 4) = 0
⇒ p – 4 = 0 or 7p + 4 = 0
⇒ p = 4 or p =


∴ Equal roots are 7 and 7.

Question 53.
Find the roots of the equation , x ≠ -4, 7 (2011D)
Solution:

⇒ (x + 4)(x – 7) = – 30
⇒ x² – 7x + 4x – 28 + 30 = 0
⇒ x² – 3x + 2 = 0
⇒ x² – x – 2x + 2 = 0
⇒ x(x – 1) – 2(x – 1) = 0
⇒ (x – 1)(x – 2) = 0
⇒ x – 1 = 0 or x – 2 = 0
∴ x = 1 or x = 2

Question 54.
Find the roots of the equation: , x ≠ , 5. (2011OD)
Solution:

Question 55.
Solve for x:
; x ≠ 0, 2, 3 (2013OD)
Solution:


⇒ 8(x – 3)(x – 2) = x(3x – 8)
⇒ 8(x² – 3x – 2x +6) = 3x² – 8x
⇒ 8x² – 24x – 16x + 48 – 3x² + 8x = 0
⇒ 5x² – 32x + 48 = 0
⇒ 5x² – 20x – 12x + 48 = 0
⇒ 5x(x – 4) – 12(x – 4) = 0
⇒ (x – 4)(5x – 12) = 0
⇒ x – 4 = 0 or 5x – 12 = 0
x = 4 or x =

Question 56.
Solve for x: ; x ≠ 0, (2013OD)
Solution:

⇒ 5x = (2x + 3 (4 – 3x)
⇒ 5x = 8x – 6x² + 12 – 9x
⇒ 5x – 8x + 6x² – 12 + x = 0
⇒ 6x + 6x – 12 = 0
⇒ x² + x – 2 = 0 …[Dividing by 6
⇒ x² + 2x – x – 2 = 0
⇒ x(x + 2) – 1(x + 2) = 0
⇒ (x – 1)(x + 2) = 0
⇒ x – 1 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
∴ x = 1 or x = -2

Question 57.
Solve for x: ; x ≠ 3, 5 (2014OD)
Solution:

⇒ 4(x² – 8x + 15) = (6x – 24)
⇒ 4x² – 32x + 60 – 6x + 24 = 0
⇒ 4x² – 38x + 84 = 0
⇒ 2x² – 19x + 42 = 0 …[Dividing by 2
⇒ 2x² – 12x – 7x + 42 = 0
⇒ 2x(x -6) – 7(x – 6) = 0
⇒ (x – 6) (2x – 7) = 0
⇒ x – 6 = 0 or 2x – 7 = 0
∴ x = 6 or x =

Question 58.
Solve for x: (2015D)
Solution:

⇒ [3(x – 1) + 4(x + 1)] [4x – 1] = 29(x² – 1)
⇒ (3x – 3 + 4x + 4) [4x – 1] = 29(x² – 1)
⇒ (7x + 1) (4x – 1) = 29x² – 29
⇒ 28x² – 3x – 1 = 29x² – 29
⇒ x² + 3x – 28 = 0
⇒ x² + 7x – 4x – 28 = 0
⇒ x(x + 7) – 4(x + 7) = 0
⇒ (x + 7) (x – 4) = 0
x = -7 or x = 4
∴ x = -7 and 4

Question 59.
Solve for x: (2015D)
Solution:

⇒ 5x[4 (x – 2) + 3x + 3) = 46(x + 1) (x – 2)
⇒ 5x[4x – 8 + 3x + 3) = 46[x² – 1x – 2]
⇒ 5x (7x – 5) = 46 (x² – x – 2)
⇒ 35x² – 25x = 46x² – 46x – 92
⇒ 35x² – 46x² – 25x + 46x + 92 = 0
⇒ 11x² – 21x – 92 = 0
Here, a = 11, b = -21, c = -92
D = b² – 4ac
= (-21)² – 4 × 11 × (-92)
= 441 + 4048 = 4489

Question 60.
Find x in terms of a, b and c: , x ≠ a, b, c (2016D)
Solution:

⇒ (x – c)[ax – ab + bx – ab] = 2c(x – a)(x – b)
⇒ (x – c)(ax + bx – 2ab) = 2c(x² – bx – ax + ab)
⇒ ax² + bx² – 2abx – acx – bcx + 2abc = 2cx² – 2bcx – 2cax + 2abc
⇒ ax² + bx² – 2abx – acx – bcx – 2cx² + 2bcx + 2cax = 0
⇒ ax² + bx² – 2cx² – 2abx + bcx + cax = 0
⇒ x²(a + b – 2c) + x(-2ab + bc + ca) = 0
⇒ x[x (a + b – 2c) + (-2ab + bc + ca)] = 0
⇒ x = 0 or x (a + b – 2c) + (-2ab + bc + ca) = 0
⇒ x = 0 or x (a + b – 2c) = 2ab – bc – ca = 0
∴ x =

Question 61.
Solve the following for x: (2013D)
Solution:

⇒ 2x² + 2ax + bx + ab = 0
⇒ 2x (x + a) + b(x + a) = 0
⇒ (x + a) (2x + b) = 0
⇒ x + a = 0 or 2x + b = 0
⇒ x = -a or x =

Question 62.
A shopkeeper buys some books for 80. If he had bought 4 more books for the same amount, each book would have cost ₹1 less. Find the number of books he bought. (2012D)
Solution:
Let the number of books he bought = x
Increased number of books he had bought = x +4
Total amount = ₹80
According to the problem,

⇒ x(x + 4) = 320
⇒ x² + 4x – 320 = 0
⇒ x² + 20x – 16x – 320 = 0
⇒ x(x + 20) – 16(x + 20) = 0
⇒ (x + 20) (x – 16) = 0
⇒ x + 20 = 0 or x – 16 = 0
⇒ x = -20 … (neglected) or x = 16
∴ Number of books he bought = 16

Question 63.
Sum of the areas of two squares is 400 cm². If the difference of their perimeters is 16 cm, find the sides of the two squares. (2013D)
Solution:
Let the side of Large square = x cm
Let the side of small square = y cm
According to the Question,
x² + y² = 400… (i) …[∵ area of square = (side)²
4x – 4y = 16 …[∵ Perimeter of square = 4 sides
⇒ x – y = 4 … [Dividing both sides by 4
⇒ x = 4 + y …(ii)
Putting the value of x in equation (i),
(4 + y)² + y2² = 400
⇒ y² + 8y + 16 + y² – 400 = 0
⇒ 2y² + 8y – 384 = 0
⇒ y² + 4y – 192 = 0 … [Dividing both sides by 2
⇒ y² + 16y – 12y – 192 = 0
⇒ y(y + 16) – 12(y + 16) = 0
⇒ (y – 12)(y + 16) = 0
⇒ y – 12 = 0 or y + 16 = 0
⇒ y = 12 or y = -16 … [Neglecting negative value
∴ Side of small square = y = 12 cm
and Side of large square = x = 4 + 12 = 16 cm

Question 64.
The diagonal of a rectangular field is 16 metres more than the shorter side. If the longer side is 14 metres more than the shorter side, then find the lengths of the sides of the field. (2015OD)
Solution:
Let the length of shorter side be x m.
∴ length of diagonal = (x + 16) m
and length of longer side = (x + 14) m
Using pythagoras theorem,
(l)² + (b)² = (h)²
∴ x² + (x + 14)2² = (x + 16)²
⇒ x² + x² + 196 + 28x = x² + 256 + 32x
⇒ x² – 4x – 60 = 0
⇒ x² – 10x + 6x – 60 = 0
⇒ x(x – 10) + 6(x – 10) = 0
⇒ (x – 10) (x + 6) = 0
⇒ x – 10 = 0 or x + 6 = 0
⇒ x = 10 or x = -6 (Reject)
⇒ x = 10 m …[As length cannot be negative
Length of shorter side = x = 10 m
Length of diagonal = (x + 16) m = 26 m
Length of longer side = (x + 14)m = 24m
∴ Length of sides are 10 m and 24 m.

Question 65.
The sum of three numbers in A.P. is 12 and sum of their cubes is 288. Find the numbers. (2016D)
Solution:
Let three numbers in A.P. are a – d, a, a + d.
a – d + a + a + d = 12
⇒ 3a = 12 ⇒a = 4
(a – d)³ + (a)³ + (a + d)³ = 288
⇒ a³ – 3a²d + 3ad² – d³ + a³ + a³ + 3a²d + 3ad² + d³ = 288
⇒ 3a³ + 6ad² = 288
⇒ 3a(a² + 2d²) = 288
⇒ 3 × 4(4² + 2d²) = 288
⇒ (16 + 2d²) =
⇒ 2d² = 24 – 16 = 8
⇒ d² = 4 ⇒ d = ± 2
When, a = 4, d = 2, numbers are –
a – d, a, a + d, i.e., 2, 4, 6
When, a = 4, d = -2, numbers are –
a – d, a, a + d, i.e., 6, 4, 2

Question 66.
The perimeter of a right triangle is 60 cm. Its hypotenuse is 25 cm. Find the area of the triangle. (2016D)
Solution:

Perimeter of right ∆ = 60 cm …[Given
a + b + c = 60
a + b + 25 = 60
a + b = 60 – 25 = 35 …(i)
In rt. ∆ACB, AC² + BC² = AB²
b² + a² = (25)² …[Pythagoras’ theorem
a² + b² = 625 ….(ii)
From (i), a + b = 35
(a + b)² = (35) … [Squaring both sides
a² + b² + 2ab = 1225
625 + 2ab = 1225 … [From (ii)
2ab = 1225 – 625 = 600 ⇒ ab = 300 … (iii)
Area of ∆ = × base × corresponding altitude
= × b × a = (300) ..[From (iii)
= 150 cm²

Question 67.
The sum of two numbers is 9 and the sum of their reciprocals is . Find the numbers. (2012D)
Solution:
Let the numbers be x and 9 – x.
According to the Question,


⇒ 18 = 9x – x²
⇒ x² – 9x + 18 = 0
⇒ x² – 3x – 6x + 18 = 0
⇒ x(x – 3) – 6(x – 3) = 0
⇒ (x – 3) (x – 6) = 0
⇒ x – 3 = 0 or x – 6 = 0
⇒ x = 3 or x = 6
When x = 3, nos. are 3 and 6.
When x = 6, nos. are 6 and 3.

Question 68.
The numerator of a fraction is 3 less than its denominator. If 1 is added to the denominator, the fraction is decreased by . Find the fraction. (20120D)
Solution:
Let the denominator be x and the numerator be x – 3.
∴ Fraction =
New denominator = x + 1
According to the Question,

⇒ 15x² – 45x = 14x² – 45x + 14x – 45
⇒ 15x² – 14x² – 14x + 45 = 0
⇒ x² – 14x + 45 = 0
⇒ x² – 5x – 9x + 45 = 0
⇒ x(x – 5) – 9(x – 5) = 0
⇒ (x – 5) (x – 9) = 0
⇒ x – 5 = 0 or x – 9 = 0
⇒ x = 5 or x = 9
When x = 5, fraction =
When x = 9, fraction =
∴ Fraction =

Question 69.
The difference of two natural numbers is 5 and the difference of their reciprocals is . Find the numbers. (2014D)
Solution:
Let the larger natural number be x and the smaller natural number be y.
According to the Question,

Question 70.
The difference of two natural numbers is 5 and the difference of their reciprocals is . Find the numbers. (2014D)
Solution:
Let the larger number be x and the smaller number be y.
According to the Question,

⇒ xy = 14
(5 + y)y = 14 … [From (i)
y² + 5y – 14 = 0
⇒ y² + 7y – 2y – 14 = 0
y(y + 7) – 2(y + 7) = 0
(y – 2) (y + 7) = 0
y – 2 = 0 or y + 7 = 0
y = 2 or y = -7
When y = 2, x = 5 + 2 = 7 …[From (1)
∴ Numbers are 7 and 2.
When y = -7, x = 5 + (-7) = -2 …[From (i)
∴ Numbers are -2 and (-7).

Question 71.
The numerator of a fraction is 3 less than its denominator. If 2 is added to both the numerator and the denominator, then the sum of the new fraction and original fraction is a . Find the original fraction. (2015D)
Solution: .
Let the denominator and numerator of the
fraction be x and x – 3 respectively.
Let the fraction be .
By the given condition,

⇒ 20[(x – 3) (x + 2) + x(x – 1)] = 29(x² + 2x)
⇒ 20(x² – x – 6 + x² – x) = 29x² + 58x
⇒ 20(2x² – 2x – 6) = 29x² + 58x
⇒ 40x² – 29x² – 40x – 58x = 120
⇒ 11x² – 98x – 120 = 0
⇒ 11x² – 110x + 12x – 120 = 0
⇒ 11x(x – 10) + 12(x – 10) = 0
⇒ (11x + 12) (x – 10) = 0
⇒ 11x + 12 = 0 or x – 10 = 0
⇒ x = (Reject) or x = 10
Now denominator (x) = 10
then, numerator = x – 3 = 7
∴ The fraction is 1o.

Question 72.
A rectangular park is to be designed whose breadth is 3 m less than its length. Its area is to be 4 square metres more than the area of a park that has already been made in the shape of an isosceles triangle with its base as the breadth of the rectangular park and of altitude 12 m. Find the length and breadth of the rectangular park. (2016OD)
Solution:
Let length of the rectangular park = x m,
breadth of the rectangular park = (x -3)m
∴ Area of the rectangular park = x(x – 3)m²… (i)
Base of an isosceles triangle = (x – 3)m
Altitude of an isosceles triangle = 12 m
∴ Area of isosceles triangle
= 1/2 × base × altitude
= 1/2 × (x – 3) × 12
= 6(x – 3) …(ii)
According to the question,
Ar.(rectangle) – Ar.(isosceles ∆) = 4 m²
⇒ x(x – 3) – 6(x – 3) = 4 … [From (i) & (ii)
⇒ x² – 3x – 6x + 18 – 4 = 0
⇒ x² – 9x + 14 = 0
⇒ x² – 7x – 2x + 14 = 0
⇒ x(x – 7) – 2(x – 7) = 0
⇒ (x – 2) (x – 7) = 0
⇒ x – 2 = 0 or x – 7 = 0
⇒ x = 2 or x = 7
When x = 2, breadth of rectangle becomes -ve, so this is not possible.
∴ Length of the rectangular park, x = 7 m
and Breadth = (x – 3) = 4 m.

Question 73.
A train travels 180 km at a uniform speed. If the speed had been 9 km/hour more, it would have taken 1 hour less for the same journey. Find the speed of the train. (2011OD)
Solution:
Let the speed of the train = x km/hr
Let the increased speed of the train = (x + 9) km/hr
According to the question,

⇒ x(x + 9) = 1620
⇒ x² + 9x – 1620 = 0
⇒ x² + 45x – 36x – 1620 = 0
⇒ x(x + 45) – 36(x + 45) = 0
⇒ (x – 36) (x + 45) = 0
⇒ x – 36 = 0 or x + 45 = 0
⇒ x = 36 or x = -45 ….[Rejecting negative value as the speed cannot be -ve
∴ Speed of the train = 36 km/hr

Question 74.
In a flight of 2800 km, an aircraft was slowed down due to bad weather. Its average speed is reduced by 100 km/h and time increased by 30 minutes. Find the original duration of the flight. (2012OD)
Solution:
Let the average speed of the aircraft = x km/hr
the reduced speed of the aircraft = (x – 100 km/hr
Then Distance = 2800 km
According to the Question,

⇒ x² – 100x = 560000
⇒ x² – 100x – 560000 = 0
⇒ x² – 800x + 700x – 560000 = 0
⇒ x(x – 800) + 700(x – 800) = 0
⇒ (x – 800) (x + 700) = 0
⇒ x – 800 = 0 or x + 700 = 0
⇒ x = 800 or x = -700
As speed of the aircraft cannot be -ve.
∴ Speed = 800 km/hr
∴ Original duration/time =
=
= 31/2 hrs. or 3 hrs. 30 mins. or 210 mins.

Question 75.
While boarding an aeroplane, a passenger got hurt. The pilot, showing promptness and concern, made arrangements to hospitalise the injured and so the plane started late by 30 minutes. To reach the destination, 1500 km away in time, the pilot increased the speed by 100 km/hour. Find the original speed/hour of the plane. (2013OD)
Solution:
Let the original speed of the aeroplane = x km/hr
The increased speed of the aeroplane = (x + 100) km/hr
Given: Distance = 1500 km
According to the Question,

⇒ x(x + 100) = 300000
⇒ x² + 100x – 300000 = 0
⇒ x² + 600x – 500x – 300000 = 0
⇒ x(x + 600) – 500(x + 600) = 0
⇒ (x – 500) (x + 600) = 0
⇒ x – 500 = 0 or x + 600 = 0
⇒ x = 500 or x = -600 (rejected)
Since speed cannot be negative.
∴ Original speed of the aeroplane = 500 km/hr
Original time = = 3 hrs.

Question 76.
A train travels at a certain average speed for a distance of 54 km and then travels a distance of 63 km at an average speed of 6 km/h more than the first speed. If it takes 3 hours to complete the total journey, what is its first speed? (2015OD)
Solution:
Let the original average speed of (first) train be x km/hr.
Now, new speed will be = (x + 6) km/hr.
We know,

⇒ 54x + 324 + 63x = 3x (x + 6)
⇒ 117x + 324 = 3x² + 18x
⇒ 3x² + 18x – 117x – 324 = 0
⇒ 3x² – 99x – 324 = 0
⇒ x² – 33x – 108 = 0
⇒ x² – 36x + 3x – 108 = 0
⇒ x(x – 36) + 3(x – 36) = 0
⇒ (x – 36) (x + 3) = 0
⇒ x – 36 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
x = 36 or x = -3 (Reject)
∴ First speed of train = 36 km/h.

Question 77.
A bus travels at a certain average speed for a distance of 75 km and then travels a distance of 90 km at an average speed of 10 km/h more than the first speed. If it takes 3 hours to complete the total journey, find its first speed. (2015OD)
Solution:
Let the first average speed of the bus be x km/hr.
Now, new speed of bus = (x + 10) km/hr.


⇒ 75x + 750 + 90x = 3(x² + 10x)
⇒ 165x + 750 – 3x² – 30x = 0
⇒ 3x² – 135x – 750 = 0
⇒ x² – 45x – 250 = 0
⇒ x² – 50x + 5x – 250 = 0
⇒ x(x – 50) + 5(x – 50) = 0
⇒ (x – 50) (x + 5) = 0
∴ x = 50 or x = -5 (Reject)
∴ Speed = 50 km/h

Question 78.
A truck covers a distance of 150 km at a certain average speed and then covers another 200 km at an average speed which is 20 km per hour more than the first speed. If the truck covers the total distance in 5 hours, find the first speed of the truck. (2015OD)
Solution:
Let the first average speed of truck be x km/hr.

⇒ 150x + 3000 + 200x = 5(x² + 20x)
⇒ 350x + 3000 – 5x² – 100x = 0
⇒ x² – 50x – 600 = 0
⇒ x² – 60x + 10x – 600 = 0
⇒ x(x – 60) + 10(x – 60) = 0
⇒ (x – 60) (x + 10) = 0
⇒ x – 60 = 0 or x + 10 = 0
⇒ x = 60 or x = -10 (Reject)
∴ Speed = 60 km/hr.

Question 79.
Two pipes running together can fill a tank in minutes. If one pipe takes 5 minutes more than the other to fill the tank separately, find the time in which each pipe would fill the tank separately. (2016OD)
Solution:
Let the quicker pipe take to fill the cistern = x minutes
Then the slower pipe takes to fill the cistern = (x + 3) minutes
According to Question,

13xv + 39x = 80x + 120
13x² + 39x – 80x – 120 = 0
13x² – 41x – 120 = 0
13x² – 65x + 24x – 120 = 0
13x(x – 5) + 24(x – 5) = 0
(x – 5)(13x + 24) = 0
x – 5 = 0 or 13x + 24 = 0
x = 5 or x = (rejected) …[∵ x > 0
∴ x = 5 Hence, the faster pipe fills the cistern in 5 minutes, and the slower pipe fills the cistern in 8(5 + 3) minutes.

Question 80.
A motor boat whose speed is 20 km/h in still water, takes 1 hour more to go 48 km upstream than to return downstream to the same spot. Find the speed of the stream. (2011D)
Solution:
Let the speed of the stream be x km/hr
∴ Speed of the boat upstream = (20 – x) km/hr
and speed of the boat downstream = (20 + x) km/hr
Given, Distance = 48 km
According to the Question,

⇒ 96x = 400 – x²
⇒ x² + 96x – 400 = 0
⇒ x² + 100x – 4x – 400 = 0
⇒ x (x + 100) – 4 (x + 100) = 0
⇒ (x – 4) (x + 100) = 0
⇒ x – 4 = 0 or x + 100 = 0
⇒ x = 4 or x = – 100 ….[Rejecting negative value as the speed cannot be -ve
∴ Speed of the stream = 4 km/hr

Question 81.
A motorboat whose speed in still water is 18 km/h, takes 1 hour more to go 24 km upstream than to return downstream to the same spot.
Find the speed of the stream. (2014OD)
Solution:
Let speed of the stream be x km/hr,
Speed of the boat upstream = (18 – x) km/hr
and Speed of the boat downstream = (18 + x) km/hr
Given, Distance = 24 km
According to the Question,

⇒
⇒ 48x = 324 – x²
⇒ x² + 48x – 324 = 0
⇒ x² + 54x – 6x – 324 = 0
⇒ x(x + 54) – 6(x + 54) = 0
⇒ (x – 6) (x + 54) = 0
x – 6 = 0 or x + 54 = 0
x = 6 or x= -54 (rejected)
Since speed cannot be negative
∴ Speed of stream, x = 6 km/hr

Question 82.
The time taken by a person to cover 150 km was 2 hours more than the time taken in the return journey. If he returned at a speed of 10 km/hour more than the speed while going, find the speed per hour in each direction. (2016D)
Solution:
Let the speed of a person while going = x km/hr Then the speed of a person while returning = (x + 10) km/hr
Given, Distance = 150 km

⇒ 5x(x + 10) = 3,000
⇒ x(x + 10) = 600 …[Dividing both sides by 5
⇒ x² + 10x – 600 = 0
⇒ x² + 30x – 20x – 600 = 0
⇒ x(x + 30) – 20(x + 30) = 0
⇒ (x + 30) (x – 20) = 0
⇒ x + 30 = 0 or x – 20 = 0
⇒ x = -30 (rejected) or x = 20
Since, speed can not be negative.
∴ Speed x = 20 km/hr.
∴ Speed while going = x = 20 km/hr
and Speed while returning
= (x + 10) = 20 + 10 = 30 km/hr

Question 83.
To fill a swimming pool two pipes are to be used. If the pipe of larger diameter is used for 4 hours and the pipe of smaller diameter for 9 hours, only half the pool can be filled. Find, how long it would take for each pipe to fill the pool separately, if the pipe of smaller diameter takes 10 hours more than the pipe of larger diameter to fill the pool. (2015D)
Solution:
Let the bigger pipe fill the tank in x hrs.
∴ the smaller pipe fills the tanks in (x + 10) hrs.

⇒ 2(13x + 40) = x² + 10x
⇒ 26x + 80 = x² + 10x
⇒ x² + 10x – 26x = 80
⇒ x² – 16x – 80 = 0
⇒ x² – 20x + 4x – 80 = 0
⇒ x(x – 20) + 4(x – 20) = 0
⇒ (x – 20) (x + 4) = 0
⇒ x – 20 = 0 or x + 4 = 0
x = 20 x = -4 (Reject)
Hence, the pipe with larger diameter fills the tank in 20 hours.
and the pipe with smaller diameter fills the tank in 30 hours.

Important Questions for Class 10 Maths

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Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 9 Kings and Chronicles: The Mughal Courts

Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 9 – 4 Marks Questions

Question 1.
“The granting of titles to the men of merit was an important aspect of Mughal polity”. Explain. (All India 2017)
The granting of titles to men of merit was an important aspect of Mughal polity as:

• A man’s ascent in the court hierarchy could be traced through the titles he held.
• The title Asaf Khan for one of the highest ministers originated with Asaf, the legendary minister of the prophet king Sulaiman (Solomon).
• The title Mirza Raja was accorded by Aurangzeb to his two highest ranking nobles, Jai singh and Jaswant Singh.
• Titles could be earned or paid for. For e.g. Mir Khan offered ? 1 lakh to Aurangzeb for the letter ‘Alif’ that is ‘A’, to be added to his name to make it Amir Khan.

Question 2.
How do you think that the chronicles
commissioned by the Mughal emperors are an important source for studing Mughal history? (HOTS; All India 2017)
Answer:
Chronicles are an indispensable source for any scholar wishing to write a history of the Mughals. At one level, they were a repository of factual . information about the institutions of the Mugal state, painstakingly collected and classifed by individuals closely connected with the court (especially courtiers). They were written in order to project a vision of an enlightened kingdom to all those who came under its umbrella.

On the other hand, they were meant to convey to those who resisted the rule of the Mughals that all resistance was destired to fail. The rulers wanted to ensure that there was an account of their rule for posterity. The histories that the authors wrote focused on events centred on the ruler, his family, the court and nobles, wars and administrative arrangements.

Their titles such as the Akbar Nama, Shah Jahan Nama, Alamgir Nama i.e. the story of Akbar, Shah Jahan and Alamgir (a title of the Mughal ruler Aurangzeb), suggest that in the eyes of their authors the history of the empire and the court was synonymous with that of the emperor.

Question 3.
How do you think that Qandahar remained a bone of contention between the Mughals and the Safavids? Explain.
Answer:
The following points in this regard are discussed below:

• The political and diplomatic relations between the Mughal kings and the neighbouring countries of Iran and Turan hinged on the control of the frontier defined by the Hindukush mountains that separated Afghanistan from the regions of Iran and Central Asia.
• Qandahar was a bone of contention between the Safavids and the Mughals. The fortress town had initially been in the possession of Humayun, reconquered in 1595 by Akbar. While the Safavid court retained diplomatic relations with the Mughals, it continued to stake claims to Qandahar.
• In 1613 Jahangir sent a diplomatic envoy to the court of Shah Abbas to plead the Mughal case for retaining Qandahar but the mission failed.
• In the winter of 1622 a persian army. besieged Qandahar. The ill-prepared Mughal garrison was defeated and had to surrender the fortress and the city to the safavids.

Question 4.
“Mughal rulers efficiently assimilated heterogeneous populace within an imperial edifice”. Support the statement. (All India 2016)
Answer:
Mughal rulers efficiently assimilated heterogeneous populace within an imperial edifice.
This statement can be justified in the following ways:

• Mughal chronicles described that the Mughal empire was comprised of many different ethnic and religious communities i.e. Hindus, Jainas, Zoroastrians and Muslims.
• As the emperor gathered knowledge about all religions and sects, he stood above all religious and ethnic groups, mediated among them and ensured justice and peace for all.
• Akbar accepted the ideal of Sulh-i-kul i.e. all religions and schools of thought had freedom of expression, but they did not undermine the authority of the state.
• Akbar abolished tax on pilgrimage and Jizya. AH Mughal emperors gave grants to support the building and maintenance of the places of worship, when temples were destroyed during war. Later grants were given to repair these at the time of Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb.

Question 5.
“The keeping of the exact and detailed record was the major concern of Mughal administration”. Support the statement with examples. HOTS; (All India 2016)
Answer:
The keeping of exact and detailed records was a major concern of the Mughal administration. This can be justified in the following ways:

• The Mir Bakshi supervised the corps of court writers (Waquia navvis), who recorded all applications and documents presented to the court, and all imperial orders i.e. farman.
• Agents (Wakil) of nobles and regional rulers recorded the entire proceedings of the court under the heading ‘News from the Exalted court’ with the date and time of the court session (pahar).
• The akhbarat contained all kinds of information like attendance at the court, grant of offices and titles, diplomatic missions, presents received or the enquiries made by the emperor about the health of an officers.
• All these informations is valuable for writing the history of the public and private lives of kings and nobles.

Question 6.
‘One important pillar of Mughal administration was the nobility’. Justify. (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
One of the most important pillar of the Mughal state was its corps of officers. Historians called them as nobility. The main features of this class were:

• The nobility was recruited from diverse ethnic and religious groups. It ensured that no group was large enough to challenge the authority of the king.
• The nobility was described as a bouquet of flowers (guldasta) held together by loyalty to the emperor.
• In Akbar’s time, Turani and Iranian nobles played a significant role in administration. Many of them accompanied Humayun, some migrated later to join the Mughal Court.
• From 1560 onwards, two ruling groups of Indian origin, viz. the Rajputs and the Indian Muslims (Shaikhzadas) entered the imperial service.

Question 7.
“Abu’l Fazl has described the ideal of Sulh-i-kul of Akbar as the corner-stone of his enlightened rule”. Justify. (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
The ideal of Sulh-i-kul i.e. absolute peace was described by Abu’l Fazl as the corner stone of enlightened rule.
This can be justified in the following ways:

• Mughal empire had many different ethnic and religious communities like, Hindus, Jainas, Zoroastrians and Muslims. Thus, the emperor stood above all religious and ethnic groups to ensure justice and peace for all.
• In Sulh-i-kul, all religions and schools of thought had freedom of expression but on one condition that they did not ignore the authority of the state or fight among themselves to capture power.
• The ideal of Sulh-i-kul was implemented through state policies in which nobilities were comprising Iranis, Turanis, Afghans, Rajputs and Deccanis. All of them were given positions and awards on the basis of their service and loyalty to the emperor.
• In 1563, Akbar abolished the tax on pilgrimage and in 1564 he abolished Jizya. Both of these were based on religious discrimination.
• All Mughal emperors gave grants to support the building and maintenance of places of worship.

Question 8.
Identify the distinctive features of the imperial household of the Mughal Empire. (All India 2015)
Answer:
The distinctive features of the imperial household of the Mughal Empire can be explained in the following ways:

• The household of the Mughals consisted of the emperor’s wives and concubines, his mother, step and foster mothers, sisters, daughters, daughter-in-law, aunts, children, etc and female servants and slaves.
• Polygamy was practised widely by Mughal emperor. The term ‘harem’ is used to refer to the domestic world of the Mughals. Persian word ‘haram’ means sacred place. Slave eunuchs (Khwajasara) were appointed as guards or servants in the harem.
• In the Mughal household, a difference was kept between wives come from royal, aristocratic families (begums) and other wives (aghas) who were not so noble by birth. The concubines (aghacha) occupied the lowest position. They all received monthly allowances and gift according to their status. The agha and aghacha could rise to the position of a begum depending on the husband’s will and in case where the husband did not already have four wives. Love and motherhood are considered here in acquiring such position for a legally wedded wives.
• Apart from wives, numerous male and female slaves were there in the Mughal household. They performed various types of works from regular work to specialised work which requires skill, tact and intelligence.
• Many Mughal queens and princess like Nur Jahan, Jahanara, Roshanara enjoyed significant power and financial status. Often elderly women of Mughal household played significant role in resolving tension among princes and kings.

Question 9.
“Historians have provided accounts of diplomatic relationships and conflicts with the neighbouring political powers of the Mughal Empire.” Elaborate. (All India 2015)
Answer:
The Mughal emperors took many high-sounding titles like Shahenshah, Jahangir, Shah Jahan to reiterate their claims on territorial and political control. They had diplomatic relationships and conflicts with the neighbouring political powers. This can be explained in the following ways:

• The political and diplomatic relations between the Mughal rulers and the neighbouring countries of Iran and Turan were based on the control of the boundaries marked by the Hindukush mountains that separated Afghanistan from the regions of Iran and Central Asia.
• The conquerors who wanted to make their way into the Indian sub-continent had to cross the Hindukush to have access to North India. The central
  objective off the Mughal policy was to ward off this potential danger. For this purpose outposts like Kabul and Qandahar were strictly regulated.
• Between the Safavids and the Mughals, Qandahar became a bone of contention. First it was under Humayun’s control, later it was captured by Akbar in 1595. But the Safavids continued to stake claims to Qandahar.
• Jahangir sent a diplomatic envoy to the court of Shah Abbas to plead the Mughal case for hiring Qandhar in 1613. However, the Mission failed. A Persian army captured Qandhar in 1622. The Mughal garrison which was ill-prepared was defeated. It had to surrender the fortress and the city to the Safavids.

Question 10.
Describe how the ‘Humayun Nama’ of Gulbadan Begum gives us the glimpses of the Mughal Imperial household. (All India 2013)
Answer:
The book ‘Humayun Nama’ was written by Gulbadan Begum, the daughter of Babur. It gives us interesting glimpses of the Mughal Imperial household in the following ways:

• Gtdbadan’s book was not an eulogy of the Mughal emperors. Rather she described in great detail the conflicts and tensions among the princes and kings.
• Gulbadan also wrote about the significant role played by the elderly women of the Mughal household in resolving some of the conflicts of the Mughal empire.
• Gulbadan Begum recorded her memories of earlier times under Babur and Humayun, which was considered as a very important document of Mughal era.

Question 11.
Describe briefly the expansion and consolidation of Mughal Empire under Jalaluddin Akbar (1556-1605). (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
Many historians think Jalaluddin Akbar is the greatest of all emperors. Akbar (1556-1605) not only expanded the empire but also consolidated it in the following ways:

1. Akbar became the emperor in 1556. He checked the expansionist designs of Uzbeks of Turan (Central Asia) and the Safavids of Iran. Qandahar was a bone of contention between the Safavids and the Mughals. Akbar reconquered it in 1595. He succeeded in extending the frontiers of the empire to the Hindukush mountains.

2. Akbar not only secured the frontiers of the empire, but he also expanded his empire to the Deccan. In Deccan, various states were constantly on war with each other. Akbar established his empire in Deccan and resolved the internal conflicts and persuaded the sultans to accept his supremacy.

3. Akbar consolidated the various instruments of governance. An effective method of taxation and administration was introduced. He abolished the tax on pilgrimage in 1563 and Jizya in 1564 as these two were based on religious discrimination. Instructions were sent to officers to follow the precept of Sulh-i-kul (absolute peace) in administration. All the Iranis, Turanis, Afghans, Rajputs, Deccans nobles were given positions and awards purely on the basis of their service and loyalty to the king. In this way, expansion and consolidation of Mughal Empire under Akbar took place.

Question 12.
Describe briefly how the emperor began his day in the balcony and at Diwan-i-am.
All Indio 2011
Answer:
Jharoka darshan or appearance from the small balcony was introduced by Akbar with the objective of broadening the acceptance of the imperial authority as part of popular faith. The emperor began his day at sunrise with personal religious devotions or prayers and then appeared on a small balcony. The small balcony was known as the Jharoka and it faced the east. Below a crowd of people waited for a view or darshan of the emperor.

After spending an hour at the Jharoka, the emperor went to the public hall of audience (Diwan-i-am) to conduct the primary business of the government. Here state officials presented reports and made requests to the emperor. The emperor spent two hours here and then left for Diwan-i-Khas to discuss confidential matters.

Question 13.
Name the author of ‘Badshah Nama’. Describe its content. (All India 2011)
Answer:
Abdul Hamid Lahori, a follower of Abu’l Fazl is known as the author of Badshah Nama.
On hearing about his talents, emperor Shah Jahan commissioned him to write a history of his reign on the pattern of Akbar Nama.
Badshah Nama is an official history which is divided in three volumes i.e., daftars, of ten lunar years each. Lahori wrote the first and second daftars which included the first two decades of the emperors reign (1627-47). These volumes were later improved by Sadullah Khan who was the wazir of Shah Jahan. Infirmities of old age prevented Lahori from writing the third volume, which was later chronicled by the historian Waris.

During the colonial period, the British administrator started the study of Indian History to establish an archive of knowledge about the sub-continent to help them for better understanding of the people and the culture of the empire they sought to rule. The edited text of Badshah Nama were first published by the Asiatic Society of Bengal in 19th century.

Question 14.
Why did Abu’l Fazl describe the land revenue as ‘remuneration of sovereignty’? Explain. (HOTS; Delhi Board 2009)
Answer:
Abu’l Fazl described the land revenue as ‘remuneration of sovereignty’. He defined sovereignty as a social contract. Abu’1 Fazl’s view can be explained in the following ways:

• The Mughal emperor following the ideal of Sulh-i kul (absolute peace) protected the four essences of his subjects, viz. life (jan), property (mal), honour (namus) and faith (din).
• As the emperor protected his subjects, in return he demanded obedience and a share of resources.
• Only those sovereigns who had Divine guidance and power could honour the contract.

Question 15.
Describe the variety of tasks involved in creation of manusripts during the reign of the Mughal. (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
The process of manuscript production in Mughal court are as follows:

• All books of Mughal India were in the form of manuscripts i.e. these were handwritten. Royal kitabkhana was the main centre of manuscripts’ production. Although, the term kitabkhana can be translated as the term library, actually it was a scriptorium. It was a place where the manuscripts of empire were collected and the new manuscript were fabricated.
• Various multi-tasking people were included for the fabrication of manuscripts. Paper makers were needed to prepare the folios of the manuscript calligraphers or scribes to copy the text, gilders to illuminate the pages, painters to illustrate scene from the textbook binders collected the individual folio’s and set them within the ornamental covers.
• Prepared manuscript was taken as precious object, an intellectual property and work of beauty. Such books were seen as examples of the power of Mughal emperors.
• Among the different persons involved in the production of manuscripts, calligraphers and painters hold a high social position, but paper makers or bookbinders have remained common artisans.

Question 16.
Describe briefly the relationship between the Mughals and the Ottomans. (All India 2009)
Answer:
The relationship between the Mughals and Ottomans was dependent on some factors. These factors are:

• Their relationship was marked by the concern to ensure free movement for merchants and pilgrims in the territories under Ottoman control.
• This was especially true for Hijaz, that part of Ottoman Arabia where the important pilgrim centres of Mecca and Madina were located.
• The Mughal emperor usually combined religion and commerce by exporting valuable merchandise to Aden and Mokha, both Red Sea ports.
• The gross collection of sales was distributed among people as charity to the keepers of Shrines and among the religious men (Fakir).

Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 9 Source Based Questions

Question 17.
The Accessible Emperor:
In the account of his experiences, Monserrate, who was a member of the first Jesuit mission, says: It is hard to exaggerate how accessible he (Akbar) makes himself to all who wish audience of him. For he creates an opportunity almost every day for any of the common people or of the nobles to see him and to converse with him, and he endeavors to show himself pleasant-spoken and affable rather than severe towards all who come to speak with him. It is very remarkable that how great an effect this courtesy and affability has in attaching him to the minds of his subjects.

1. Who were Jesuits? How did they establish their network in India?
2. How did Monserrate accord his experience about the Akbar?
3. How had Akbar’s courtesy brought affability for his subjects? Explain. (Delhi 2016)

Answer:
1. Jesuits were the missionaries of the society of Jesus who were interested in the propagation of Christianity Akbar was curious about Christianity and dispatched an embassy to God to invite Jesuit priests. The high respect shown by Akbar towards the members of Jesuit mission impressed them and they gradually establish their network in India.

2. According to Monserrate, a member of the first Jesuit mission, Akbar was accessible to all who wished audience of him. Akbar created an opportunity everyday for any of the common people or for the nobles to see him and to converse with him.

3. Akbar’s courtesy brought affability for his subjects in the following ways:

• Mughal emperor Akbar was curious about Christianity. The high respect shown by Akbar towards the members of Jesuit mission impressed them deeply.
• Akbar created opportunity almost everyday for any of the common people or of the nobles to see him and converse with him.
• Akbar tried to show himself pleasant-spoken and affable towards all his native and foreigner subjects.

Question 18.
Darbar-i Akbari
Abu’l Fazl gives a vivid account of Akbar’s darbar.
Whenever his Majesty (Akbar) holds court (darbar) a large drum is beaten, the sounds of which are accompained by Divine praise. In this manner, people of all classes receive notice. His Majesty’s sons and grandchildren, the grandees of the court, and all other men who have admittance, attend to make the kornish, and remain standing in their proper places. Learned men of renown and skilful mechanics pay their respects; and the officers of justice present their reports. His Majesty, with his usual insights, gives orders, and settles everything in a satisfactory manner.

During the whole time, skilful gladiators and wrestlers from all countries hold themselves in readiness, and singers, male and female, are in waiting. Clever jugglers and funny tumblers also are anxious to exhibit their dexterity and agility.

1. Explain main activities taking place in Darbar of Akbar,
2. Explain different forms of salutation to the ruler.
3. How did Emperors begin his day? Explain. (Delhi 2009)

Answer:

1. The main activities took place in darbar of Akbar were:

• A large drum was beaten, the sounds of which were accompanied by Divine praise.
• The emperor’s son, grandchildren, the grandees of the court and all other men attended the court made Kornish and remained standing in their proper places.
• Learned men of renown and skilful mechanics paid their respects and the officers of justice presented their reports.
• The Emperors gave orders and settled disputes in a satisfactory manner.
• Gladiators, wrestlers, singers, jugglers, funny tumblers waited anxiously to show their dexterity and agility.

2. The different forms of salutation to the ruler were:

• Sijda (Complete prostration)
• Chahan (Taslim (Submission)
• Zaminbos (Kissing the ground)

3. The emperor began his day at sunrise with personal religious devotions and then he appeared on small balcony (Jharoka) facing to the east for his subjets.

Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 9 Value Based Questions

Question 19.
Read the following passage and answer the question that follow:
Abu’l Fazl placed Mughal kingship as the highest station in the hierarchy of objects receiving light emanating from God (Farr-i-izadi).

Here he was inspired by a famous Iranian sufi, Shihabuddin Suhrawardi (d. 1191) who first developed this idea. According to this idea, there was a hierarchy in which the Divine Light was transmitted to the king who then became the source of spiritual guidance for his subjects.

Paintings that accompanied the narrative of the chronicles transmitted these ideas in a way that left a lasting impression on the minds of viewers. Mughal artists, from the
17th century onwards, began to portray emperors wearing the halo, which they saw on European painting s of Christ and the Virgin Mary to symbolise the light of God.

1. Explain the idea that inspired Abu’l Fazl to place Mughal kingship at the top of the objects receiving divine light?

Answer:
The idea that inspired Abu’l Fazl to place Mughal kingship as the highest station in the hierarchy fo objects receiving light emanating from God (Farr-i-izadi) was developed by a famous Iranian sufi, Shihabuddin Suhrawardi.
According to this idea, there was literarily , in which the divine light was transmitted to the king who then became the source of spiritual guidance for his subjects. These idea depicted by the paintings accompanied the narrative of the chronicles. Mughal artists, from the 17th century onwards, began to portray emperors wearing the halo, which they saw on European paintings of Christ and the Virgin Mary to symbolise the light of God.

Question 20.
Read the following passage and answer the question that follow
Akbar’s quest for religious knowledge led to interfaith debates in the ibadat khana at Fatehpur Sikri between learned Muslims, Hindus, Jainas, Parsis and Christians. Akbar’s religious views matured as he queried scholars of different religions and sects and gathered knowledge about their doctrines.

Increasingly, he moved away from the orthodox Islamic ways of understanding religions towards a self-conceived eclectic form of divine worship focused on light and the sun. We have seen that Akbar and Abu’l Fazl created a philosophy of light and used it to shape the image of the king and ideology of the state.
In this, a divinely inspired individual has supreme sovereignty over his people and complete control over his enemies.

1. How did the quest for religious knowledge lead emperor Akbar towards a self-conceived eclectic form of divine worship? Discuss.

Answer:
For religious knowledge of Akbar there were many debates took place in the ibadat khana at Fatehpur Sikri between learned Muslims, Hindus, Jainas,

Parsis and Christians. After querying scholars of different religions and sects and gathering knowledge about their doctrines, Akbar’s religious views got matured.

Gradually, he moved towards a self-conceived eclectic form at divine worship focused on light and the sun. Then Akbar and Abu’l Fazl together created a philosophy of light and used it to shape the image of the king and ideology of the state. In this philosophy, a divinely inspired individual has supreme sovereignty over his people and complete control over his enemies.

Important Questions for Class 12 History

The post Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 9 Kings and Chronicles: The Mughal Courts appeared first on Learn CBSE.

Important Questions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 2 Polynomials

Polynomials Class 10 Important Questions Very Short Answer (1 Mark)

Question 1.
If the sum of zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 3x² – kx + 6 is 3, then find the value of k. (2012)
Solution:
Here a = 3, b = -k, c = 6
Sum of the zeroes, (α + β) = = 3 …..(given)
⇒ = 3
⇒ k = 9

Question 2.
If α and β are the zeroes of the polynomial ax² + bx + c, find the value of α² + β². (2013)
Solution:

Question 3.
If the sum of the zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = (k² – 14) x² – 2x – 12 is 1, then find the value of k. (2017 D)
Solution:
p(x) = (k² – 14) x² – 2x – 12
Here a = k² – 14, b = -2, c = -12
Sum of the zeroes, (α + β) = 1 …[Given]
⇒ = 1
⇒ = 1
⇒ k² – 14 = 2
⇒ k² = 16
⇒ k = ±4

Question 4.
If α and β are the zeroes of a polynomial such that α + β = -6 and αβ = 5, then find the polynomial. (2016 D)
Solution:
Quadratic polynomial is x² – Sx + P = 0
⇒ x² – (-6)x + 5 = 0
⇒ x² + 6x + 5 = 0

Question 5.
A quadratic polynomial, whose zeroes are -4 and -5, is …. (2016 D)
Solution:
x² + 9x + 20 is the required polynomial.

Polynomials Class 10 Important Questions Short Answer-I (2 Marks)

Question 6.
Find the condition that zeroes of polynomial p(x) = ax² + bx + c are reciprocal of each other. (2017 OD)
Solution:
Let α and be the zeroes of P(x).
P(a) = ax² + bx + c …(given)
Product of zeroes =
⇒ α × =
⇒ 1 =
⇒ a = c (Required condition)
Coefficient of x² = Constant term

Question 7.
Form a quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are 3 + √2 and 3 – √2. (2012)
Solution:
Sum of zeroes,
S = (3 + √2) + (3 – √2) = 6
Product of zeroes,
P = (3 + √2) x (3 – √2) = (3)² – (√2)² = 9 – 2 = 7
Quadratic polynomial = x² – Sx + P = x² – 6x + 7

Question 8.
Find a quadratic polynomial, the stun and product of whose zeroes are √3 and respectively. (2014)
Solution:
Sum of zeroes, (S) = √3
Product of zeroes, (P) =
Quadratic polynomial = x² – Sx + P

Question 9.
Find a quadratic polynomial, the sum and product of whose zeroes are 0 and -√2 respectively. (2015)
Solution:
Quadratic polynomial is
x² – (Sum of zeroes) x + (Product of zeroes)
= x² – (0)x + (-√2)
= x² – √2

Question 10.
Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial √3 x² – 8x + 4√3. (2013)
Solution:

Question 11.
If the zeroes of the polynomial x² + px + q are double in value to the zeroes of 2x² – 5x – 3, find the value of p and q. (2012)
Solution:
We have, 2x² – 5x – 3 = 0
= 2x² – 6x + x – 3
= 2x(x – 3) + 1(x – 3)
= (x – 3) (2x + 1)
Zeroes are:
x – 3 = 0 or 2x + 1 = 0
⇒ x = 3 or x =
Since the zeroes of required polynomial is double of given polynomial.
Zeroes of the required polynomial are:
3 × 2, ( × 2), i.e., 6, -1
Sum of zeroes, S = 6 + (-1) = 5
Product of zeroes, P = 6 × (-1) = -6
Quadratic polynomial is x² – Sx + P
⇒ x² – 5x – 6 …(i)
Comparing (i) with x² + px + q
p = -5, q = -6

Question 12.
Can (x – 2) be the remainder on division of a polynomial p(x) by (2x + 3)? Justify your answer. (2016 OD)
Solution:
In case of division of a polynomial by another polynomial, the degree of the remainder (polynomial) is always less than that of the divisor. (x – 2) can not be the remainder when p(x) is divided by (2x + 3) as the degree is the same.

Question 13.
Find a quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are and . (2013)
Solution:

Question 14.
Find the quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are -2 and -5. Verify the relationship between zeroes and coefficients of the polynomial. (2013)
Solution:
Sum of zeroes, S = (-2) + (-5) = -7
Product of zeroes, P = (-2)(-5) = 10
Quadratic polynomial is x² – Sx + P = 0
= x² – (-7)x + 10
= x² + 7x + 10
Verification:
Here a = 1, b = 7, c = 10
Sum of zeroes = (-2) + (-5) = 7

Question 15.
Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 3x² – 75 and verify the relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients. (2014)
Solution:
We have, 3x² – 75
= 3(x² – 25)
= 3(x² – 52)
= 3(x – 5)(x + 5)
Zeroes are:
x – 5 = 0 or x + 5 = 0
x = 5 or x = -5
Verification:
Here a = 3, b = 0, c = -75
Sum of the zeroes = 5 + (-5) = 0

Question 16.
Find the zeroes of p(x) = 2x² – x – 6 and verify the relationship of zeroes with these co-efficients. (2017 OD)
Solution:
p(x) = 2x² – x – 6 …[Given]
= 2x² – 4x + 3x – 6
= 2x (x – 2) + 3 (x – 2)
= (x – 2) (2x + 3)
Zeroes are:
x – 2 = 0 or 2x + 3 = 0
x = 2 or x =
Verification:
Here a = 2, b = -1, c = -6

Question 17.
What must be subtracted from the polynomial f(x) = x⁴ + 2x³ – 13x² – 12x + 21 so that the resulting polynomial is exactly divisible by x² – 4x + 3? (2012, 2017 D)
Solution:

(2x – 3) should be subtracted from x⁴ + 2x³ – 13x² – 12x + 21.

Polynomials Class 10 Important Questions Short Answer-II (3 Marks)

Question 18.
Verify whether 2, 3 and are the zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = 2x³ – 11x² + 17x – 6. (2012, 2017 D)
Solution:
p(x) = 2x³ – 11x² + 17x – 6
When x = 2,
p(2) = 2(2)³ – 11(2)² + 17(2) – 6 = 16 – 44 + 34 – 6 = 0
When x = 3, p(3) = 2(3)³ – 11(3)² + 17(3) – 6 = 54 – 99 + 51 – 6 = 0

Yes, x = 2, 3 and all are the zeroes of the given polynomial.

Question 19.
Show that and are the zeroes of the polynomial 4x² + 4x – 3 and verify the relationship between zeroes and co-efficients of polynomial. (2013)
Solution:
Let P(x) = 4x² + 4x – 3

Question 20.
Find a quadratic polynomial, the sum and product of whose zeroes are -8 and 12 respectively. Hence find the zeroes. (2014)
Solution:
Let Sum of zeroes (α + β) = S = -8 …[Given]
Product of zeroes (αβ) = P = 12 …[Given]
Quadratic polynomial is x² – Sx + P
= x² – (-8)x + 12
= x² + 8x + 12
= x² + 6x + 2x + 12
= x(x + 6) + 2(x + 6)
= (x + 2)(x + 6)
Zeroes are:
x + 2 = 0 or x + 6 = 0
x = -2 or x = -6

Question 21.
Find a quadratic polynomial, the sum and product of whose zeroes are 0 and respectively. Hence find the zeroes. (2015)
Solution:
Quadratic polynomial = x² – (Sum)x + Product

Question 22.
Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 6x² – 3 – 7x and verify the relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients of the polynomial. (2015, 2016 OD)
Solution:
We have, 6x² – 3 – 7x
= 6x² – 7x – 3
= 6x² – 9x + 2x – 3
= 3x(2x – 3) + 1(2x – 3)
= (2x – 3) (3x + 1)

Question 23.
Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial f(x) = x² – 3x – 28 and verify the relationship between the zeroes and the co-efficients of the polynomial. (2012, 2017 D)
Solution:
p(x) = x² – 3x – 28
= x² – 7x + 4x – 28
= x(x – 7) + 4(x – 7)
= (x – 7) (x + 4)
Zeroes are:
x – 7 = 0 or x + 4 = 0
x = 7 or x = -4

Question 24.
If α and β are the zeroes of the polynomial 6y² – 7y + 2, find a quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are and . (2012)
Solution:
Given: 6y² – 7y + 2
Here a = 6, b = -7, c = 2

Question 25.
Divide 3x² + 5x – 1 by x + 2 and verify the division algorithm. (2013 OD)
Solution:

Quotient = 3x – 1
Remainder = 1
Verification:
Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
= (x + 2) × (3x – 1) + 1
= 3x² – x + 6x – 2 + 1
= 3x² + 5x – 1
= Dividend

Question 26.
On dividing 3x³ + 4x² + 5x – 13 by a polynomial g(x) the quotient and remainder were 3x +10 and 16x – 43 respectively. Find the polynomial g(x). (2017 OD)
Solution:
Let 3x³ + 4x² + 5x – 13 = P(x)
q(x) = 3x + 10, r(x) = 16x – 43 …[Given]
As we know, P(x) = g(x) . q(x) + r(x)
3x³ + 4x² + 5x – 13 = g(x) . (3x + 10) + (16x – 43)
3x³ + 4x² + 5x – 13 – 16x + 43 = g(x) . (3x + 10)

Question 27.
Check whether polynomial x – 1 is a factor of the polynomial x³ – 8x² + 19x – 12. Verify by division algorithm. (2014)
Solution:
Let P(x) = x³ – 8x² + 19x – 12
Put x = 1
P(1) = (1)³ – 8(1)² + 19(1) – 12
= 1 – 8 + 19 – 12
= 20 – 20
= 0
Remainder = 0
(x – 1) is a facter of P(x).
Verification:

Since remainder = 0
(x – 1) is a factor of P(x).

Polynomials Class 10 Important Questions Long Answer (4 Marks)

Question 28.
Divide 4x³ + 2x² + 5x – 6 by 2x² + 1 + 3x and verify the division algorithm. (2013)
Solution:

Quotient = 2x – 2
Remainder = 9x – 4
Verification:
Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
= (2x² + 3x + 1) × (2x – 2) + 9x – 4
= 4x³ – 4x² + 6x² – 6x + 2x – 2 + 9x – 4
= 4x³ + 2x² + 5x – 6
= Dividend

Question 29.
Given that x – √5 is a factor of the polynomial x³ – 3√5 x² – 5x + 15√5, find all the zeroes of the polynomial. (2012, 2016)
Solution:
Let P(x) = x³ – 3√5 x² – 5x + 15√5
x – √5 is a factor of the given polynomial.
Put x = -√5,

Other zero:
x – 3√5 = 0 ⇒ x = 3√5
All the zeroes of P(x) are -√5, √5 and 3√5.

Question 30.
If a polynomial x⁴ + 5x³ + 4x² – 10x – 12 has two zeroes as -2 and -3, then find the other zeroes. (2014)
Solution:
Since two zeroes are -2 and -3.
(x + 2)(x + 3) = x² + 3x + 2x + 6 = x² + 5x + 6
Dividing the given equation with x² + 5x + 6, we get

x⁴ + 5x³ + 4x² – 10x – 12
= (x² + 5x + 6)(x² – 2)
= (x + 2)(x + 3)(x – √2 )(x + √2 )
Other zeroes are:
x – √2 = 0 or x + √2 = 0
x = √2 or x = -√2

Question 31.
Find all the zeroes of the polynomial 8x⁴ + 8x³ – 18x² – 20x – 5, if it is given that two of its zeroes are and . (2014, 2016 D)
Solution:

Question 32.
If p(x) = x³ – 2x² + kx + 5 is divided by (x – 2), the remainder is 11. Find k. Hence find all the zeroes of x³ + kx² + 3x + 1. (2012)
Solution:
p(x) = x³ – 2x² + kx + 5,
When x – 2,
p(2) = (2)³ – 2(2)² + k(2) + 5
⇒ 11 = 8 – 8 + 2k + 5
⇒ 11 – 5 = 2k
⇒ 6 = 2k
⇒ k = 3
Let q(x) = x³ + kx² + 3x + 1
= x³ + 3x² + 3x + 1
= x³ + 1 + 3x² + 3x
= (x)³ + (1)³ + 3x(x + 1)
= (x + 1)³
= (x + 1) (x + 1) (x + 1) …[∵ a³ + b³ + 3ab (a + b) = (a + b)³]
All zeroes are:
x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = -1
x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = -1
x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = -1
Hence zeroes are -1, -1 and -1.

Question 33.
If α and β are zeroes of p(x) = kx² + 4x + 4, such that α² + β² = 24, find k. (2013)
Solution:
We have, p(x) = kx² + 4x + 4
Here a = k, b = 4, c = 4

⇒ 24k² = 16 – 8k
⇒ 24k² + 8k – 16 = 0
⇒ 3k² + k – 2 = 0 …[Dividing both sides by 8]
⇒ 3k² + 3k – 2k – 2 = 0
⇒ 3k(k + 1) – 2(k + 1) = 0
⇒ (k + 1)(3k – 2) = 0
⇒ k + 1 = 0 or 3k – 2 = 0
⇒ k = -1 or k =

Question 34.
If α and β are the zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = 2x² + 5x + k, satisfying the relation, α² + β² + αβ = then find the value of k. (2017 OD)
Solution:
Given polynomial is p(x) = 2x² + 5x + k
Here a = 2, b = 5, c = k

Question 35.
What must be subtracted from p(x) = 8x⁴ + 14x³ – 2x² + 8x – 12 so that 4x² + 3x – 2 is factor of p(x)? This question was given to group of students for working together. (2015)
Solution:

Polynomial to be subtracted by (15x – 14).

Question 36.
Find the values of a and b so that x⁴ + x³ + 8x² +ax – b is divisible by x² + 1. (2015)
Solution:

If x⁴ + x³ + 8x² + ax – b is divisible by x² + 1
Remainder = 0
(a – 1)x – b – 7 = 0
(a – 1)x + (-b – 7) = 0 . x + 0
a – 1 = 0, -b – 7 = 0
a = 1, b = -7
a = 1, b = -7

Question 37.
If a polynomial 3x⁴ – 4x³ – 16x² + 15x + 14 is divided by another polynomial x² – 4, the remainder comes out to be px + q. Find the value of p and q. (2014)
Solution:

Question 38.
If the polynomial (x⁴ + 2x³ + 8x² + 12x + 18) is divided by another polynomial (x² + 5), the remainder comes out to be (px + q), find the values of p and q.
Solution:

Remainder = 2x + 3
px + q = 2x + 3
p = 2 and q = 3.

Important Questions for Class 10 Maths

The post Important Questions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 2 Polynomials appeared first on Learn CBSE.

Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 10 Colonialism and the Countryside (Exploring Official Archives)

Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 10 – 2 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Why was the permanent settlement of land revenue rarely extended to any region beyond Bengal? Give two reasons. (HOTS; All India 2009)
Answer:
The permanent settlement of land revenue Am. rarely extended to any region beyond Bengal because:

1. After 1810, the cost of agricultural products were increased. Due to this, the income of the landlords in Bengal were increased but there was no growth in the income of the East India Company Thus, the colonial government wanted to maximise its land revenue by introducing temporary revenue settlements instead of permanent settlements.

2. When British officials devised permanent settlements, they were influenced by the economic theories at that time. By the 1820s, famous economist David Ricardo came with his new theory which said that the state needed to tax the surplus agricultural produce to enhance its revenue. So the British officials thought that permanent settlement is ’ not a proper method to collect tax.
Therefore, the colonial government wanted to maximise its land revenue by introducing temporary revenue settlements instead of permanent settlement.

Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 10 – 4 Marks Questions

“The ryots came to see the moneylenders as devious and deceitful”. Justify the statement in the context of Ryotwari System in India in late 18th century. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
It is true that the ryots came to see the moneylenders as devious and deceitful. As the moneylenders were much insensitive to the plight of the peasants. They got deeper and deeper into debt trap and were dependent on the moneylenders for their survival.

This can be understood by the following points:

1. In Ryotwari System one general norm was that the interest charged cotdd not be more than the principle.
2. The British government passed a Limitation Law in 1859 which meant to check the accumulation of interest over time and give 3 years validity of loan bonds signed between moneylenders and ryots.
3. Moneylenders again manipulated the law and forcing ryots to sign a new bond every three years. When a new bond was signed, the unpaid balance, the original loan and accumulated interest was entered as principle on which a new set of interest charges was calculated.
4. They refused to give receipts when loans w’ere repaid, entered fictitious figures in bonds, made peasants to sign and put thumb impression on documents and did not allow peasants to know what is inside the documents.

Question 3.
The East India Company had recognised the zamindars importance but wanted to control and regulate them. Explain the steps taken by them to subdue their authority in the 18th century. (Delhi 2016)
or
Explain how East India Company subdued the authority of zamindars in Bengal during 18th century? (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
East India Company recognised the importance and significance of zamindars but it also wanted to control, regulate and subdue their authority. To limit the authority of zamindars:

• The Company disbanded the troop organised by zamindars, custom duties were abolished and ‘cutcheries’ or local court organised by zamindars were brought under supervision of company.
• The company appointed collector and gave power to supervise these courts, over the period of time collectorate emerged as centre of authority.
• The power to organise local justice and the local police, was also abolished.
• The Permanent Settlement system was also limited, the power to the zamindars to collect rent from the ryot and manage their zamindari.
  So by these above steps, influence of zamindar was reduced by the company.

Question 4.
“The battle between the hoe and plough was a long one”. Substantiate the statement with reference to the Santhal and Paharias of Raj Mahal Hills during 18th century. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
Santhal came to Bengal around 1780. Zamindars hired them to reclaim land and expand cultivation. British invited Santhals to settle in the Jangal Mahal, when they failed to subdue Paharias. The Paharias refused to cut the forest, resisted touching the plough and continued to be turbulent.

On the other hand, Santhal appeared to be ideal settlers, clearing the forest and ploughing the land with vigour. Santhal settlements and cultivation gradually expanded and Paharias were forced to withdraw deeper into hills and were confined to dry interior and to more barren and rocky upper hills. This severely affected their lives, impoverishing them in the long term. If paharia life was symbolised by the hoe, which they used for shifting cultivation, the santhaTs life represented the power of the plough. The battle between the hoe and plough was really a long one.

Question 5.
What was the Limitation Law? Why was this considered as a symbol of oppression against the ryot of 19th century? Give three reasons. (All India 2016)
Answer:
In 1859, British passed the Limitation Law which stated that the loan bond signed between moneylenders and ryots would have validity for only three years. This law was meant to check the accumulation of interest over the time. However, this law was considered as a symbol of oppression due to the following reasons:

• Moneylenders forced the ryots to sign a new bond for every three year and turned the law around.
• When new bond was signed, the unpaid balance, i.e., original loan and interest was entered as principal and and this principal interest was charged.
• Moneylenders refused to give receipt when loans were repaid, entered fictitious figures in bond, acquired the peasant’s harvest at low price and ultimately took over the property of peasant.
• Moneylenders brought the new regime of bond and deeds. Peasants were made to put thumb impression and sign on the document without knowing the full details of the documents.

Question 6.
“The arguments and evidences offered by the Fifth-report cannot be accepted uncritically”. Give arguments. (HOTS; Delhi 2015)
or
Why did the Fifth Report become the basis of intense debate in England? (Delhi 2013)
or
Describe the Fifth Report produced by the select committee on English East India Company in 1813 by the British Parliament.
or
Critically evaluate the significance and shortcomings of the ‘Fifth Report’.
Answer:
The Fifth Report was a significant report, it continued shaping our conception for over a century and a half about the nature and consequences of East India Company’s Rule in Bengal in the late 18th century. It served as basis for intense parliamentary debates on the nature of company’s rule in India.

The evidence contained in the ‘Fifth Report’ is considered to be of great importance. But as it is an official report, it should be read and anaylsed very carefully. The major short comings of this report included:

• The Fifth report exaggerated the collapse of traditional zamindari power and the rate at which zamindar were losing their lands. Zamindars were not always displaced given the indigenous methods they used to retain their lands.
• The report was biased because it wanted to highlight the maladministration of the East India Company in India.

Question 7.
“Jotedar inevitably weakened zamindars in Bengal by the end of the 18th century”. Give arguments to support the statement. (Delhi 2015)
or
Describe the position of the ‘jotedars’ at the end of the 18th century, (All India 2009)
Answer:
The points given below describe howjotidar inevitably weakened the power of zamindars in Bengal by the end of the 18th century:

• In the 18th century when many zamindars were facing a crisis, a group of rich peasants, known as jotedars, were consolidating their position in the villages.
• Unlike zamindars, jotedars lived in villages and thus, had good influence on village population.
• Jotedars had acquired vast areas of land. They controlled local trade, moneylending, exercising immense power over the poorer cultivators and their land was cultivated through adhiyars or bargadars (sharecroppers).
• They fiercely resisted the effects of zamindars to increase the Jama of the village, prevented zamindari officials from executing their duties. They deliberately delayed payments of revenue to the zamindars.
• In fact, when the estates of the zamindars were auctioned for failure to make revenue payment, often jotedars bought their estate. This made the jotedars most powerful in the North Bengal.

Question 8.
What was the other name of ‘Bombay Deccan revenue system of 1820s’. Mention the features of it. (All India 2015)
or
Which revenue system wras introduced in the Bombay Deccan? What were its features?
Answer:
Ryotwari Settlement was introduced in the Bombay Deccan by the British. It has the following features:

• Direct Settlement with the Ryots: The revenue was settled directly with the ryot.
• Calculation of Revenue: Unlike the Permanent Settlement, the revenue was estimated taking into consideration all types of soil, the average income of the harvest was estimated. It assessed how much revenue a ryot could pay.
• Share of State: The share of the state was fixed in proportion to the income of the ryot.
• Re-survey of Land: After every 30 years the lands were re-surveyed and the rates of revenue were increased accordingly.
• Temporary Demand: The demand for revenue was not permanent but temporary.

Question 9.
Critically examine the experience of injustice felt by ryot on the refusal of moneylender to extending loans to them after 1830.
(HOTS; All India 2014, Delhi 2010)
Answer:
Revenue demand was set high in the Bombay Deccan under Ryotwari System. Peasants were finding it difficult to pay under normal circumstances. But when rainfall failed and harvest were poor, it was impossible to pay.
In 1830s, problem became severe and in 1832 agricultural price fell sharply. At the same time, the villagers were devastated by famine in year 1832-34. During this time, l/3rd of cattle and half human population died. Those who left had no resource to overcome the crises. Unpaid balance of revenue mounted. They had to borrow from moneylender to pay revenue and to carry agricultural work but they were unable to pay it back.

As the debt mounted and loans remained unpaid, peasants dependence on moneylender increased. They now need loan even to buy their everyday needs and meet expenditure. By 1940s, they were in alarming level of indebtness.
During time of 1861-64, moneylenders easily gave advances to the peasants in order to get maximum production of cotton but once demand of cotton reduced, moneylenders were very reluctant to give loans. By cotton production mostly rich peasants prospered while large majority of the cotton produced face heavier debt.

Question 10.
Explain how the Ricardo’s idea of land ownership was introduced in the ‘Bombay Deccan’? (All India 2013)
Answer:
The colonial officials were under much influence of the ideas of David Ricardo, the renowned economist of England, during the early decades of the 19th century. He suggested that a landowner should have a claim only to the ‘average rent’ prevailing at the time. According to him, when the land yielded more than this average rent, the landowner had a surplus that the state needed to tax.

If tax was not levied, cultivators were likely to turn into rentiers and their surplus income was unlikely to be productively invested in the improvement of the land. The British officials viewed that the same condition had arisen in Bengal because of the introduction of Premanent settlement. The zamindars in Bengal had become rentiers in a way as they had leased out their lands.
Therefore, the British officials wanted to follow a different system of land revenue.

Question 11.
Explain the impact of American Civil War of 1861 on Indian peasants. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
Britain was mainly dependent on America for importing raw cotton for its Cotton Textile Industry before the 1860s. Three-fourth of raw cotton imports into Britain came from America. But because of civil war in 1861, the amount of cotton „ in Britain from USA reduced. So, India was asked to grow cotton in large amount.

The rise in the price of cotton encouraged the cotton exporters. Indian peasants were given loan to grow cotton. Landlords did not hesitate in giving long-term loan. Some of the peasants became rich but majority of peasants went further into heavier debt.

Question 12.
Explain the impact of refusal by moneylenders to extend loans to ryots, around 1865, under the colonial rule of India. (All India 2011)
Answer:
The condition of peasants was miserable under the British rule. They were left impoverised and went through hardships which deteriorated their situation further. Because of the economic policy of the British administrators, the economic condition of the Indian people at the time of 1857 became very pitiable.

There was no dearth of people who were unemployed and struggling in vain.
People needed money to repay their loans and meet their daily expenses. However, sometimes their condition did not improve and they fell into debt trap. They were unable to repay their loan.
The moneylenders were apprehensive of losing their money. Thus, they refused to extend their loans. The borrowers failed to manage money for agriculture.

Question 13.
Explain two reasons for the failure of the Permanent Settlement of the land revenue introduced by the British in Bengal. (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
The reasons for the failure of the Permanent Settlement of the land revenue introduced by the British in Bengal are as follows:
1. The early revenue demands fixed by the company were very high. Under permanent settlement, the state revenue demand was fixed in ’ perpetuity. It meant that company was not claiming an additional share of increased income from land with rising prices and expanding cultivation. Therefore, the Company wanted huge revenue for high demand in order to minimise this anticipated loss.

2. It is worth mentioning that the high demand of land revenue was fixed in 1790s. The price of agricultural produce were depressed during this period. Consequently, it became difficult for the ryots to pay their dues to the zamindars. Thus, the zamindar could not collect the rent and were unable to pay their fixed amount to the company.

Question 14.
Explain two strategies devised by zamindars of surviving the pressures of high revenue demands and possible auction of their lands. (All India 2009)
Answer:
The two strategies were as follows:

1. The zamindars devised various ways to avoid the pressures of high revenue demand and possible auction of their estates. One such plan was the fictitious sale. It comprised a chain of moves requiring skill and care.
   The East India Company had decreed that the property of women could not be auctioned. Therefore, the Raja of Burdwan transferred some of his zamindari to his mother’ name.
2. The agents of the Raja controlled the whole process of auction very’ cleverly. The zamindar’s agent used to buy the auctioners property, outbidding other buyers. However, they refused to pay up the purchase amount, therefore, the estate had to be resold. This endless process of auctioning was repeated again and again and the state alongwith other auctioners were forced to exhaust. Finally, the estate was sold at a low price back to the zamindar.

Question 15.
Critically examine the Deccan Riots Commission Report. (HOTS; Delhi 2008)
Answer:
The Deccan Riots Commission Report can be examined through the following points:

• The Government of India pressurised the Government of Bombay to set-up an enquiry commission in order to investigate into the causes of riots.
• A report was prepared by the commission which was presented to the British Parliament in 1878.
• Proper enquiries were held in the riot affected districts and the statement of the ryots, sahukars and eyewitnesses were recorded.
• Statistical data on revenue rates, prices and interest rates were compiled in various regions.
• In the Deccan Riots Commission Report, we have to see that they are the official sources and reflect concerns and interpretations of events, e.g. this commission was specifically asked to judge whether the level of the government revenue demand was the cause of the revolt. After presenting all the evidences, the commission reported that the government demand was not the cause of peasants anger. It was the moneylenders who were to blame.
• The reports sent by the district collectors were compiled. Undoubtedly, this report furnishes significant basic information for the study of those riots.

Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 10 – 8 Marks Questions

Question 16.
Examine the land revenue system that was introduced in Bombay Deccan. How did the peasants fall into the dept-trap of the moneylenders? Explain.
Answer:
Ryotwari Settlement was introduced in the Bombay Deccan by the British. It has the following features:

• Direct Settlement with the Ryots: The revenue was settled directly with the ryot.
• Calculation of Revenue: Unlike the Permanent Settlement, the revenue was estimated taking into consideration all types of soil, the average income of the harvest was estimated. It assessed how much revenue a ryot could pay.
• Share of State: The share of the state was fixed in proportion to the income of the ryot.
• Re-survey of Land After every 30 years the lands were re-surveyed and the rates of revenue were increased accordingly.
• Temporary Demand: The demand for revenue was not permanent but temporary.
  It is true that the ryots came to see the moneylenders as devious and deceitful. As the moneylenders were much insensitive to the plight of the peasants. They got deeper and deeper into debt trap and were dependent on the moneylenders for their survival.

This can be understood by the following points:

1. when the Deccan Riots commission investigated, they found the law broken by the moneylenders as they had charged over ? 2000 as interest on a loan of ₹ 100.

2. After complain of this manipulation by ryots, the British passed a Limitation Law in 1859 which meant to check the accumulation of interest over time and give 3 years validity of loan bonds signed between moneylenders and ryots.

3. Moneylenders again manipulated the law and forcing ryots to sign a new bond every three years. When a new bond was signed, the unpaid balance, the original loan and accumulated interest was entered as principle on which a new set of interest charges was calculated.

4. They refused to give receipts when loans were repaid, entered fictitious figures in bonds acquired peasants harvest at low prices, made peasants to sign and put thumb impression on documents and did not allow peasants to know what is inside the documents. This way the ryots faced injustice in the hands of the moneylenders and lost their harvest and properties as well.

Question 17.
“After introducing the Permanent settlement in Bengal, the zamindars regularly failed to pay the land revenue demand.” Examine the causes and consequences of it. (All India 2017)
Answer:
The permanent settlement had come into operation in 1793 by Lord Cornwallis. Under this system, zamindars collected revenue from peasants and handover to the East India company. Company off icials felt that a fixed revenue demand would give zamindars a sense of security and assured of returns on their investment, encourage them to improve their estates. In the early decades after the permanent settlement, however, zamindars regularly failed to pay the revenue demand and unpaid balances accumulated.
The causes for this failure were:

1.The initial demands were very high. This was because it was felt that if the demand was fixed for all time to come, the company would never be able to claim a share of increased income from land when prices rose and cultivation expanded.
To minimise this anticipated loss, the company fixed the revenue demand high , arguing that the burden on zamindars would gradually decline as agricultural production expanded and prices rose.

2. This high demand was imposed in the 1790s, a time when the prices of agricultural produce were depressed, making it difficult for the ryots to pay their dues to the zamindar.

3.The revenue was invariable, regardless of the harvest, and had to be paid punctually. In fact, according to the ‘ Sunset Law if payment did not come in
by sunset of the specified date, the zamindari was liable to be auctioned.

4. The permanent settlement initially limited the power of the zamindar to collect rent from the ryot and manage his zamindari.

The consequences after the failure to fulfil the land revenue demands were:

• When a raja or zamindar failed to pay the revenue demand, a company official was speedily dispatched to his zamindari with explicit instructions ‘to take charge of the district and to use the most effectual of the raja or zamindar and his officers’.
• The East India Company subdued their authority and restrict their autonomy.
• The zamindars troops were disbanded, customs duties abolished and their ‘cutcheries’ (courts) brought under the supervision of a collector appointed by the company.
• Zamindars lost their power to organise local justice and the local police.
• Over time the collectorate emerged as an alternative centre of authority, severely restricting what the zamindar could do.
• While many zamindars were facing a crisis at the end of the 18th century, a group of rich peasants also known as ‘Jotedars’, were consolidating their position in villages. They controlled local trade as well as money-lending, exercising immense power over the poorer cultivators of the region.
• Besides these, the estates of the zamindars also were auctioned for failure to make revenue payment and at that time jotedars were after amongst the purchasers as they were most powerful in North Bengal.

Question 18.
Examine the main aspects of the fifth report which was submitted to the British Parliament in 1813. (All India 2017)
Answer:
Many of the changes occurred at the time of the East India Company were documented in detail in a report that was submitted to the British Parliament in 1813. It was the fifth report on the administration and activities of the East India Company in India.

The main aspects of the fifth report are discussed below:

1. The fifth report had been covered into 1002 pages of which over 800 pages were appendices that reproduced petitions of zamindars and ryots reports of collectors from different districts, statistical tables on revenue returns, and notes on the revenue and judicial administration of Bengal and Madras (present-day Tamil Nadu) written by officials.

2. From the time the company established its rule in Bengal in the mid 1760s, its activities were closely watched and debated in England. There were many groups in Britain who were opposed to the monopoly that the East India Company had over trade with India and China.

3. An increasing number of private traders wanted a share in the India trade, and the industrialists of Britain were keen to open up the Indian market for British manufactures.

4. Information about Company misrule and maladministration was hotly debated in Britain and incidents of the greed and corruption of company officials were widely publicised in the press.

5. The British Parliament passed a series of acts in the late 18th century to regulate and control company rule in India. It forced the company to produce regular reports on committees to enquire into the affairs of the company.

6. The fifth report was one such report produced by a select committee. It became the basis of intense parliamentary debates on the nature of the East India company’s rule in India.

7. The evidence contained in the fifth report is invaluable. But the recent researches show that the argumeilts and evidences offered by the fifth report cannot be accepted uncritically.

8. After careful examination of the archives of various Bengal zamindars and the local records of the Districts, researchers found that the report exaggerated the collapse of traditional zamindari power and also overestimated the scale on which zamirdars were losing their land. As we have seen even when zamindaris, were auctioned, zamindars were not always displaced, given the ingenious methods they used to retain their zamindaris.

9. It does not mean that there were not any malpractices done by the East India Company, infact they were very oppressive towards the rural society of Bengal.
Thus, the fifth report had been proved to be a good source to understand the India’s economy in the colonial times.

Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 10 Source Based Questions

Question 19.

A Ryot Petitions:
This is an example of a petition from a ryot of the village of Mirajgaon, Taluka Karjat, to the Collector, Ahmednagar, Deccan Riots Commission.

The sowkars (sahukars)… have of late begun to oppress us. As we cannot earn enough to defray our household expenses. We are actually forced to beg of them to provide us with money, clothes and grain, which we obtain from them not without great difficulty, nor without their compelling us to enter into hard conditions in the bond.

Moreover, the necessary clothes and grain are not sold to us at cash rates. The prices asked from us are generally twenty five percent or fifty percent more than demanded from customers making ready money payments. The produce of our fields is also taken by the sowkars, who at the time of removing it assure us that it will be credited to our account, but they do not actually make any mention of it in the accounts. They also refuse to pass us any receipts for the produce so removed by them.

1. What kind of injustice was experienced by the ryots?
2. Why was the harvest taken away by the moneylenders and why was it not credited to the peasants account?
3. Give details on the commission that investigated petitions and grievances of the concerned people. (Delhi 2013)

or

1. Why were the ryots not given loans by sowkars?
2. Explain the difficulties, the ryots had, to face for getting loan from the sowkars.
3. Why were the ryots unable to pay the inflated demand? Explain. (All India 2009)

Answer:
1. The refusal of moneylenders to extend loans made the ryots very angry. Moreover, the sahukars were insensitive to their plight and were violating the customary norms of the countryside.
In one of the cases investigated by the Dcccan Riots Commission, the moneylenders had charged over ? 2000 as interest on a loan of ? 100. Besides these, the necessary clothes and grains were not sold to the ryots at cash rates.

2. The ryots complained of moneylenders of manipulating laws and forging accounts.
The produce of the ryot’s field was also taken by the sahukars, who at the time of removing the produce assured them that it would be credited to their accounts. However, the sahukars did not actually mention it in the accounts. They refused to give the ryots any receipts for the produce, so removed by them.

3. The Government of India pressurised the Government of Bombay to set up a commission of enquiry to investigate into the causes of riots. The Deccan Riots Commission produced a report that was presented to the British Parliament in 1878.
or
1. The ryots were not given loans by sowkars because they no longer had confidence in the ryots capacity to repay. This was at the time when ryots were able to pay the inflated demand when prices were falling and cotton fields were disappearing.

2. The difficulties, the ryots had to face for getting loan from the sowkars were:

• The oppression of the sowkars.
• Compelled the ryots to enter into hard conditions in the bond for obtaining loan from them.
• The produce of their fields was also taken by the sowkars.
• They refused to pass them any receipts for the produce so removed by them.

3. The ryots were unable to pay the inflated demand because as the credit dried up, the revenue demand increased. The first revenue settlement was made in the 1820s and 1830s, presently it W’as the time for the next settlement. In this settlement, the demand was increased dramatically from 50 to 100 per cent. So the ryots were unable to pay the innate demand at the time when the prices were failing and cotton fields disappearing.

Question 20.
Deeds of Hire:
When debts mounted, the peasant was unable to pay hack the loan to the moneylender. He had no option, but to give over all his possessions-land, carts and animals to the moneylender. But without animals he could not continue to cultivate.

So, he took land on rent and animals on hire. He now had to pay for the animals which had originally belonged to him. He had to sign a deed of hire stating very clearly that these animals and carts did not belong to him. In cases of conflict, these deeds could be enforced through the court.

The following is the text of a deed that a peasant signed in November 1873 from the records of the Deccan Riots Commission.

I have sold to you, on account of the debt due to you, my two carriages having iron axles, with their appurtenances and four bullocks… I have taken from you on hire under this deed the very same two carriages and four bullocks. I shall pay every month the hire thereof at rupees four a month and obtain a receipt in your own handwriting. In the absence of a receipt, I shall not contend that the hire had been . paid.

1. How did the peasants pay back the loan to the moneylenders?
2. What was the deed of hire?
3. What light does the deed of hire throw on the relationship between the peasants and the moneylenders? (All India 2013)

Answer:
1. When debts increased the peasants were unable to pay back the loan to the moneylenders. As a result, the peasants had no option, but to give all their possessions to the moneylender. They had to surrender their land, carts and animals to the moneylender.

2. The peasant had to sign a deed of hire stating very clearly that all his possessions (land, carts and animals) did not belong to him. The peasant had to sell, on account of the debt to the moneylender his carriages having iron axles, with their accessories and bullocks. A peasant had to sign a deed that he had taken from the moneylender on hire. The peasant had to pay every month the hire there of at rupees four a month.

3. The deed of hire clearly shows that the relationship between the peasants and the moneylenders was based on exploitation. The deed of hire was absolutely loaded in favour of the moneylenders and the peasants were at the receiving end.

Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 10 Value Based Questions

Question 21.
Read the following passage and answer the question that follows.
When the Santhals settled on the peripheries of the Rajmahal hills, the Paharias resisted but were ultimately forced to withdraw deeper into the hills. Restricted from moving down to the lower hills and valleys, they were confined to the dry interior and to the more barren and rocky upper hills. This severely affected their lives, impoverishing them in the long term. Shifting agriculture depended on the ability to move to newer and newer land and utilisation of the natural fertility of the soil. When the most fertile soils became inaccessible to them, being part of the Damin, the Paharias could not effectively sustain their mode of cultivation. When the forests of the region were cleared for cultivation the hunters amongst them also faced problems.

The Santhals, by contrast, gave up their earlier life of mobility and settled down, cultivating a range of commercial crops for the market, and dealing with traders and moneylenders.

1. What effect can be seen on the lives of Paharias when the Santhals were settled on the peripheries of the Rajmahal hills? Discuss.

Answer:
1. The lives of Paharias were completely changed when the Santhals came and settled on the peripheries of the Rajmahal hills.

• When Santhals came, the Paharias resisted them, but were ultimately forced to withdraw deeper into the hills.
• The movement towards lower hills and valleys was restricted and they were only confined to live on the dry upper hills which was completely barren and rocky.
• Paharias were mainly depended on shifting cultivation and hunting. When the most fertile soils became inaccessible to them the Paharias could not effectively sustain their mode of cultivation.

2. When Santhals cleared most of the parts of the forests region, the hunters amongst the paharias also faced problems. These changes severely affected their lives, impoverishing them in the long term.

Read the following passage and answer the question that follow.
Over time, peasants came to associate the misery of their lives with the new regime of bonds and deeds. They were made to sign and put thumb impressions on documents, but they did not Know what they were actually signing. They had no idea of the clauses that moneylenders inserted in the bonds. They feared the written word. But they had no choice because to survive they needed loans, and moneylenders were unwilling to give loans without legal bonds,

1. How were bonds and deeds became responsible for misery of peasants over time?

Answer:
Bonds and deeds were the two powerful weapons of moneylenders through which they suppressed the ryots or peasants. Moneylenders forced ryots to sign a new bond every three years although this was banned in the Limitation Law that have validity for only 3 years. But later moneylenders turned the law around and charged higher interests plus higher principle rates.

Over time peasants realised that these bonds were the actual cause of their miseries. But being helpless and in need of money, they were made to sign and put thumb impression on documents without having knowledge of what they are signing to. Thus, moneylenders took advantage of their situations and inserted false clauses in the bonds.

Important Questions for Class 12 History

The post Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 10 Colonialism and the Countryside (Exploring Official Archives) appeared first on Learn CBSE.

Important Questions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 3 Current Electricity Class 12 Important Questions

Current Electricity Class 12 Important Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
The plot of the variation of potential difference across a combination of three identical cells in series, versus current is as shown in the figure. What is the emf of each cell? (Delhi 2008)

Answer:
Total emf of three cells in series = P.D corresponding to zero current = 6V
∴ The emf of each cell = = 2V

Question 2.
A wire of resistance 8R is bent in the form of a circle. What is the effective resistance between the ends of a A diameter 2AB? (Delhi 2008)

Answer:
The effective resistance between A and BO

Question 3.
Two conducting wires X and Y of same diameter across a battery. If the number density of electro in X is twice that in Y, find the ratio of drift velocity of electrons in the two wires. (All India 2008)
Answer:

Question 4.
A resistance R is connected across a cell of emf ε and internal resestance r. A potentiometer now measures the potential difference between the terminals of the cell as V. write the expression for ‘r’ in terms of ε, V and R. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:

Question 5.
When electrons drift in a metal from lower to higher potential, does it mean that all the free electrons of the metal are moving in the same direction? (Delhi 2012)
Answer:

No, only the drift velocities of the electrons are superposed over their random (haphazard) thermal velocities. The solid line shows the random path followed by a free electron in the absence of an external field.

The electron proceeds from A to B, making six collisions on its path. The dotted curve shows how the random motion of the same electron gets modified when an electric field is applied.

Question 6.
Show on a graph the variation of resistivity with temperature for a typical semiconductor . (Delhi 2012)
Answer:

Resistivity of a semi conductor decreases rapidly with temperature.

Question 7.
Two wires of equal length, one of copper and the other of manganin have the same resistance. Which wire is thicker? (All India 2012)
Answer:

For both wires R and l are same and ρ copper < p manganin.
∴ A copper < A manganin
i.e. Manganin wire is thicker than copper wire.

Question 8.
A 10 v battery of negligible internal resistance is connected across a 200 V battery and a resistance of 38Ω as shown in the figure. Find the value of the current in circuit. (Delhi 2013)

Answer:
Applying Kirchhof s rule, we get 200 -10 = 190 V

Question 9.
A 5 V battery of negligible internal resistance is connected across a 200 V battery and a resistance of 39 Ω as shown in the figure. Find the value of the current (Delhi 2013)

Answer:

Question 10.
The emf of a cell is always greater than its terminal voltage. Why? Give reason. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
Emf is the p.d. when no current is drawn. When current is drawn, there will be potential drop across the internal resistance of the cell. So, terminal voltage will be less than the emf.

Question 11.
A cell of emf ‘E’ and internal resistance ‘r’ draws a current ‘I’. Write the relation between terminal voltage ‘V’ in terms of E, I and r. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
V = E – I

Question 12.
Two identical cells, each of emf E, having negligible internal resistance, are connected in parallel with each other across an external resistance R. What is the current through this resistance ?
Answer:

[When cells are connected in parallel, emf remains unchanged]

Question 13.
Why is the terminal voltage of a cell less than its emf? (Comptt. All India 2013)
Answer:
Terminal voltage of a cell is less than emf because some curent, however small, may be is drawn to measure terminal voltage due to internal resistance of the cell.

Question 14.
Two students A and B were asked to pick a resistor of 15 kΩ from a collection of carbon resis-tors. A picked a resistor with bands of colours : brown, green, orange while B chose a resistor with bands of black, green, red. Who picked the correct resistor? (Comptt. All India 2013)
Answer:
Student ‘A’ picked up the correct resistor of 15 kΩ.

Question 15.
Define the term ‘Mobility’ of charge carriers in a conductor. Write its S.I. unit. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Mobility of charge carriers is defined as the magnitude of the drift velocity per unit electric field E.

Question 16.
Show variation of resistivity of copper as a function of temperature in a graph. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:

Question 17.
Define the term ‘electrical conductivity’ of a metallic wire. Write its S.I. unit. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Conductivity. The reciprocal of the resistivity of the material of a conductor is called its conductivity ‘σ’

The SI unit of conductivity is Ohm^-1 metre^-1 (Ω^-1im^-1’).

Question 18.
Define the term ‘drift velocity’ of charge carriers in a conductor and write its relationship with the current flowing through it. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Drift velocity. It is the velocity with which a free electron in the conductor gets drifted under the influence of the applied external electric field

Question 19.
How does the random motion of free electrons in a conductor get affected when a potential difference is applied across its ends? (Comptt. Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Random motion of free electrons gets directed towards the point at a higher potential.

Question 20.
State the underlying principle of a potentiometer. (Comptt. Delhi 2014)
Answer:
When a constant current flows through a wire of uniform cross-section and of uniform composition, the potential difference across any length of wire is directly proportional to its length, i.e.,
V_l l

Question 21.
Write the expression for the drift velocity of charge carriers in a conductor of length T across which a potential difference ‘V’ is applied. (Comptt. All India 2014)
Answer:

Question 22.
How does one explain increase in resistivity of a metal with increase of temperature? (Comptt. All India 2014)
Answer:
With increase in temperature, the relaxation time (average time between successive collisions) decreases and hence resistivity increases. Also,

resistivity increases, as x decreases with increase in temperature.

Question 23.
Graph showing the variation of current versus voltage for a material GaAs is shown in the figure. Identify the region of
(i) negative resistance
(ii) where Ohm’s law is obeyes (Delhi 2014)
versus for a GaAs is in the Identify the region of
Answer:
DE : Negative resistance region.
AB : Where Ohm’s law is obeyed.

Question 24.
I – V graph for a metallic wire at two different temperatures, T₁ and T₂ is as shown in the figure. Which of the two temperatures is lower and why? (All India 2015)
Answer:
The temperature T₁ is lower. Larger the slope of V-I graph, smaller the resistance. As the resistance of a metal increases with the increase of temperature, resistance at temperature T₁ is lower.

Question 25.
The plot of the variation of potential difference A across a combination of three identical cells in series, versus current is shown along the question. What is the emf and internal resistance of each cell? (All India 2016)

Answer:

(From the graph, current is 1A corresponding to V = 0)

Question 26.
Why is a potentiometer preferred over a voltmeter for determining the emf of a cell? (Comptt. Delhi 2016)
Answer:
Potentiometer does not draw any (net) current from the cell; while Voltmeter draws some current from cell, when connected across it, hence it measures terminal voltage. It is why a potentiometer is preferred over a voltmeter to measure emf.

Question 27.
Nichrome and copper wires of same length and same radius are connected in series. Current I is passed through them. Which wire gets heated up more? Justify your answer. (Outside Delhi 2017)
Answer:
Nichrome :
Nichrome wire gets heated up more because of higher resistivity of nichrome.
Resistivity_NI > Resistivity_Cu

Question 28.
Define the conductivity of a conductor. Write its SI unit. (Comptt. Outside Delhi 2017)
Answer:
Conductivity is defined as the reciprocal of resistivity, i.e., σ =
Its SI unit is S(Siemen)

Current Electricity Class 12 Important Questions Short Answer Type I

Question 29.
Two metallic wires of the same material have the same length but cross-sectional area is in the ratio 1 : 2. They are connected
(i) in series and
(ii) in parallel. Compare the drift velocities of electrons in the two wires in both the cases (i) and (ii). (All India 2008)
Answer:

Question 30.
Derive an expression for the resistivity of a good conductor, in terms of the relaxation time of electrons. (All India 2008)
Answer:
Drift speed gained by an electron under the effect of electric field in a conductor is

between resistivity and relaxation time of electrons.

Question 31.
Using the mathematical expression for the conductivity of a material, explain how it varies with temperature for
(i) semiconductors,
(ii) good conductors. (All India 2008)
Answer:
Conductivity σ =
(i) Semiconductors: With increase in temperature, conductivity of semiconductor increases. It is due to increase in V. It dominates the effect caused by decrease in ‘x’.
(ii) Good conductors : With increase in temperature, conductivity of good conductors decreases. It is due to decrease in the value of relaxation time. The effect of increased value of V is negligible.

Question 32.
A cell of emf ‘E’ and internal resistance V is connected across a variable resistor ‘R’. Plot a graph showing the variation of terminal potential ‘V’ with resistance R.
Predict from the graph the condition under which ‘V’ becomes equal to ‘E’. (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
(i) V = ε – Ir gives the terminal voltage and can be plotted as shown in Figure 1.
(ii) The graph between V and R, is shown in Figure 2.

V becomes E when no current is down.

Question 33.
Derive an expression for drift velocity of free electrons in a conductor in terms of relaxation time. (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
In the absence of electric field the electrons motion is random and the net velocity is zero. In the presence of electric field, they tend to flow opposite to that of the electric field in the conduction. If an electric field ‘E’ is applied across a length l of the conductor, the electrons will experience an acceleration, a = .
If the average time for the acceleration is x, the velocity required is

Question 34.
Calculate the current drawn from the battery in the given network. (All India 2009)

Answer:

Question 35.
Define current sensitivity and voltage sensitivity of a galvanometer. Increasing the current sensitivity may not necessarily increase the voltage sensitivity of a galvanometer. Justify. (All India 2009)
Answer:
Current sensitivity is defined as the deflection produced in the galvanometer when unit current is passed through its coil.

Voltage sensitivity is defined as the deflection produced in the galvanometer when unit voltage is applied across the coil of the galvanometer.

Since V_s = , increase in current sensitivity may
not necessarily increase the voltage sensitivity. It may be affected by the resistance used.

Question 36.
A wire of 15 Ω resistance is gradually stretched to double its original length. It is then cut into two equal parts. These parts are then connected in parallel across a 3.0 volt battery. Find the current drawn from the battery. (All India 2009)
Answer:
R = 15 Ω
On stretching to double its original length, the resistance becomes R₁ = 60 Ω, as on stretching volume is constant and R l².
The two cut parts will have a resistance of 30 Ω each as they are connected in parallel, the

Question 37.
A wire of 20 Ω resistance is gradually stretched to double its original length. It is then cut into two equal parts. These parts are then connected in parallel across a 4.0 volt battery. Find the current drawn from the battery. (All India 2009)
Answer:
On stretching, the resistance of the wire will get to four times, i.e., 80 Ω as volume is constant and
R l².
So the two equal parts will have a resistance of 40 Ω each.
When connected in parallel, the equivalent resistance will be 20 Ω

Question 38.
In the given circuit, assuming point A to be at zero potential, use Kirchhoff’s rules to determine the potential A at point B. (All India 2011)

Answer:
Applying Kirchhoff’s law by moving along ACDE,
we get,

Question 39.
In the meter bridge experiment, balance point was observed at J with AJ = l.

(i) The values of R and X were doubled and then interchanged. What would be the new position of balance point?
(ii) If the galvanometer and battery are interchanged at the balance position, how will the balance point get affected? (All India 2011)
Answer:
(i) Balance point will change from l to (100 – l),

(ii) From the principle of Wheatstone bridge

Hence, the galvanometer and cell are interchanged, the condition for a balance bridge is still satisfied. Therefore, the galvanometer will not show any deflection.

Question 40.
A cell of emf E and internal resistance r is connected to two external resistances R₁ and R₂ and a perfect ammeter. The current in the circuit is measured in four different situations:
(i) without any external resistance in the circuit
(ii) with resistance R₂ only
(iii) with R₁ and R₂ in series combination
(iv) with R₁ and R₂ in parallel combination
The currents measured in the four cases are 0.42A, 1.05A, 1.4A and 4.2A, but not necessarily in that order. Identify the currents corresponding to the four cases mentioned above.
Answer:

Question 41.
A battery of emf 10 V and internal resistance 3Ω is connected to a resistor. If the current in the circuit is 0.5 A, find
(i) the resistance of the resistor;
(ii) the terminal voltage of the battery. (Comptt. Delhi 2012)
Answer:

Question 42.
A battery of emf 6 V and internal resistance 2Ω is connected to a resistor. If the current in the circuit is 0.25 A, find
(i) the resistance of the resistors;
(ii) the terminal voltage of the battery. (Comptt. Delhi)
Answer:

Question 43.
The network PQRS, shown in the circuit diagram, has the batteries of 4 V and 5 V and negligible internal resistance. A milliammeter of 20 Ω resistance is connected between P and R. Calculate the reading in the milliammeter. (Comptt. All India 2012)

Answer:
Applying loop rule to loop PQRP
-4 = 60(I – I₁) – 20 I₁ = 0
or – 4 = 60I – 60I₁ – 20I₁
or 20I₁ -15 I = 1 …[+ by 4 …(i)]
Applying loop Yule to loop PRSP, we get
-5 + 200 I + 20 I₁ = 0
4I₁ + 40 I = 1 …[+ by 5 …(ii)]

∴ Reading of milliammeter = 0.064 A

Question 44.
The network PQRS, shown m the circuit diagram, has the batteries of 5 V and 10 V and negligible internal resistance. A milliammeter of 50Ω resistance is connected between P and R. Calculate the reading in the milliammeter. (Comptt. All India 2012)

Answer:
Applying loop rule to loop PSRP
-10 + 100 I + 50 I₁ = 0
or 100 I + 50 I₁ = 10
or 10 I + 5 I₁ = 1 …[+ by 10 …(i)
Applying loop rule to loop PRQP

Reading in milliammeter = 0.08A

Question 45.
State the principle of a potentiometer. Describe briefly, with the help of a circuit diagram, how this device is used to compare the emf’s of two cells. (Comptt. All India 2012)
Answer:
Potentiometer : A potentiometer is a device used to measure potential difference.

Principle : The basic principle of a potentiometer is that when a constant current flows through a wire of uniform cross-sectional area and composition, the potential drop across any length of the wire is directly proportional to that length.

…where [K is called potential gradient
Close the key K₁. A constant current flows through the potentiometer wire. With key K₂ kept open, move the jockey along AB till it balances the emf e of the cell. Let l, be the balancing length of the wire. If K is the potential gradient, then emf of the cell will be


With the help of resistance box R.B, introduce a resistance R and close key K₂. Find the balance point for the terminal potential difference V of the cell. If l₂ is the balancing length, then

Let r be the internal resistance of the cell ε = I (R + r) and V = IR

Question 46.
An ammeter of resitance 1 Ω can measure current upto 1.0 A
(i) What must be the value of the shunt resistance to enable the ammeter to measure upto 5.0 (A)?
(ii) What is the combined resistance of the ammeter and the shunt? (Delhi 2013)
Answer:

Question 47.
Explain the term ‘drift velocity’ of electrons in a conductor. Hence obtain the expression for the current through a conductor in terms of ‘drift velocity’
Answer:
Definition : Drift velocity is defined as the velocity with which fress electrons in a conductor get drifted in a direction opposite to the direction of the applied field. Its unit is m^-1s and dimensions [LT^-1]

Expression : The magnitude of electric field set up across the conductor is given by
E =
Let n be the number of free electrons per unit volume of the conductor.
Then, total number of free electrons in the conductor
= n × Volume of the conductor
Hence, Q = (nAl)e
Time taken by the charge to cross the conductor length l is given by

Question 48.
Write the expression for the current in a conductor of cross-sectional area A in terms of drift velocity. (Comptt. All India 2013)
Answer:
Drift velocity. Drift velocity is defined as the velocity of the free electrons with which they get drifted towards the positive terminal under the influence of the external electric field. The drift velocity of electron is of the order of 10^-5 m/sec. Expression for current in terms of drift velocity is :

Expression : Consider a conductor of length l and of uniform cross-section area A .
∴ Volume of the conductor = Al
If n is the number of the conductors, then total number of free electrons in the conductor = Aln
If e is the charge on ” each electron, then
total charge on all A the free electrons in the conductor, q = Alne
The electric field set up across the conductor of potential difference V is given by,


Due to this field, the free electrons present in the conductor will begin to move with a drift velocity v_d towards the positive terminal of the battery
∴ Time taken by free electrons to cross the conductor,

SinceA, n and e are constants,

Therefore, the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the drift velocity.

Question 49.
Describe briefly, with the help of a circuit diagram, how a potentiometer is used to determine the internal resistance of a cell.
(All India 2013)
Answer:
The apparatus is set up as per circuit diagram drawn here.

The cell (emf ε), whose internal resistance (r) is to be determined, is connected across a resistance box through a key K₂, as shown in the figure. With key K₂ is open, balance is obtained at length l₁ (AN₁), then

When key K₂ is closed, the cell sends a current (I) through the resistance box (R). If V is the terminal potential difference of the cell and balance is obtained at length l₂ (AN₂)

Using equation (v) we can find internal resistance of the cell.

Question 50.
Write a relation between current and drift veloc¬ity of electrons in a conductor. Use this relation to explain how the resistance of a conductor changes with the rise in temperature. (Comptt. Delhi 2013)
Answer:
Relation between current and drift velocity :

On increasing temperature, the resistance of the conductor increases due to increase in frequent collisions of electrons with each other, resulting into decrease in the drift velocity.

Question 51.
Use Kirchhoff’s rules to determine the value of the current I₁ flowing in the circuit shown in the figure. (Comptt. Delhi 2013)

Answer:
Using Kirchoff’s first law at junction E, we get
I₃ = I₃ + I₂
In loop ABCDA, using Kirchoff’s second law, we get

80 – 20 I₂ + 30 I₁ = 0

So (-) sign of current indicates that the direction of current is opposite to that as shown in the circuit diagram.

Question 52.
Draw a graph showing variation of resistivity with temperature for nichrome. Which property of nichrome is used to make standard resistance coils? (Comptt. All India 2013)
Answer:
Temperature coefficient of resistivity (α) is very small for nichrome.

Question 53.
A battery of emf E and internal resistance r when connected across an external resistance of 12 ft, produces a current of 0.5 A. When connected across a resistance of 25 ft, it produces a current of 0.25 A. Determine
(i) the emf and
(ii) the internal resistance of the cell. (Comptt. All India 2013)

Question 54.
Define mobility of a charge carrier. Write the relation expressing mobility in terms of relaxation time. Give its SI unit. (Comptt. All India 2013)
Answer:
Mobility. Mobility of electron p is defined as the magnitude of the drift velocity per unit electric field E

Question 55.
A uniform wire of resistance 12 Ω is cut into three pieces so that the ratio of the resistances R₁ : R₂ : R₃ = 1 : 2 : 3 and the three pieces are connected to form a triangle across which a cell of emf 8V and internal resistance

1 Ω is connected as shown. Calculate the current through each part of the circuit. (Comptt. All India 2013)
Answer:

Question 56.
State Kirchhoff’s rules. Explain briefly how these rules are justified. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Kirchhoff’s rules.

1. Kirchhoff’s junction rule : At any junction, the sum of the currents entering the junction is equal to the sum of currents leaving the junction.
2. Kirchhoff’s loop rule : The algebraic sum of changes in potential in any closed loop involving resistors and cells is zero.

These two laws are justified on the basis of law of conservation of charge and the law of conservation of energy respectively.

Question 57.
A cell of emf ‘E’ and internal resistance V is connected across a variable resistor ‘R’. Plot a graph showing variation of terminal voltage ‘V’ of the cell versus the current ‘I’. Using the plot, show how the emf of the cell and its internal resistance can be determined. (All India 2014)
Answer:

Intercept of Y-axis will give the value of ‘E’; while the slope of the line will give the value of internal resistance.

Question 58.
Estimate the average drift speed of conduction electrons in a copper wire of cross-sectional area 1.0 × 10 ^-7 m² carrying a current of 1.5 A. Assume the density of conduction electrons to be 9 × 10²⁸ m^-3. (All India 2014)
Answer:

Question 59.
Estimate the average drift speed of conduction electrons in a copper wire of cross-sectional area 2.5 × 10^-7 m² carrying a current of 1.8 A. Assume the density of conduction electrons to be 9 × 10²⁸ m^-3. (All India 2014)
Answer:

Question 60.
Estimate the average drift speed of conduction electrons in a copper wire of cross-sectional area 2.5 × 10^-7 m² carrying a current of 2.7 A. Assume the density of conduction electrons to be 9 × 10²⁸ m^-3. (All India 2014)
Answer:
0.75 × 10^-3 ms^-1

Question 61.
Draw a plot showing the variation of resistivity of a
(i) conductor and
(ii) semiconductor, with the increase in temperature.
How does one explain this behaviour in terms of number density of charge carriers and the relaxation time? (Comptt. Delhi 2014)
Answer:
(i) For conductor :
(ii) For semiconductor :

(iii) Behaviour :

In conductors, average relaxation time decreases with increase in temperature, resulting in an increase in resistivity.
In semiconductors, the increase in number density (with increase in temperature) is more than the decrease in relaxation time; the net result is, therefore, a decrease in resistivity.

Question 62.
Distinguish between emf (ε) and terminal voltage (V) of a cell having internal resistance r. Draw a plot showing the variation of terminal voltage (V) vs the current (I) drawn from the cell. Using this plot, how does one determine the internal resistance of the cell?
– (Comptt All India 2014)
Answer:
emf is the potential difference between two terminals of the cell, when no current is drawn from the cell I while
• terminal voltage is the potential difference between two terminals when current passes through it.
• negative slope of the graph gives internal resistance.

Question 63.
Use Kirchhoff’s rules to obtain conditions for the balance condition in a Wheatstone bridge. (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
Conditions for the balance condition in a Wheatstone bridge :

Applying Kirchhoff’s loop rule to closed loop ADBA,

This is the required balance condition in a Wheatstone bridge arrangement.

Question 64.
Use Kirchhoff’s rules to determine the potential difference between the points A and D when no current flows in the arm BE of the electric network shown in the figure.

Answer:
Let us consider the loop ABED.
Using Kirchhoff’s second law, we have

Question 65.
Calculate the current drawn from the battery by the network of resistors shown in the figure. (Comptt. All India 2015)

Answer:
Given : Circuit diagram can be rearranged as shown below :
It forms a wheatstone’s bridge

It is the condition of null point when no current flows through BD arm, i.e. 5 Ω.
Resistances P = (1 Ω) and R = (2 Ω) are in series;
Similarly, Resistances Q = (2 Ω) and S in series,

Question 66.
Using the concept of drift velocity of charge carriers in a conductor, deduce the relationship between current density and resistivity of the conductor. (Comptt. Delhi 2015)
Answer:
The drift velocity is given by,

Question 67.
Two cells of emfs 1.5 V and 2.0 V having internal resistance 0.2 Ω and 0.3 Ω respectively are connected in parallel. Calculate the emf and internal resistance of the equivalent cell.(Delhi 2016)
Answer:
Given : E₁ = 1.5 V, E₂ = 2.0 V,

Question 68.
A battery of emf 12V and internal resistance 2 Ω is connected to a 4 Ω resistor as shown in the figure.
(a) Show that a voltmeter when placed across the cell and across the resistor, in turn, gives the
(b) To record the voltage and the current in the circuit, why is voltmeter placed in parallel and ammeter in series in the circuit? (All India)

Answer:

We find from the equations (i) and (ii), the voltmeter gives the same reading, i.e. 8 V.
(b) An ammeter is connected in series because same current is flowing in the circuit, while voltmeter is connected in parallel to measure potential difference across two points in the circuit.

Question 69.
The figure shows a plot of terminal voltage ‘V’ versus the current ‘i’ of a given cell. Calculate from the graph
(a) emf of the cell and
(b) internal resistance of the cell. (Comptt. Outside Delhi 2017)

Answer:

Question 70.
A cell of emf 4 V and internal resistance 1 Ω is connected to a d.c. source of 10 V through a resistor of 5 Ω. Calculate the terminal voltage across the cell during charging.
Answer:

Current Electricity Class 12 Important Questions Short Answer Type II

Question 71.
Prove that the current density of a metallic conductor is directly proportional to the drift speed of electrons. (Delhi 2008)
Or
Derive an expression for the current density of a conductor in terms of the drift speed of electrons. (All India 2008)
Answer:
Suppose a potential difference V is applied across a conductor of length l and of uniform cross-section A. The electric field E set up inside the conductor is given by
E =
Under the influence of field , the free electrons begin to drift in the opposite direction with an average drift velocity v_d.
Let the number of electrons per unit volume or electron density = n
Charge on an electron = e

No. of electrons in length l of the conductor = n x volume of the conductor = n × Al
Total charge contained in length l of the conductor is
q = enAl … (i)
All the electrons which enter the conductor at the right end will pass through the conductor at the left end in time,

Hence the current density of a metallic conductor is directly proportional to the drift speed of electrons.

Question 72.
A number of identical cells n, each of emf e, internal resistance r connected in series are charged by a d.c. source of emf elr using a resistor R.
(i) Draw the circuit arrangement.
(ii) Deduce the expressions for
(a) the charging current and
(b) the potential difference across the combination of the cells. (Delhi 2008)
Answer:

Question 73.
A potentiometer wire of length 1 m is connected to a driver cell of emf 3 V as shown in the figure. When a cell of 1.5 V emf is used in the secondary circuit, the balance point is found to be 60 cm. On replacing this cell and using a cell of unknown emf, the balance point shifts to 80 cm.

(i) Calculate unknown emf of the cell.
(ii) Explain with reason, whether the circuit works, if the driver cell is replaced with a cell of emf 1 V.
(iii) Does the high resistance R, used in the secondary circuit affect the balance point? Justify your answer. (Delhi 2008)
Answer:

(ii) The circuit will not work. If emf of auxiliary battery is greater than the emf of the driver cell of the potentiometer, there will be no balance point on the wire AB. The maximum potential drop across the wire will be of 1 V and will not be able to balance 1.5 V emf.
(iii) No, the balance point is not affected by the high resistance R because no current flows through the cell at the balance point.

Question 74.
Define resistivity of a conductor. Plot a graph showing the variation of resistivity with temperature for a metallic conductor. How does one explain such a behaviour, using the mathematical expression of the resistivity of a material. (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
(i) Resistivity of conductor : It is the resistance of a conductor of unit length and unit area of cross-section.

(ii) Variation of resistivity with temperature :
The resistivity of a material is given by

On increasing temperature, average speed of drifting electrons increases. As a result collisions are more frequent. Average relaxation time τ decreases, hence ‘ρ’ increases.

Question 75.
(i) Calculate the equivalent resistance of the given electrical network between points A and B.

(ii) Also calculate the current through CD and ACB, if a 10 V d.c. source is connected between A and B, and the value of R is assumed as 2 Ω. (All India 2008)
Answer:
(i) Equivalent circuit of the given problem is shown in the given diagram. The simplified circuit is equivalent to a balanced wheatstone bridge.
Hence there will be no current in arm CD,

(ii) Being a balanced wheatstone bridge

Question 76.
The figure shows experimental set up of a meter bridge. When the two unknown resistances X and Y are inserted, the null point D is obtained 40 cm from the end A. When a resistance of 10 Ω is connected in series with X, the null point shifts by 10 cm.

Find the position of the null point when the 10 Ω resistance is instead connected in series with resistance ‘Y’. Determine the values of the resistances X and Y. (Delhi 2008)
Answer:

Question 77.
(i) State the principle of working of a meter bridge. x
(ii) In a meter bridge balance point is found at a distance l₁ with resistances R and S as shown in the figure.
When an unknown resistance X is connected in parallel with the resistance S, the balance point shifts to a distance l₂. Find the expression for X in terms of l₁ l₂ and S. (All India 2009)

Answer:
(i) Meter bridge : Meter bridge is an arrangement of four resistances used for measuring one unknown resistance in terms of other three known resistances.

At the balance condition, no current flows through the galvanometer arm. By using the balance condition of meter bridge, the value of unknown resistance can be determined, knowing the other three resistances.
(ii) With R and S alone, we have

With S and X in parallel and R on the left gap

Question 78.
Write the principle of working of a potentiometer. Describe briefly, with the help of a circuit diagram, how a potentiometer is used to determine the internal resistance of a given cell. (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Potentiometer : A potentiometer is a device used to measure potential difference.

Principle : The basic principle of a potentiometer is that when a constant current flows through a wire of uniform cross-sectional area and composition, the potential drop across any length of the wire is directly proportional to that length.

…where [K is called potential gradient
Close the key K₁. A constant current flows through the potentiometer wire. With key K₂ kept open, move the jockey along AB till it balances the emf e of the cell. Let l, be the balancing length of the wire. If K is the potential gradient, then emf of the cell will be


With the help of resistance box R.B, introduce a resistance R and close key K₂. Find the balance point for the terminal potential difference V of the cell. If l₂ is the balancing length, then

Let r be the internal resistance of the cell ε = I (R + r) and V = IR

Question 79.
In a meter bridge, the null point is found at a distance of 40 cm from A. If a resistance of 12 Ω is connected in parallel with S, the null point occurs at 50.0 cm from A. Determine the values of R and S ?
Answer:

Answer:
Since the wire is of uniform cross-section, the resistances of the two segments of the wire AD and DB are in the ratio of the lengths of AD and DB.

Using the null point condition of wheatstone bridge,

Question 80.
In a meter bridge, the null point is found at a distance of 60.0 cm from A.

If now a resistance of 5 Q is connected in series with S, the null point occurs at 50 cm. Determine the values of R and S. (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
Using the null point condition of wheatstone bridge, we have

Question 81.
In a meter bridge, the null point is found at a distance of l₁ cm from A. If now a resistance of X is connected in parallel with S, the null point occurs at l₂. Obtain a formula for X in terms of l₁ l₂ and S. (Delhi 2010)

Answer:
(i) Meter bridge : Meter bridge is an arrangement of four resistances used for measuring one unknown resistance in terms of other three known resistances.

At the balance condition, no current flows through the galvanometer arm. By using the balance condition of meter bridge, the value of unknown resistance can be determined, knowing the other three resistances.
(ii) With R and S alone, we have

With S and X in parallel and R on the left gap

Question 82.
Write any two factors on which internal resistance of a cell depends. The reading on a high resistance voltmeter, when a cell is connected across it, is 2.2 V. When the terminals of the cell are also connected to a resistance of 5 Ω as shown in the circuit, the voltmeter reading drops to 1.8 V. Find the internal resistance of the cell. (All India 2010)

Answer:
(a) Internal resistance of a cell depends upon :
(i) nature of electrolyte of the cell
(ii) separation between the electrodes.
(b) Given: emf of cell, e = 2.2 V, R = 5 Ω, V = 1.8 V

Question 83.
Write any two factors on which internal resistance of a cell depends. The reading on a high resistance voltmeter, when a cell is connected across it, is 2.0 V.

When the terminals of the cell are also connected to a resistance of 3Ω as shown in the circuit, the voltmeter reading drops to 1.5 V. Find the internal resistance of the cell. (All India 2010)
Answer:
Factors affecting internal resistance of a cell :

(a) Internal resistance of a cell depends upon :
(i) nature of electrolyte of the cell
(ii) separation between the electrodes.
(b) Given: emf of cell, e = 2.2 V, R = 5 Ω, V = 1.8 V

Let r be the internal resistance of the cell

Question 84.
State Kirchhoff’s rules. Use these rules to write the expressions for the current I₁ I₂ and I₃ in the circuit diagram shown. (All India 2010)

Answer:
(i) Kirchhoff’s junction rule : At any junction, the sum of the currents entering the junction is equal to the sum of currents leaving the junction.
(ii) Kirchhoff’s loop rule : The algebraic sum of changes in potential-in any closed loop involving resistors and cells is zero.
(b) According to Kirchhoff’s junction rule,

Question 85.
State Kirchhoff’s rules. Apply Kirchhoff’s rales to the loops ACBPA and ACBQA to write the expressions for the currents I₁, I₂ and I₃ in the network. (All India 2010)

Answer:
Kirchhoff’s rules :
(i) Kirchhoff’s junction rule : At any junction, the sum of the currents entering the junction is equal to the sum of currents leaving the junction.
(ii) Kirchhoff’s loop rule : The algebraic sum of changes in potential-in any closed loop involving resistors and cells is zero.
(b) According to Kirchhoff’s junction rule,

Numerical : Applying Kirchhoff’s rule in loop ACBPA, we have

In loop ACBQA, by Kirchhoff’s rule, we have
12I₃ + 1I₂ = 10 …(ii)
Subtracting (i) from (ii), we have

Question 87.
Define the terms
(i) drift velocity,
(ii) relaxation time.
A conductor of length L is connected to a dc source of emf e. If this conductor is replaced by another conductor of same material and same area of cross-section but of length 3L, how will the drift velocity change? (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
(i) Drift velocity : It may be defined as the average velocity gained by the free electrons of a conductor in the opposite direction of the externally applied field.
(ii) Relaxation time : The average time that elapses between two successive collisions of an electron is called relaxation time.

When length is tripled (3L), drift velocity becomes one-third of the original.
For details :
(i) Drift velocity. Drift velocity is defined as the velocity of the free electrons with which they get drifted towards the positive terminal under the influence of the external electric field. The drift velocity of electron is of the order of 10~5 m/ sec.
Derivation. Let ‘m’ be the mass of an electron and ‘e’ be the charge on it. When an external electric field ‘E is applied, the acceleration
acquired by an electron is given by

Let v₁ v₂, v₃ … v_n be final velocities of electrons then average velocity of the electrons is given by

Therefore, when length is tripled, the drift velocity becomes one-third.

Question 88.
In the circuit shown, R₁ = 4Ω, R₂ = R₃ = 15 Ω, R₄ = 30Ω and E = 10V. Calculate the equivalent resistance of the circuit and the current in each resistor. (Delhi 2010)

Answer:

Question 89.
In the circuit shown, R1 = 4Ω, R2 = R3 = 5Ω, R4 = 10Ω and E = 6V. Work out the equivalent resistance of the circuit and the current in each resistor. (Delhi 2010)

Answer:

Question 90.
In the figure a long uniform potentiometer wire AB is having a constant potential gradient along its length. The null points for the two primary cells of emfs ε₁ and ε₂ connected in the manner shown are obtained at a distance of 120 cm and 300 cm from the end A.

Find (i) ε₁/ε₂
(ii) position of null point for the cell ε₁
How is the sensitivity of a potentiometer increased ?
Answer:

∴ Balancing length for cell ε₁ = 210 cm
The sensitivity of a potentiometer can be increased by reducing the potential gradient.

Question 91.
Using Kirchoff’s rules determine the value of unknown resistance R into circuit so that no current flows through 4ω resistance. Also find the potential difference between A and D. (Delhi 2012)

Answer:

Question 92.
Calculate the value of the resistance R in the circuit shown in the figure so that the current in the circuit is 0.2 A. What would be the potential difference between points B and E? (All India 2012)

Answer:

Question 93.
Calculate the value of the resistance R in the circuit shown in the figure so that the current is 0.2 A. What would be the potential difference between points A and B?

Answer:

Question 94.
Define relaxation time of the free electrons drifting in a conductor. How is it related to the drift velocity of free electrons? Use this relation to deduce the expression for the electrical resistivity of the material. (All India 2012)
Answer:
Relaxation time : The average time that elapses between two successive collisions of an electron is called relaxation time.

Suppose a potential difference V is applied across a conductor of length T and of uniform cross-section A, then
Electric field E set up inside the conductor is given by

Under the influence of field , the free electrons begin to drift in the opposite direction with an average drift velocity v_d.

Let the number of electrons per unit volume or electron density = n
Charge on an electron = e
Number of electrons in length l of the conductor = n × volume of the conductor = nAl
Total charge contained in length l of the conductor, q = enAl
According to the electrons which enter the conductor at the right end will pass through the conductor at the left end in time,

Question 95.
Write the principle on which the working of a meter bridge is based. In an experiment on meter bridge, a student obtains the balance point at the point J such that AJ = 40 cm as shown in the figure. The values of ‘R’ and ‘X’ are both doubled and then interchanged. Find the new position of the balance point. If the galvanometer and battery are also interchanged, how will the position of balance point be affected? (Comptt. All India 2012)

Answer:
The principle on which the working of a meter bridge is based, is Wheatstone bridge.

When R and X are doubled and interchanged Let the new balancing length be l.

If the galvanometer and battery are also inter¬changed then there will be no effect on the posi¬tion of the balance point.

Question 96.
Write the principle on which the working of a meter bridge is based. In an experiment on meter bridge, a student obtains the balance point at the point J such that AJ = 60 cm as shown in the figure. The values of ‘R’ and ‘X’ are both doubled and then interchanged. Find the new position of the balance point. If the galvanometer and battery are also interchanged, how will the position of balance point be affected? (Comptt. All India 2012)
Answer:
The principle on which the working of a meter bridge is based, is Wheatstone bridge.

If the galvanometer and battery are interchanged, then there will be no effect on the position of balancing point.

Question 97.
Define the current sensitivity of galvanometer. Write its S.I. unit.

Figure shows two circuits each having a galvanometer and a battery of 3 V.
When the galvanometers in each arrangment do not show any deflection, obtain the ratio R₁/R₂.
(All India 2012)
Answer:
Current sensitivity of a galvanometer : Current sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer is defined as deflection produced in the galvanometer per unit current passed through it. Its SI unit is rad A^-1
(i) For circuit on the left side—
If G has zero deflection, then

(ii) For circuit on the right side—
If galvanometer and battery are inter-changed, there is no change in the circuit as such.

Question 98.
State the underlying principle of a potentiometer. Write two factors on which the sensitivity of a potentiometer depends.
In the potentiometer circuit shown in the figure, the balance point is at X. State, giving reason, how the balance point is shifted when

(i) resistance R is increased?
(ii) resistance S is increased, keeping R constant? (Comptt. Delhi 2012)
Answer:
Potentiometer : A potentiometer is a device used to measure potential difference.

Principle. When a current flows through a wire of uniform thickness, the potential difference be¬tween its two points is directly proportional to the length of the wire between these two points.

… when [K is called construction potential gradient]
Two factors :
(a) Potential gradient
(b) Length of potentiometer wire.
(i) When R is increased, the balance point will shift towards B.
(ii) If resistance S increased keeping ‘R’ constant, the balance points will not change.