NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Sanskrit Chapter 6 सुधामुचः वाचः (अमृत बरसाने वाले वचन)

पाठपरिचयः सारांश: च

प्रस्तावना
महाकवियों की सूक्तियाँ अथवा सुभाषित हमारे जीवन में पाथेय के समान सहायता करते हैं तथा सन्मार्ग दिखाते हैं। विपत्ति में पड़े मानव इन सुभाषितों से आश्वासन पाते हैं तथा प्रेरणा ग्रहण करते हैं। संस्कृत साहित्य हज़ारों अति मधुर वचनों से अच्छी प्रकार सुशोभित है। जीवन के हर क्षेत्र में प्रेरणादायी ये सुभाषित साहित्य में आसानी से प्राप्त हो जाते हैं।

पाठ-संदर्भ
प्रस्तुत पाठ में कुछ अमृतवर्षी मधुर वचनों का संकलन किया गया है। कुल छह पद्य हैं। प्रथम पद्य ‘सुभाषितरत्नभाण्डागारम्’ से लिया गया है। दूसरा पद्य महाकवि भास के नाटक ‘कर्णभारम्’ से लिया गया है। तीसरा पद्य ‘चाणक्यनीतिः’ से लिया गया है। चौथे व पाँचवें पद्य का संकलन महाकवि भारवि विरचित ‘किरातार्जुनीयम्’ नामक महाकाव्य से किया गया है तथा अन्तिम पद्य भर्तृहरि विरचित ‘नीतिशतक’ से लिया गया है

पाठ-सार
प्रथम पद्य का भाव यह है कि वही लोग सब के वन्दनीय होते हैं जिनमें तीन गुण होते हैं-

1. जिनके मुख प्रसन्नता के निवास स्थान हैं,
2. जिनकी वाणियाँ अमृत बरसाती हैं, तथा
3. जिनके कार्य दूसरों की भलाई के लिए होते हैं।

दूसरे पद्य का भाव यह है कि परिवर्तनशील काल में सब कुछ बदल जाता है-विद्या विस्मृत हो जाती है, वृक्ष जड़ से उखड़ जाते हैं तथा जल से भरे स्थान जलहीन हो जाते हैं। ऐसा होने पर भी दो वस्तुएँ सदा स्थायी रहती हैं

1. दिया हुआ दान, तथा
2. यज्ञ की अग्नि में समर्पित आहुति।।

तीसरे पद्य का भाव यह है कि पुरुष की परीक्षा चार प्रकार से ली जा सकती है-

1. त्याग की दृष्टि से,
2. शील की दृष्टि से,
3. गुणों की दृष्टि से, तथा
4. कर्म की दृष्टि से।

चौथे पद्य का भाव यह है कि कपटपूर्ण आचरण करनेवाले व्यक्ति के साथ वैसा व्यवहार न करनेवाले सज्जन पुरुष पराभव को प्राप्त होते हैं, क्योंकि धूर्त लोग तो सदा छिद्रों पर ही प्रहार करनेवाले होते हैं अतः अपने रक्षाकवच के साथ शत्रु के साथ शत्रु जैसा व्यवहार करना चाहिए।

पाँचवें पद्य में कहा गया है कि राजा और मन्त्री को परस्पर विश्वास करके समान दृष्टि बनाकर व्यवहार करना चाहिए तो सब सम्पदाएँ प्राप्त होती हैं। ऐसा न करनेवाला मन्त्री तथा राजा अयोग्य होता है। राजा को मन्त्री का सदुपदेश सुनना चाहिए और मन्त्री को राजा के हित में काम करना चाहिए।

अन्तिम पद्य में व्यवहार की अनेक बातों की परस्पर तुलना की गई है। कौन वस्तु अमृत के समान है और कौन मृत्यु के समान है, इत्यादि। लोभ है तो अवगुणों से क्या, परनिन्दा है तो अन्य बुराइयों से क्या, सत्य है तो तप से क्या, मन पवित्र है तो तीर्थों से क्या, सज्जनता है तो गुणों से क्या, अच्छी महिमा है तो अलंकारों से क्या, अच्छी विद्या होने पर धन से क्या तथा यदि अपयश है तो मृत्यु से क्या। अपयश तो मृत्यु से भी कष्टकर होता है।

उद्देश्य
प्रस्तुत पाठ का उद्देश्य है कि छात्र कुछ नीतिपरक सुभाषितों को याद करें और उन नीतियों को जीवन में धारण करने का प्रयास करें।

मूलपाठः, अन्वयः, शब्दार्थः, सरलार्थश्च

1. वन्दनं प्रसादसदनं सदयं हृदयं सुधामुचो वाचः।
करणं परोपकरणं येषां केषां न ते वन्द्याः॥ (सुभाषिरत्नभाण्डागारम्)

अन्वयः – येषाम् वदनम् प्रसादसदनम्, हृदयम् सदयम्, वाचः सुधामुचः, करणम् परोपकरणम्, ते केषाम् न वन्द्या:?
शब्दार्थः, पर्यायवाचिशब्दाः टिप्पण्यश्चः- वदनम्-मुखम् आननम्, मुख, चेहरा, वेद् + ल्युट्। प्रसादसदनम्-प्रसादस्य प्रसन्नतायाः हर्षस्य, प्रसन्नता का। सदनम्-निकेतनम् गृहम् घर, निवासस्थानम्, प्रसादस्य सदनम्, षष्ठी तत्पुरुषः। सदयम्-दयया सहितम् बहुव्रीहिः, दया से भरा हुआ, दया से युक्त। हृदयम्-मनः, हृदय। सुधामुचः-सुधां अमृतम् मुञ्चति वर्षति इति सुधामुच्, उपपद-तत्पुरुष, प्रथमा विभक्तिः , बहुवचनम्, अमृतवर्षिण्यः, अमृत बरसाती हुई। वन्द्याः -वन्द्, यत् पुं०, प्रथमा विभक्ति, बहुवचनम्, वन्दनीयाः, वन्दनीय, प्रणम्य, प्रशंसनीय।

भावार्थ: – ते जनाः सर्वत्र वन्दनीयाः भवन्ति येषां जीवनं परोपकाराय एव भवति। वस्तुतः तेषां जीवनस्य प्रमुख लक्ष्यम् एव परोपकारः अस्ति। ते सदैव अमृतवर्षिणीं मधुरां च वाणीं वदन्ति। तेषां वदनम् प्रसन्नतायाः निवासस्थानम् एव प्रतीयते। तेषां हृदयं दयापूर्णं भवति।।
प्रसंग – यह श्लोक ‘सुधामुचः वाचः’ पाठ से, तथा मूलतः ‘सुभाषितरत्नभाण्डागारम्’ से लिया गया है। यहाँ मधुर मुख, मधुर वाणी से युक्त परोपकारी जनों को वन्दनीय कहा गया है।

सरलार्थ – जिन लोगों का मुख प्रसन्नता का निवास स्थान है, हृदय दया से भरा है, वाणियाँ अमृत बरसाती रहती हैं, कार्य दूसरों की भलाई करना है, वे लोग किनके द्वारा वन्दनीय (प्रणम्य, प्रशंसनीय) नहीं हैं, अर्थात् वे लोग सबके द्वारा वन्दना के योग्य हैं।
व्याख्या-वे लोग सब जगह वन्दना (पूजा, प्रशंसा) के योग्य होते हैं जिनका जीवन परोपकार के लिए ही होता है। वस्तुतः उनके जीवन का प्रमुख लक्ष्य ही परोपकार है। वे सदा ही अमृत बरसानेवाली मधुर वाणी बोलते हैं। उनका मुख प्रसन्नता के निवास स्थान के समान प्रतीत होता है। उनका हृदय दया से भरा होता है।

2. शिक्षा क्षयं गच्छति कालपर्यया –
त्सुबद्धमूला निपतन्ति पादपाः।
जलं जलस्थानगतं च शुष्यति
हुतं च दत्तं च सदैव तिष्ठति॥ (कर्णभारम्)

अन्वयः – कालपर्ययात् शिक्षा क्षयम् गच्छति। सुबद्धमूलाः पादपाः निपतन्ति। जलस्थानगतम् जलम् च शुष्यति। हुतम् च दत्तम् च सदैव तिष्ठति।
शब्दार्थः, पर्यायवाचिशब्दाः टिप्पण्यश्चः- कालपर्ययात्-कालस्य समयस्य पर्ययात् परिवर्तनात्, काले व्यतीते सति, समय के बीत जाने पर, षष्ठी तत्पुरुषः। शिक्षा-शिक्षणम्, उपदेशः, शिक्षा। क्षयं-विनाशं, क्षीणताम्, न्यूनता को। गच्छति-याति, प्राप्नोति, प्राप्त करती है। पादपाः-पादैः पिबन्ति ते, वृक्षाः, वृक्ष। सुबद्धमूला:-सुबद्धानि मूलानि येषां ते, प्रथमा, बहुवचनम्, मजबूत जड़ों वाले। निपतन्ति-नि।पत् लट्, प्रथम पु०. बहुवचनम्, पतनं यान्ति, गिर जाते हैं। जलम्-वारि, पानी। जलस्थानगतं-जलस्य स्थानं गतम्, षष्ठी, द्वितीया तत्पुरुषः, जलस्य गन्तव्यस्थानं गत्वा, (पानी) अपने गन्तव्य स्थान तक गया हुआ। शुष्यति-शुष्कं भवति, सूख जाता है। हुतम्-हु + क्त, अग्नौ हविः रूपेण समर्पितम्, आग में दी हुई आहुति। दत्तम्-दा + क्त, दानम् कृतम्, प्रदत्तम्, दिया गया दान। सततम्-शाश्वतम्, सदा के लिए। तिष्ठति-स्था, लट्, प्रथम पु०, एकवचनम्, स्थितिं प्राप्नोति, रहता है। नष्टं न भवति, विराजते, स्थिर (स्थायी) रहता है।

भावार्थ: – कालः परिवर्तनशीलः। सतत प्रवाहमाणेन कालेन सह विद्या अपि शनैः शनैः विस्मृता भवति। भौगोलिक परिवर्तन कारणात् कदाचित् सुदृढमूलाः वृक्षाः अपि विच्छिन्नाः मूलाः नश्यन्ति। जलस्य गन्तव्यं स्थानमपि कालेन जलहीनं भविष्यति परं यत्किमपि दत्तम् अर्थात् दानरूपेण दीयते यत् च हुतम् अर्थात् यज्ञाग्नौ हविष्यरूपेण दीयते, एतौ सततम् तिष्ठतः।
प्रसंग-प्रस्तुत श्लोक ‘सुधामुचः वाचः’ पाठ से तथा मूलतः भासकृत ‘कर्णभारम्’ नाटक से लिया गया है। इस पाठ में हवन और दान की महिमा का वर्णन है। उनका स्थायी प्रभाव होता है।

सरलार्थ – समय के बीत जाने पर शिक्षा भी विस्मृत हो जाती है। मजबूत जड़ों वाले पेड़ भी गिर जाते हैं। गन्तव्य स्थान पर गया हुआ जल भी सूख जाता है। किन्तु अग्नि में समर्पित की गई आहुति तथा परोपकार की भावना से किया हुआ दान सदा बना रहता है।
व्याख्या-समय परिवर्तनशील है, बदलता रहता है। सदा गतिमान काल के साथ विद्या भी धीरे-धीरे भूल जाती है। भौगोलिक परिवर्तन के कारणों से कभी-कभी मजबूत जड़ों वाले वृक्ष भी ढूँठ (जीर्ण-शीर्ण) होकर नष्ट हो जाते हैं। गन्तव्य स्थान पर जाने के बाद वह जलवाला स्थान भी जल से रहित हो जाता है। यदि कुछ स्थायी रहता है तो उसमें एक है, दिया गया दान तथा दूसरी वस्तु है, अग्नि में समर्पित आहुति। शेष सब नष्ट हो जाते हैं।

3. यथा चतुर्भिः कनकम् परीक्ष्यते
निघर्षणच्छेदनतापताडनैः।
तथा चतुर्भिः पुरुषः परीक्ष्यते
त्यागेन शीलेन गुणेन कर्मणा॥3॥ (चाणक्यनीतिः)

अन्वयः – यथा निघर्षण-छेदन-ताप-ताडनैः चतुर्भिः कनकम् परीक्ष्यते तथा त्यागेन शीलेन गुणेन कर्मणा (च, इति) चतुर्भिः पुरुषः परीक्ष्यते।
शब्दार्थः, पर्यायवाचिशब्दाः टिप्पण्यश्च:- कनकम्-सुवर्णम्, सोना। चतुर्भिः-चतुर्भिः प्रकारैः, चार प्रकार से। निघर्षण-घर्षणेन, घिसाकर। छेदन-छेदनेन. काटकर। ताप-तापेन, तपाकर। ताडनैः-कुट्टनेन, कूटने से। परीक्ष्यतेपरि + √ईक्ष्, कर्मवाच्य, लट्, प्रथम पु०, एकवचनम्, परीक्षणं क्रियते, परखा जाता है।

भावार्थ: – सुवर्णस्य परीक्षणं चतुर्भिः प्रकारैः भवति-घर्षणेन, कर्तनेन ऊष्मकरणेन, कुट्टनेन च। सुवर्णस्य इव पुरुषस्य परीक्षणम् अपि चतुर्भिः प्रकारैः भवतिः, यथा-(i) त्यागेन, (ii) शीलेन, (iii) गुणेन, (iv) कर्मणा।

प्रसंग – प्रस्तुत श्लोक पाठ्यपुस्तक के ‘सुधामुचः वाचः’ पाठ से तथा मूलतः ‘चाणक्यनीति’ से लिया गया है। इस पद्य में त्याग, शील, गुण तथा कर्म के आधार पर पुरुष की परीक्षा का विधान बताया गया है। पुरुष परीक्षा की तुलना सुवर्ण परीक्षा से की गई है।
सरलार्थ – सोने की परख जैसे उसे रगड़ने, काटने, गर्म करने तथा कूटने से होती है, उसी प्रकार पुरुष की परख भी चार प्रकार से होती है-(i) त्याग से (ii) शील (सदाचार से) (iii) गुणों से (iv) कार्यों से।

व्याख्या-जिस प्रकार से खरे-खोटे सोने को पहचानने के चार प्रकार (घर्षण, छेदन, ताप तथा ताडन) हैं, उसी प्रकार पुरुष को परखने के लिए भी चार प्रकार होते हैं-(i) त्याग (ii) शील (सदाचार) (iii) गुण (iv) कर्म।

4. व्रजन्ति ते मूढधियः पराभवं
भवन्ति मायाविषु ये न मायिनः।
प्रविश्य हि जन्ति शठास्तथाविधा
नसंवृत्ताङ्गान्निशिता इवेषवः॥4॥ (किरातार्जुनीयम्)

अन्वयः – ये मायाविषु मायिनः न भवन्ति, ते मूढधियः पराभवम् व्रजन्ति। शठाः हि निशिताः इषवः इव तथाविधान् असंवृत्ताङ्गान् प्रविश्य घ्नन्ति।
शब्दार्थः, पर्यायवाचिशब्दाः टिप्पणयश्चः- ते-तत्, प्रथमा, बहुवचनम्, तादृशाः जनाः, वे लोग। मूढधियः-मूर्ख-बुद्धयः, मूढा धीः येषाम्, अविवेकिनः, अविवेकी, मूर्खबुद्धि। पराभवं-पराजयं, पराजय को, हार को, अपमान को, व्रजन्ति-गच्छन्ति, प्राप्नुवन्ति, प्राप्त करते हैं, स्वीकुर्वन्ति, स्वीकार करते हैं। ये-जो जन, यत्, प्रथमा, बहुवचनम्। मायाविषु-माया + विन्, स०, ब० व०, कपटिषु, कपटी लोगों में। मायिनः-माया + इन्, प्रथमा, बहुवचनम्, कपटिनः, कपटी। न भवन्ति-न सन्ति, नहीं होते। शठा:-धूर्ताः, धूर्त लोग। तथाविधान्-तत्प्रकारान्, उस प्रकार के। असंवृताङ्गान्- न संवृतानि असंवृतानि, असंवृतानि अङ्गानि येषां तान्, येषाम् अङ्गानि वस्त्र-कवचादिभिः आवृतानि न सन्ति तान्, खुले हुए अंगोंवाले लोगों को। प्रविश्य – प्र+ √विश् + ल्यप् . प्रवेश कृत्वा, प्रवेश करके।
निशिताः-नि + शि + क्त, तीक्ष्णाः । इषवः-इषु, प्रथमा, बहुवचनम्, बाणाः, शराः, बाण। मन्ति-हन् लट्, प्र० पु०, ब० व०, मारयन्ति, मार डालते हैं।

भावार्थ: – ये जनाः कपटिषु कपटपूर्णम् आचरणं न कृत्वा सरलतया एव व्यवहरन्ति ते मूढाधियः सदैव तिरस्कृताः उपेक्षिताः च भवन्ति। यथा बाणाः अनावृत्तं शरीरं प्रविश्य विनाशयन्ति तथैव शठाः अकुटिलान् जनान् वञ्चयित्वा तान् विनाशयन्ति।
प्रसंग-प्रस्तुत पद्य पाठ्यपुस्तक के ‘सुधामुचः वाचः’ पाठ तथा मूलतः ‘किरातार्जुनीयम्’ (भारविकृत) से लिया गया है। इस श्लोक में कूटनीति के मूल सिद्धान्त को प्रस्थापित किया गया है।

सरलार्थ – जो कपटियों के प्रति कपटी नहीं होते, वे मूर्ख बुद्धि लोग पराजय को प्राप्त करते हैं। जिस प्रकार तीखे बाण खुले अंगों वाले शरीरों में प्रवेश करके प्रताड़ित करते हैं वैसे ही धूर्त लोग छिद्रों को ढूँढकर उनमें प्रवेश करके भोले-भाले लोगों को मार डालते हैं।
व्याख्या – जो लोग कपट भरे लोगों के प्रति कपटपूर्ण व्यवहार नहीं करते अपितु, उनके साथ भी सरलता का व्यवहार करते हैं, वे मूर्ख बुद्धि लोग सदा तिरस्कृत और उपेक्षित होते हैं। जैसे बाण खुले शरीर में प्रवेश कर उसे नष्ट कर डालते हैं वैसे ही धूर्त जन सरल व्यक्तियों को ठगकर उन्हें मरवा देते हैं।

5 स किंसखा साधु न शास्ति योऽधिपं –
हितान्न यः सं शृणुते स किंप्रभुः।
सदानुकूलेषु हि कुर्वते रतिं
नृपेष्वमात्येषु च सर्वसम्पदः॥5॥ (किरातार्जुनीयम्)

अन्वयः – यः अधिपम् साधु न शास्ति स किंसखा। यः हितान् न संशृणुते स किंप्रभुः। नृपेषु अमात्येषु च अनुकूलेषु हि सर्वसम्पदः सदा रतिम् कुर्वते।
शब्दार्थः, पर्यायवाचिशब्दाः टिप्पण्यश्चः- किंसखा-कुत्सितः सखा, बुरा अयोग्य मित्र। साधु-सम्यक्, क्रियाविशेषणम्, भली प्रकार। अधिपम्-राजानम्, सम्राजम्, राजा को, सम्राट को, अधिसमन्तात् पाति रक्षति सः अधिपः बहुव्रीहिः हितान्-उपदेशान् मन्त्रणाम्, हितकर सलाहों को। किंप्रभु-कुत्सितः स्वामी, बुरा अयोग्य मालिक। अनुकूलेषु-अनुकूल, सप्तमी, बहुवचनम्, समदृष्टियुक्तेषु, समदृष्टि होने पर। सर्वसम्पदः-सर्वाः सम्पदः सम्पत्तः, सारी सम्पत्तियाँ, ऐश्वर्य।

भावार्थ: – यः नृपाय सत्यपरामर्श ददाति स एव योग्यः अमात्यः। यः राजा हितोपदेशकस्य मन्त्रिणः उपदेशं स्वीकरोति स एव योग्यः स्वामी। यत्र राजा मन्त्रिणश्च परस्परं विश्वसन्तः सर्वकार्य सम्पादयन्ति तस्मिन् राज्ये एव सर्वासां सम्पत्तीनां निवासः भवति।
प्रसंग-प्रस्तुत श्लोक ‘सुधामुचः वाचः’ पाठ से तथा मूलतः भारविकृत ‘किरातार्जुनीयम्’ महाकाव्य से लिया गया है। इसमें राजा और मन्त्री एक-दूसरे के अनुकूल होने पर ही सम्पत्ति प्राप्त कर सकते हैं, यह दर्शाया गया है।

सरलार्थ – जो (मित्र, सचिव, अमात्य, मन्त्री) अपने स्वामी (सम्राट, राजा) को अच्छी प्रकार से परामर्श (उपदेश) नहीं देता वह कुत्सित (निन्दित, अयोग्य) मित्र (सचिव) होता है (अर्थात् वह योग्य मित्र नहीं होता)। जो (प्रभु, स्वामी, सम्राट्, राजा) मित्रों (भला चाहनेवालों) के हितकारक वचनों पर अच्छी प्रकार ध्यान नहीं देता (ठीक प्रकार से उन्हें नहीं सुनता) वह कुत्सित (निन्दित. अयोग्य) स्वामी (सम्राट, राजा, प्रभु) होता है (अर्थात् ऐसा स्वामी भी योग्य स्वामी नहीं होता)। राजाओं के तथा मन्त्रियों के अनुकूल (परस्पर समान दृष्टिवाला) होने पर सब प्रकार की सम्पत्तियाँ सदा उनसे प्रेम करती हैं। (प्रीतिपूर्वक उनके पास उपस्थित रहती हैं और उन्हें आनंद देती हैं।)

व्याख्या – जो मन्त्री राजा को ठीक सलाह देता है वही योग्य मन्त्री है। जो राजा ठीक सलाह देनेवाले मन्त्री की सलाह को स्वीकार करता है, वही योग्य स्वामी है। जहाँ राजा और मन्त्री परस्पर विश्वास करते हुए सर्वकार्य सम्पन्न करते हैं, उस राज्य में ही सदा सब सम्पदाओं का निवास होता है।

लोभश्चेदगुणेन किं पिशुनता यद्यस्ति किं पातकैः
सत्यं चेत्तपसा च किं शुचिमनो यद्यस्ति तीर्थेन किम्।
सौजन्यं यदि किं गुणैः सुमहिमा यद्यस्ति किं मण्डनैः,
सद्विद्या यदि किं धनैरपयशो यद्यस्ति किं मृत्युना।।6। (नीतिशतकम्)

अन्वयः-लोभः चेत् (तदा) अगुणेन किम् यदि पिशुनता अस्ति पातकैः किम्। चेत् सत्यम् तपसा च किम्, यदि शुचि मनः अस्ति तीर्थेन किम्, यदि सौजन्यम् गुणैः किम्, यदि सुमहिमा अस्ति मण्डनैः किम्, यदि सद्विद्या धनैः किम्, यदि अपयशः अस्ति मृत्युना किम्।

शब्दार्थः, पर्यायवाचिशब्दाः टिप्पण्यश्चः- अगुणेन-न गुणेन, अवगुण से। पातकैः-पापैः, पापों से। शुचिमनः-पवित्रं मनः, पवित्र मन। सौजन्यं-सुजन + यत्, सुजनता का भाव। सुमहिमा-शोभना महिमा। सद्विद्या-श्रेष्ठ विद्या। यद्यस्ति-यदि + अस्ति। लोभश्चेदगुणेन-लोभ + चेत् + अगुणेन।
भावार्थ:- यदि लोभः अस्ति तदा गुणेन प्रयोजनं नास्ति? परनिन्दायाः भावः यदि जीवने आगतः तदा पातकैः प्रयोजनं न भवति। सत्ये सति तपसः आवश्यकता न भवति। पवित्रे मनसि तीर्थानाम् आवश्यकता न भवति। सज्जनतायां सत्याम् अन्य गुणानाम् आवश्यकता न भवति। यदि शोभना महिमा वर्तते तदा अलंकाराणाम् आवश्यकता एव न अस्ति। सद्विद्यायां सत्याम् अन्यैः धनैः प्रयोजनं न भवति। अपकीर्तिः तु मृत्योः अपि कष्टतरा भवति अथवा अपयशः मृत्योः अपि अधिकं कष्टकारकं भवति इति तात्पर्याथः।

प्रसंग-पाठ्यपुस्तक के ‘सुधामुचः वाचः’ से किन्तु मूलतः भर्तृहरि के ‘नीतिशतकम्’ से यह श्लोक लिया गया है। यहाँ लोभ, परनिन्दा, सत्य, मन की पवित्रता, सज्जनता, सुमहिमा, सद्विद्या और अपयश की तुलना क्रमशः अवगुणों, पापों, तपों, तीर्थों, गुणों, अलंकारों, धन-संपदाओं तथा मृत्यु से की गई है तथा पहले के तत्वों को ज्यादा प्रभावी बताया गया है।

व्याख्या-लोभ होने पर अन्य अवगुणों की आवश्यकता नहीं, परनिन्दा में रुचि होने पर अन्य बुराइयों की आवश्यकता नहीं, सत्य का गुण होने पर तप की आवश्यकता नहीं। मन के पवित्र होने पर तीर्थों की आवश्यकता नहीं। सज्जनता होने पर गुणों की आवश्यकता नहीं, अच्छी महिमा होने पर अलंकारों की आवश्यकता नहीं, सद्विद्या हो तो और धनों से कोई प्रयोजन नहीं तथा अपयश हो तो वही सबसे बड़ा कष्टकर है। फिर तो मृत्यु से भी कोई प्रयोजन नहीं रहता।

सरलार्थ-यदि लोभ है तो और अवगुणों से क्या प्रयोजन? यदि चुगलखोरी, निन्दा है तो अन्य बुराइयों (पापों) से क्या प्रयोजन? यदि सत्य है तो तप से क्या प्रयोजन? यदि मन पवित्र है तो तीर्थ से क्या प्रयोजन? यदि सज्जनता है तो अन्य गुणों से क्या प्रयोजन? यदि अच्छी महिमा है तो और आभूषणों से क्या प्रयोजन? यदि अच्छी विद्या है तो धनों से क्या प्रयोजन, यदि अपयश है तो मृत्यु से क्या प्रयोजन?

अनुप्रयोगः

प्रश्न: 1.
सम्बद्धाः पङ्क्ती : मेलयत

उत्तरः

प्रश्न: 2.
अधोलिखितप्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि एकपदेन दीयन्ताम्
(i) वन्द्यानां जनानां मुखं कीदृशं भवति?
(ii) केषां वाणी सुधामयी कथिता?
(iii) कालपर्ययात् का क्षयं गच्छति?
(iv) कीदृशाः पादपाः अपि निपतन्ति?
(v) सुवर्णस्य परीक्षणं कतिभिः प्रकारैः भवति?
(vi) पवित्रे मनसि केषाम् आवश्यकता न भवति?
(vii) मृत्योः अपि कष्टतरं किम् भवति?
(viii) कस्यां सत्याम्.अन्यैः धनैः प्रयोजनं न भवति?
(ix) केषु मायिनः इति भवितव्यम्?
(x) यः अधिपं साधु न उपदिशति स कः उच्यते?
उत्तरः
(i) प्रसादसदनम्
(ii) वन्द्यानाम्
(iii) शिक्षा
(iv) सुबद्धमूलाः
(v) चतुर्भिः
(vi) तीर्थानाम्
(vii) अपयशः
(viii) सद्विद्यायाम्
(ix) मायाविषु
(x) किंसखा

प्रश्न: 3.
अधोलिखितपदेषु सन्धिं कुरुत परिवर्तनं निर्दिशत

उत्तरः

प्रश्न: 4.
अधोलिखितविग्रहपदानां स्थाने समस्तपदानि लिखतविग्रहपदानि समस्तपदम् लिखत

उत्तरः

प्रश्न: 5.
अधोलिखितपङ्क्तीनां भावम् अनुसृत्य पाठात् चित्वा पङ्क्तिं लिखत
(i) मनुष्यस्य जीवने यदा लोभस्य भावना आगच्छति तदा तस्य अन्ये अवगुणाः महत्त्वहीनाः भवन्ति।
(ii) परनिन्दासमं निकृष्टं पातकं किमपि न अस्ति।
(iii) ये शठे शठतापूर्वकं न व्यवहरन्ति ते अविवेकिनः संसारे सफलाः न भवन्ति।
(iv) यः स्वहितैषिणः वार्ता सम्यक् न शृणोति सः योग्यः नृपः न भवति।
(v) यस्य समीपे श्रेष्ठा विद्या भवति, तस्य कृते अन्यधनानाम् आवश्यकता नास्ति यतो हि विद्याधनं सर्वधनं प्रधानम्।
(vi) यः स्वस्वामिने सत्परामर्शं न ददाति सः योग्यः सचिवः (अमात्यः) भवितुम् न शक्नोति।
उत्तरः
(i) लोभश्चेदगुणेन किम्?
(ii) पिशुनता यद्यस्ति किं पातकै:?
(iii) व्रजन्ति ते मूढधियः पराभवं भवन्ति मायाविषु ये न मायिनः।
(iv) हितान्न यः संशृणुते स किंप्रभुः?
(v) सद्विद्या यदि किं धनैः?
(vi) स किंसखा साधु न शास्ति योऽधिपम्?

प्रश्नः 6.
अधोलिखितश्लोकयोः भावार्थं कोष्ठकात् उचितं पदं चित्वा पूरयत
(क) ये जनाः कपटिषु ………. आचरणं न कृत्वा सरलतया एव व्यवहरन्ति ते …………. सदैव तिरस्कृताः, उपेक्षिताः
भवन्ति। यथा बाण : अनावृतं शरीरं ………….. विनाशयन्ति तथैव …………… अकुटिलान् जनान् ………….. तान् विनाशयन्ति। (प्रविश्य, कपटस्य, शठाः, मूढधियः, वञ्चयित्वा)
(ख) यः नृपाय …………. ददाति स एव योग्यः अमात्यः। यः राजा हितोपदेशकस्य मन्त्रिणः उपदेशं ………….. सः एव योग्यः स्वामी। यत्र राजा मन्त्रिणश्च परस्परं .. ……….. सर्वकार्य सम्पादयन्ति, ………….. राज्ये एव सर्वासा …………… निवासः भवति। (स्वीकरोति, सम्पत्तीनां, सत्परामर्श, तस्मिन्, विश्वसन्तः)
(ग) ते जनाः सर्वत्र …………… भवन्ति येषां जीवनं परोपकाराय एव भवति। वस्तुतः तेषां जीवनस्य प्रमुख लक्ष्यम् एव ………….. अस्ति। ते सदैव अमृतवर्षिणीं मधुरां च ………….. वदन्ति। तेषां वदनम् प्रसन्नतायाः ………….. इव प्रतीयते। तेषां हृदयं …………. भवति। (वन्दनीयाः, निवासस्थानम्, वाणीम्, दयापूर्णम्, परोपकारः)
(घ) कालः परिवर्तनशीलः। सततप्रवहमाणेन कालेन सह विद्या अपि शनैः शनैः ………….. भवति। भौगोलिक परिवर्तनकारणात् कदापि ………….. वृक्षाः अपि विच्छिन्नाः भूत्वा नश्यन्ति। जलस्य गन्तव्यं स्थानमपि कालेन… ………… भविष्यति परं यत्किमपि ………….. अर्थात् दानरूपेण दीयते यत् च ………….. अर्थात् यज्ञाग्नौ हविष्यरूपेण दीयते, एतौ ……………. तिष्ठतः। (स्थिरमूलकाः, दत्तम्, विस्मृता, सततम्, जलहीनं, हुतम्)
उत्तरः
(क) ये जनाः कपटिषु कपटस्य आचरणं न कृत्वा सरलतया एव व्यवहरन्ति ते मूढधियः सदैव तिरस्कृताः, उपेक्षिताः भवन्ति। यथा बाणाः अनावृतं शरीरं प्रविश्य विनाशयन्ति तथैव शठाः अकुटिलान् जनान् वञ्चयित्वा तान् विनाशयन्ति।
(ख) यः नृपाय सत्परामर्श ददाति स एव योग्यः अमात्यः। यः राजा हितोपदेशकस्य मन्त्रिणः उपदेशं स्वीकरोति सः एव योग्यः स्वामी। यत्र राजा मन्त्रिणश्च परस्परं विश्वसन्तः सर्वकार्य सम्पादयन्ति, तस्मिन् राज्ये एव सर्वासां सम्पत्तीनां निवासः भवति।
(ग) ते जनाः सर्वत्र वन्दनीयाः भवन्ति येषां जीवनं परोपकाराय एव भवति। वस्तुतः तेषां जीवनस्य प्रमुख लक्ष्यम् एव परोपकारः अस्ति। ते सदैव अमृतवर्षिणीं मधुरां च वाचं वदन्ति। तेषां वदनम् प्रसन्नतायाः निवासस्थानम् इव प्रतीयते। तेषां हृदयं दयापूर्णम् भवति।
(घ) कालः परिवर्तनशीलः। सततप्रवहमाणेन कालेन सह विद्या अपि शनैः शनैः विस्मृता भवति। भौगोलिक परिवर्तनकारणात् कदापि स्थिरमूलकाः वृक्षाः अपि विच्छिन्नाः भूत्वा नश्यन्ति। जलस्य गन्तव्यं स्थानमपि कालेन जलहीनं भविष्यति परं यत्किमपि दत्तम् अर्थात् दानरूपेण दीयते यत् च हुतम् अर्थात् यज्ञाग्नौ हविष्यरूपेण दीयते, एतौ सततम् तिष्ठतः।

प्रश्नः 7.
कोष्ठकात् शुद्धः अर्थः चीयताम्
(i) प्रसादः – (कृपा, भवनम्)
(ii) सुधा – (अमृतम्, चूर्णम्)
(iii) शुचिः – (शीलम्, पवित्रम्)
(iv) पातकम् – (पतनम्, पापम्)
(v) इषवः – (इच्छाः, बाणाः)
(vi) निशिताः – (नष्टाः, तीक्ष्णा:) ”
(vii) कनकम् – (सुवर्णम्, अन्नम्)
(viii) तापः – (रुग्णः, ऊष्मा)
(ix) ताडनम् – (कुट्टनम्, दण्डम्)
(x) निघर्षणम् – (घोषणम्, घर्षणम्)
उत्तरः
(i) प्रसादः – कृपा
(ii) सुधा – अमृतम्
(iii) शुचिः – पवित्रम्
(iv) पातकम् – पापम्
(v) इषवः – बाणा:
(vi) निशिताः – तीक्ष्णाः
(vii) कनकम् – सुवर्णम्
(viii) तापः – ऊष्मा
(ix) ताडनम् – कुट्टनम्
(x) निघर्षणम् – घर्षणम्

प्रश्न: 8.
मञ्जूषायाः समुचितपदानां चयनं कृत्वा अधोदत्तशब्दानां पर्यायद्वयं लिखत


उत्तरः

प्रश्न: 9.
उचितविभक्तिकं पदं चित्वा रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत
(i) ………. सति गुणेन प्रयोजनं न भवति। (लोभस्य, लोभे)
(ii) ………. सत्याम् धनस्य आवश्यकता नास्ति। (सद्विद्यायां, सद्विद्यायाः)
(iii) परनिन्दायाः भावः यदि जीवने आगतः तदा ………. प्रयोजनं न भवति। (पातकैः, पातकानाम्)
(iv) ये ………. धूर्तजनेषु सरलतया व्यवहरन्ति ते सफलतां न लभन्ते। (धूर्तजनेभ्यः, धूर्तजनेषु)
(v) योग्यः नृपः ………. आप्तजनात् ध्यानेन हितं आकर्णयति। (आप्तजनात्, आत्मजनेन)
(vi) अपयशः यदि जीवने, किं ………. मृत्युना।। (मृत्योः , मृत्युना)
उत्तरः
(i) लोभे सति गुणेन प्रयोजनं न भवति।
(ii) संविद्यायां सत्याम् धनस्य आवश्यकता नास्ति।
(iii) परनिन्दायाः भावः यदि जीवने आगतः तदा पातकैः प्रयोजनं न भवति।
(iv) ये धूर्तजनेषु सरलतया व्यवहरन्ति ते सफलतां न लभन्ते।
(v) योग्यः नृपः आप्तजनात् ध्यानेन हितं आकर्णयति।
(vi) अपयशः यदि जीवने, किं मृत्युना।।

प्रश्न: 10.
प्रकृतिप्रत्ययान् संयुज्य वाक्यपूर्ति कुरुत
(i) विद्या दत्ता (प्रवृद्ध + टाप्) ………… भवति।
(ii) अष्टावक्र: जनकस्य सभा (प्र + विश् + ल्यप्) …………… ज्ञानगर्वितान् पण्डितान् अपश्यत्।
(iii) रात्रिः (सम् + वृ + क्त) ………….। किमर्थं बहिः (गम् + तुमुन्) ………….. इच्छसि?
(iv) नाहं (दा + क्त) …………….. सम्पत्तिं पुनः आददामि।
(v) साधोः शीलं सर्वत्र (वन्द् + अनीयर्) ………….. भवति।
(vi) (पिशुन + तल्) ……….. मानवहृदयस्य दौर्बल्यम् एव।
(vii) (विनम्र + तल्) ………….. तु अलङ्करणं नरस्य।
(viii) देवालयं (गम् + क्त्वा) …………… तेन दरिद्रेभ्यः फलानि (वि + तृ + क्त) …………..
(ix) नश्वरे संसारे (रम् + क्तिन्) …………. मा भवतु।
(x) मृगेषु (नि + शि + क्त) …………… शराः न प्रयोक्तव्याः ।
उत्तरः
(i) विद्या दत्ता प्रवृद्धा भवति।
(ii) अष्टावक्र: जनकस्य सभा प्रविश्य ज्ञानगर्वितान् पण्डितान् अपश्यत्।
(iii) रात्रिः संवृत्ता किमर्थं बहिः गन्तुम् इच्छसि?
(iv) नाहं दत्तां सम्पत्तिं पुनः आददामि।
(v) साधोः शीलं सर्वत्र वन्दनीयं भवति।
(vi) पिशुनता मानवहृदयस्य दौर्बल्यम् एव।
(vii) विनम्रता तु अलङ्करणं नरस्य।
(viii) देवालयं गत्वा तेन दरिद्रेभ्यः फलानि वितीर्णानि।
(ix) नश्वरे संसारे रतिः मा भवतु।
(x) मृगेषु निशिताः शराः न प्रयोक्तव्याः।

पाठ-विकासः

कवि परिचयः

1. कर्णभारम्-नाटक के रचयिता महाकवि भास हैं। भास की तेरह रचनाएँ मिलती हैं? प्रतिज्ञायौगन्धरायण, स्वप्नवासवदत्तम्, प्रतिमानाटकम्, पञ्चरात्रम्, अभिषेकनाटकम्, मध्यमनव्यायोगः, अविनाटकम्, चारुदत्तम्, कर्णभारम्, इतवाक्यम्, घटोत्कचम्, अरुजङ्गम, बालचरितम्।
2. नीतिशतकम्-इसके रचयिता भर्तृहरि हैं। यह उनकी सर्वश्रेष्ठ रचना है। इसमें नैतिक मूल्यों को आधार बनाकर विविध श्लोक दिए गए हैं। वैराग्य तथा शृङ्गार के भावों पर आधारित भर्तृहरि के दो और शतक-‘वैराग्यशतक’ तथा शृङ्गारशतक’ उपलब्ध हैं।
3. किरातार्जुनीयम्-यह महाकवि भारवि की एकमात्र रचना है। इसका कथानक ‘महाभारत’ से लिया गया है। इसमें किरात नेषधारी शिव तथा अर्जुन के युद्ध का प्रसंग है। थोड़े शब्दों में विशद अर्थ का वर्णन करने के कारण भारवि अर्थगौरव के लिए प्रसिद्ध हैं, यथा-‘भारवेः अर्थगौरवम्’।

भावविकासः

(क) तुलना कीजिए-वदनं प्रसादसदनं …………… येषां केषां न ते वन्द्याः ।
जिसके मुख में प्रसन्नता है। देखने पर जिसकी कृपा प्राप्त हो जाती है। जिसके वचन में मिठास है वह तो साक्षात् पुरुषोत्तम है
(क) प्रसादो यस्य वदने, कृपा यस्यावलोकने। वचने यस्य माधुर्यम् स साक्षात्पुरुषोत्तमः। (नराभरणम्)
(ख) तुलना कीजिए-वदनं प्रसादसदनं …….. येषां केषां न ते वन्द्याः । बढ़ती हुई करुणा रूपी अमृत की वर्षा के समान तत्त्वदृष्टियाँ विश्व के उपकार हेतु बनी हैं न कि विकार के लिए (ज्ञानसार)

(ख) न विकाराय विश्वस्योपकारायेव निर्मिताः।
स्फुरत्कारुण्यपीयूषवृष्ट्यः तत्त्वदृष्टयः।। (ज्ञानसारः)
बार-बार घिसाया गया चन्दन सुन्दर गन्ध को देता है। बार-बार काटा हुआ गन्ना स्वादु होता है। बार-बार जला (तपा) हुआ सोना चमक देता है। उत्तम लोगों की प्रकृति प्राणान्त के समय भी विकारग्रस्त नहीं होती।

(ग) घृष्टं घृष्टं पुनरपि पुनश्चन्दनं चारुगन्धं
छिन्नं छिन्नं पुनरपि पुनः स्वादु चैवेक्षुदण्डम्
दग्धं दग्धं पुनरपि पुनः काञ्चनं कान्तवर्ण
न प्राणान्ते प्रकृतिर्विकृतिर्जायते चोत्तमानाम्।। (सुभाषितरत्नभाण्डागार:)

(घ) तुलना कीजिए-हुत्तम् च दत्तं च सदैव तिष्ठति।
दान न करने वाले के गरीबी, रोग, दुःख, बन्धन और व्यसन-ये सब परिणाम हैं। इस कारणदान की विशेषता है। दारिद्र्य-व्याधि-दुःखानि बन्धनं व्यसनानि च।
अदातुः फलमेतानि तस्माद् दानं विशिष्यते।। (चाणक्यसारसंग्रहः)

महाभारतात् गृहीतानि पद्यानि –
(क) प्राणों से भी अधिक महत्वपूर्ण तथा सैकड़ों प्रयत्नों से प्राप्त होनेवाले धन की एक ही उत्तम गति दान है। अन्य तो सब विपत्तियाँ हैं।
आयासशतलब्धस्य प्राणेभ्योऽपि गरीयसः।
गतिरेकैव वित्तस्य दानमन्या विपत्तयः।।1।।

(ख) पशु, पाषाण तथा वृक्ष दान से ही प्रशंसा पाते हैं। दान ही प्रशंसनीय गुण है। अन्य कोटि गुणों से क्या?
दानेन श्लाघ्यतां याति पशुपाषाणपादपाः।
दानमेव गुणः श्लाघ्यः किमन्यैर्गुणकोटिभिः।

(ग) गुणों से ऊँचाई को प्राप्त करता है, ऊँचे आसन पर बैठने से नहीं। महल की चोटी पर बैठा कौआ क्या गरुड़ बन जाता है?
गुणैरुत्तुङ्गतां याति नोच्चैरासनसंस्थितः।
प्रासादशिखरस्थोपि काकः किं गरुडायते।।
तुलना कीजिए-चतुर्भिः पुरुषः परीक्ष्यते-त्यागेन शीलेन गुणेन कर्मणा।

(घ) सत्य से पृथ्वी धारण की जाती है। सत्य से ही सूर्य तपता है। सत्य से ही वायु चलती है। सब सत्य में ही प्रतिष्ठित है।
सत्येन धार्यते पृथिवी सत्येन तपते रविः।
सत्येन वाति वायुश्च सर्वं सत्ये प्रतिष्ठितम्।।
तुलना कीजिए-सत्यं चे तपसा च किम्।
तुलना कीजिए-सद्विद्या यदि किंधनैः।

(ङ) सब द्रव्यों में सबसे उत्तम द्रव्य विद्या को ही माना जाता है क्योंकि इसे न चुराया जा सकता है, क्योंकि यह मूल्यवान् है तथा क्योंकि यह कभी क्षीण नहीं होता।
सर्वद्रव्येषु विद्यैव द्रव्यमाहुरनुत्तमम्।
अहार्यत्वादनय॑त्वादक्षयत्वाच्च सर्वदा।।
तुलना कीजिए-व्रजन्ति ते ……….. इवेषवः।

(च) जो मनुष्य जिसके साथ जैसा आचरण करता है उसके प्रति वैसा ही व्यवहार करना चाहिए, वही कर्म है। कपट आचरण को कपट से ही बरतना चाहिए तथा साधु आचरण को साधु आचरण से ही बरतना चाहिए।
यस्मिन् यथावर्त्तते यो मनुष्यः
तस्मिंस्तथा वर्तितव्यं स धर्मः।
मायाचारो मायया वर्तितव्यः
साध्वाचारः साधुना प्रत्युपेयः।।

भाषाविकासः

1. महिमा (महिमन् पुं०) प्रथमा-महिमा-महिमानौ-महिमानः।
2. किं प्रयोजनम् के योग में तृतीया विभक्ति होती है
3. त्व, तल् प्रत्ययों के योग से भाववाचक संज्ञाएँ बनती हैं-त्व-पिशुनत्वम्, महत्त्वम्। तल्-पिशुनता, महत्ता।
4. इन के योग से विशेषण पदों का निर्माण होता है-माया + इन् = मायिन् (मायी मायिनौ मायिनः)
5. वाच् स्त्रीलिंग के रूप-वाक् वाचौ वाचः। 6. सम्पद् स्त्रीलिङ्ग के रूप-सम्पद् सम्पदौ सम्पदः।

अतिरिक्त-अभ्यासः

प्रश्न: 1.
निम्नलिखितं पद्यं पठित्वा पदाधारितानां प्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि लिखत –
(क) वदनं प्रसादसदनं सदयं हृदयं सुधामुचो वाचः।
करणं परोपकरणं येषां केषां न ते वन्द्याः॥

I एकपदेन उत्तरत – (1/2 x 4 = 2)
(i) वन्द्यानां जनानां मुखं कीदृशं भवति?
(ii) केषां वाणी सुधामयी कथिता?
(iii) वन्द्यानां हृदयानि कीदृशानि भवन्ति?
(iv) वन्द्यानां करणं कीदृशं भवति?
उत्तर:
(i) प्रसादसदनम्
(ii) वन्द्यानाम्
(iii) सद्यानि
(iv) परोपकरणं

II पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत – (1 x 1 = 1)
यस्य मुखे प्रसन्नता नित्यं वसति सः नरः कीदृशीं वाणी वदति?
उत्तर:
यस्यमुखे प्रसन्नता नित्यं वसति सः नरः सुधामुचां वाणी वदति।

III. निर्देशानुसारेण उत्तरत – (1 x 2 = 2)
(i) श्लोके ‘येषां’ पदं केभ्यः आगतम्?
(ii) ‘वदनं प्रसादसदनम्’ अनयोः पदयोः विशेषणपदं किम्?
उत्तर:
(i) परोपकारिभ्यः
(ii) प्रसादसदनम्

(ख) शिक्षा क्षयं गच्छति काल पर्ययात्
सुबद्धमूला निपतन्ति पादपाः।
जलं जलस्थानगतं च शुष्यति
हुतं च दत्तं च सदैव तिष्ठति॥

I. एकपदेन उत्तरत – (2 x 1/4 = 2)
(i) कालपर्यायात् का क्षयं गच्छति?
(ii) कीदृशाः पादपाः अपि निपतन्ति?
(iii) कीदृशं जलमपि शुष्यति?
(iv) हुतं दत्तं च कदा तिष्ठति?
उत्तर:
(i) शिक्षा
(ii) सुबद्धमूलाः
(iii) जलस्थानगतम्
(iv) सदैव

II. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत – (1 x 1 = 1)
किं सदैव तिष्ठति?
उत्तर:
हुतं चदतं च सदैव तिष्ठति।

III. निर्देशानुसारम् उत्तरत – (1/2 x 4 = 2)
(i) ‘पादपाः’ कर्तृपदस्य क्रियापदं लिखत।
(ii) ‘दत्तवान्’ पदस्य अर्थे श्लोके किं पदं प्रयुक्तम्?
(iii) ‘शुष्यति’ इति क्रियापदस्य कर्तृपदं किम्?
(iv) ‘जलजलस्थानगतम्’ अनयोः पदयोः विशेष्यपदं किम्?
उत्तर:
(i) निपतन्ति
(ii) दत्तम्
(iii) जलम्
(iv) जलम्

(ग) यथा चतुर्भिः कनकम् परीक्ष्यते
निघर्षणच्छेदनतापताडनैः।
तथा चतुर्भिः पुरुषः परीक्ष्यते
त्यागेन शीलेन गुणेन कर्मणा॥

I. एकपदेन उत्तरत – (1/2 × 2 =1)
(i) किं ताडनेन परीक्ष्यते?
(ii) पुरुषस्य कति प्रकारैः परीक्षणं भवति?
उत्तर:
(i) कनकम्
(ii) चतुभिः

II. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत (2 × 1 = 2)
पुरुषः केन प्रकारेण परीक्ष्यते?
उत्तर:
पुरुषः चतुभिः प्रकारेण (त्यागेन, शीलेन, गुणेन, कर्मणा) परीक्ष्यते।

III. निर्देशानुसारम् उत्तरत (1/2 × 4 = 2)
(i) ‘परीक्ष्यते’ इति क्रियापरक कर्तृपदं किम्?
(ii) ‘स्वर्णम्’ इति पदस्य कः पर्यायः श्लोके प्रयुक्तः?
(iii) ‘मोहेन’ पदस्य कः विपर्ययः अत्र आगतः?
(iv) ‘कनकम्’ इति कर्तृपदस्य क्रियापदं किम्?
उत्तर:
(i) पुरुषः
(ii) कनकम्
(iii) त्यागेन
(iv) परीक्ष्यते

(घ) व्रजन्ति ते मूढधियः पराभवं
भवन्ति मायाविषु ये न मायिनः।
प्रविश्य हि जन्ति शठास्तथाविधा
नसंवृत्ताङ्गान्निशिता इवेषवः॥

I. एकपदेन उत्तरत (1/2 × 2 =1)
(i) के इषवः इव प्रविश्य घ्नन्ति?
(ii) मूढधियः कम् व्रजन्ति?
उत्तर:
(i) शठाः
(ii) पराभवम्

II पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत (1 × 2 = 2)
(i) कीदृशाः मूढधियः पराभवं व्रजन्ति?
(ii) निशिताः इषवः कीदृशान् जनान् प्रविश्य घ्नन्ति?
उत्तर:
(i) ये मायाविषु मायिनः न भवन्ति ते मूढधियः पराभवं ब्रजन्ति।
(ii) निशिताः इषवः असंवृत्ताङ्गान् जनान् प्रविश्य घ्नन्ति।

III. निर्देशानुसारेण उत्तरत (1 × 2 = 2)
(i) ‘व्रजन्ति ते’ अत्र ‘ते’ इति कर्तृपदस्य क्रियापदं किम्?
(ii) ‘तथाविधान् असंवृत्ताङ्गान्’ अनयोः पदयोः विशेष्यः कः?
उत्तर:
(i) व्रजन्ति
(ii) असंवृत्ताङ्गान्

(ङ) स किंसखा साधु न शास्ति योऽधिपं
हितान्न यः संशृणुते स किंप्रभुः।
सदानुकूलेषु हि कुर्वते रतिं
नृपेष्वमात्येषु च सर्वसम्पदः॥

I. एकपदेन उत्तरत – (1/2 × 2 = 1)
(i) यः अधिपं न साधु शास्ति, सः कः भवति?
(ii) किं प्रभुः किं न सं शृणुते?
उत्तर:
(i) किंसखा
(ii) हितान्

II. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत – (2× 1 = 2)
सर्वसम्पदः कुत्र सदा रतिं कुर्वते?
उत्तर:
नृपेषु अमात्येषु अनुकूलेषु हि सर्व सम्पदः सदा रतिं कुर्वते।

III. निर्देशानुसारेण उत्तरत – (1/4 × 4 = 2)
(i) ‘कुर्वते’ इति क्रियापदस्य कर्तृपदं किम्?
(ii) ‘किं प्रभुः’ इति कर्तृपदस्य क्रियापदं किम्?
(iii) ‘सुमित्रम्’ पदस्य कः विपर्ययः श्लोके आगतः?
(iv) ‘अमात्येषु अनुकूलेषु’ अनयोः पदयोः किं विशेषणम्?
उत्तर:
(i) सर्वसम्पदः
(ii) संश्रृणुते
(iii) किं सखा
(iv) अनुकूलेषु

(च) लोभश्चेदगुणेन किं पिशुनता यद्यस्ति किं पातकैः
सत्यं चेत्तपसा च किं शुचिमनो यद्यस्ति तीर्थेन किम्।
सौजन्यं यदि किं गुणैः सुमहिमा यद्यस्ति किं मण्डनैः,
सद्विद्या यदि किं धनैरपयशो यद्यस्ति किं मृत्युना॥

I. एकपदेन उत्तरत – (1/2 × 2 = 1)
(i) शुचिमनः सत्यमेव किं भवति?
(ii) जनानां मण्डनं किम् अस्ति?
उत्तर:
(i) तीर्थम् .
(ii) सुमहिमा

II. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत – (1 × 2 = 2)
(i) मृत्युना दु:खतरं किं भवति?
(ii) सर्वोपरि दुर्गुणः कः भवति?
उत्तर:
(i) मृत्युना दु:खतरम् अपयशः भवति।
(ii) सर्वोपरि दुर्गुणः लोभः भवति।

III. निर्देशानुसारम् उत्तरत – (1/2 × 4 = 2)
(i) ‘शुचिमनः’ अत्र विशेषणपदं किम्?
(ii) ‘आभूषणैः’ इति पदस्य अर्थे किं पदं प्रयुक्तम्?
(iii) ‘धनैरपयशो यद्यस्ति’ अत्र ‘अस्ति’ क्रियापदस्य कर्तृपदं किम्?
(iv) ‘दयालुता’ इत्यस्य पदस्य कः विपर्ययः श्लोके प्रयुक्तः?
उत्तर:
(i) शुचि
(ii) मण्डनैः
(iii) अपयशः
(iv) पिशुनता

प्रश्न: 2.
लेखकस्य ग्रन्थस्य च नामनी – (1/2 × 4 = 2)
(i) ‘जलं जलस्थानगतं च शुष्यति हुतं च दत्तं च सदैव तिष्ठति।’
(ii) ‘तथा चतुर्भिः पुरुषः परीक्ष्यते त्यागेन शीलेन गुणेन कर्मणा।’
(iii) व्रजन्ति ते मूढाधियः पराभवं भवन्ति मायाविषु ये न मायिनः।’
(iv) ‘स किंसखा साधु न शास्ति योऽधिपम्।’
(v) ‘अपयशो यद्यस्ति किं मृत्युना।’
उत्तर:
(i) लेखक:- महाकविः भासः, ग्रन्थः- कर्ण भारम्
(ii) लेखकः- आचार्यः चाणक्यः, ग्रन्थः- चाणक्यनीतिः
(iii) लेखकः- महाकविः भारविः, ग्रन्थः- किरातार्जुनीयम्
(iv) लेखक:- महाकविः भारविः, ग्रन्थः- किरातार्जुनीयम्
(v) लेखक:- महाकवि भर्तृहरिः, ग्रन्थः- नीतिशतकम्

प्रश्न: 3.
I. निम्नलिखितानां पङ्क्तिनाम् उचितं भावं चित्वा पुनर्लिखत – (1+ 1 +1+1=4)
(क) “करणं परोपकरणं येषां केषां न ते वन्द्याः ‘।
अर्थात् –
(i) परोपकारी जनाः केनायि वन्दनीयाः न भवन्ति।
(ii) परोपकारिणः कस्यापि वन्दनां न कुर्वन्ति।
(iii) परोपकारिणः सदैव सर्वे वन्दनीयाः भवन्ति।
उत्तर:
(iii) परोपकारिणः सदैव सर्वैः वन्दनीयाः भवन्ति।

(ख) “तथा चतुर्भिः पुरुषः परीक्ष्यते त्यागेन शीलेन गुणेन कर्मणा’।
अर्थात् –
(i) त्यागेन उत्तमेन स्वभावेन सद्गुणेन, सकर्मभि संसारे पुरुषः पूज्यते।
(ii) पुरुषः संसारे स्वजन्मना, जातिभिः गुणैश्च पूज्यते।
(iii) संसारे पुरुषस्य परीक्षा तस्य स्वभावेन, त्यागेन कुलेन च भवति।
उत्तर:
(i) त्यागेन, उत्तमेन स्वभावेन, सद्गुणेन, सुकभमिश्च संसारे पुरुषः पूज्यते।

(ग) “शुचिमनो यद्यस्ति तीर्थेन किम्’?
अर्थात् –
(i) संसारे सर्वोत्तमं तीर्थं केवलं मनः एवास्ति।
(ii) जनानाम् शुद्धं मनः एव तेषाम् तीर्थ अस्ति।
(iii) संसारे तीर्थे सति शुचिमनः किमर्थम्?
उत्तर:
(ii) जनानाम् शुद्धं मनः एव तेषाम् तीर्थमस्ति।

(घ) “हितान्न यः संशृणुते स किंप्रभुः।
अर्थात् –
(i) उत्तमः नृपः सर्वदा सर्व हितवार्ताम् एव शृणोति।
(ii) यः हितवार्ता न शृणोति सः नृपः नास्ति।
(iii) उत्तमः नृपः सर्वदा हितवार्ता न शृणोति।
उत्तर:
(घ) (i) उत्तमः नृपः सर्वदा सर्व हितवार्ताम् एव शृणोति।

II. प्रदत्तानाम् पङ्क्तिनाम् उचितैः पदैः रिक्त स्थानानि पूरयन् भावलेखनं कुरुत (1 x 4 =4)
(क) ‘सद्विद्या यदि किं धनैरपयशो यद्यस्ति किं मृत्युना।’ अस्य भावोऽस्ति यत् जनानां कृते अस्मिन् संसारे
उत्तमा
(i)………….. एव धनं वर्तते। यस्य समीपे विद्या नास्ति सः तु (ii) ………….. एव मन्यते एवमेव यस्य जनस्य संसारे (iii) ………… भवति तेषां तु जीवने अपि (iv) ……….. भवति। यतः अपयशः एव तस्य जनस्य वास्तविकी मृत्युः कथिता।
उत्तर:
(i) विद्या
(ii) निर्धनः
(iii) अपयशः
(iv) मृत्युः

(ख) “तथा चतुर्भिः पुरुषः परीक्ष्यते, त्यागेन शीलेन गुणेन कर्मणा’।
अर्थात् –
संसारे यथा घर्षणेन, छेदनेन, तापेन, ताडनेन च स्वर्णस्य परीक्षा भवति तथैव जनाः (i)………… उत्तमेन स्वभावेन, गुणेन, सुन्दरेण (ii) ………… च जनानामपि परीक्षां कुर्वन्ति। यस्य जनस्य समीपे उपरोक्ताः (iii) ………… गुणाः न भवन्ति तस्य अस्मिन् संसारे जनाः (iv) ………… अपि न कुर्वन्ति। अतः स्वसम्मानार्थम् सर्वेः जनैः गुणानां ग्रहणं तु कर्तव्यमेव।
उत्तर:
(i) त्यागेन
(ii) कर्मणा
(iii) उत्तमाः
(iv) सम्मानम्

मञ्जूषा-मृत्युः, निर्धनः, विद्या, कर्मणा, सम्मानम्, उत्तमाः, अपयशः, त्यागेन

प्रश्न: 4.
निम्न श्लोकं पठित्वा तदाधारितानि रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयन् अन्वयः लिख्यताम्. (1 x 4 =4)

I. वदनं प्रसादसदनं सदयं हृदयं सुधामुचो वाचः।
करणं परोपकरणं येषां केषां न ते वन्द्याः॥
अन्वयः – येषाम् ……(i)….. प्रसादसदनम्, हृदयं ………(ii)……… सदयं वाचः सुधामुचः करणं (च)………(iii)……… (भवन्ति) ते (जनाः) ……….(iv)……..न वन्द्याः (भवन्ति)।
उत्तर:
(i) वदनम्
(ii) सदयं
(iii) परोपकरणं
(iv) केषाम्

II. व्रजन्ति ते मूढधियः पराभवं
भवन्ति मायाविषु ये न मायिनः
प्रविश्य हि जन्ति शठास्तथाविधा
नसंवृत्ताङ्गान्निशिता इवेषवः॥
अन्वयः – ये ……(i)….. मायिनः न भवन्ति ते ………(ii)……… पराभवम व्रजन्ति। शठाः हि निशिताः………(iii)……… इव तथाविधान् ………(iv)………प्रविश्य घ्नन्ति।
उत्तर:
(i) मायाविषु
(ii) मूढधियः
(iii) दूषवः
(iv) असंवृत्ताङ्गान्

III. स किंसखा साधु न शास्ति योऽधिपं
हितान्न यः सं शृणुते स किंप्रभुः।
सदानुकूलेषु हि कुर्वते रतिं
नृपेष्वमात्येषु च सर्वसम्पदः॥
अन्वयः – यः ………(i)……… साधु न शास्ति स किंसखा (भवति)। यः ………(ii)……… न संशृणुते सः किंप्रभुः (भवति), नृपेषु ………(iii)……… च अनुकूलेषु हि ………(iv)……… सदा रतिं कुर्वते।
उत्तर:
(i) अधिपम्
(ii) हितान्
(iii) अमात्येषु
(iv) सर्वसम्पदः

IV. शिक्षा क्षयं गच्छति कालपर्ययात्
सुबद्धमूला निपतन्ति पादपाः। जलं जलस्थानगतं च शुष्यति हुतं च दत्तं च सदैव तिष्ठति॥ अन्वयः-कालपर्ययात् ………(i)……… क्षयम् गच्छति, ………(ii)……… पादपाः निपतन्ति ………(iii)……… जलं च शुष्यति हुतम् च ………(iv)……… च सदैव तिष्ठति।
उत्तर:
(i) शिक्षा
(ii) सुबद्धमूलाः
(iii) स्थानगतम्
(iv) दत्तम्

प्रश्न: 5.
निम्नलिखितानां श्लोकांशानाम् परस्परं समुचितरूपेण सम्मेलनं कुरुत(क)
(ख) (i) हुतं च दत्तं च

उत्तर:
(i) (5)
(ii) (8)
(iii) (6)
(iv) (2)
(v) (1)
(vi) (7)
(vii) (4)
(viii) (3)

प्रश्नः 6.
निम्न पदानाम् तेषाम् अथैः/विपर्ययैः सह समुचितं मेलनं कुरुतशब्दाः

उत्तर:
1. ( ङ)
2. (ज)
3. (छ)
4. (क)
5. (घ)
6. (ग)
7. (च)
8. (ख)

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Sanskrit

The post NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Sanskrit Chapter 6 सुधामुचः वाचः appeared first on Learn CBSE.

Article Writing Class 12 Format, Topics, Examples, Samples

An article is an expression of one’s thought on an issue or a subject logically and coherently written in meaningful paragraphs.

♦ Points to Remember:

• Give a title that catches the attention of the reader.
• Begin with a striking opening sentence which addresses the readers and gets them interested in the topic.
• Present a strong argument for your ideas supporting it with evidence or elaboration.
• Use linking devices (‘however’, ‘therefore’, ‘although’, ‘even though’, ‘in order to’) to make the composition appear a whole.
• Introduce a new point at the beginning of each paragraph that follows to strengthen your ideas.
• Develop your ideas as much as you can to make them interesting and substantial.
• Conclude with your strongest point.
• Use passive voice, humour, emotive language, rhetorical questions to provide a specific effect. Split-up of marks:

♦ Marks will be awarded for:

• Format (Title + Writer’s name)
• Content (logical organisation, relevance)
• Expression (Accuracy + Fluency)

♦ Previous Years’ CBSE Examination Questions

♦ Very Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
The number of women in the police force seems insufficient especially when we see the increasing involvement of women in terrorist activities. Write an article in 150-200 words for The Hindustan Chronicle’, on the need of having more women in the police force. (2010)
Answer:

Need Of Having More
Women In The Police Force

Women empowerment and participation has seen a radical improvement in the recent few decades. Women are no longer confined to their homes and have come forward to excel in almost all fields, at par with men. But it has been observed that the number of women in the police force seems insufficient especially when we compare their increasing number in terrorist activities. Women are sure to prove their worth in the police force as they are more committed to the cause they work for and less corrupt, two qualities that are lacking in policemen. The government needs to increase the reserved quota for recruitment of women in the police force. Women need to be given incentives to join the police force and this is sure to prove favourable as they bring with them a distinctly different and valuable set of skills that is bound to change the way the police is perceived in our community. As the job description of the police expands beyond crime-fighting into community service the presence of more women in the police force is sure to help to burnish the tarnished image of the police officers, improve community relations and foster a more flexible and less violent approach to maintaining law and order.

Question 2.
In many parts of our country girls are still discouraged from going to school. Consequently, a sizable section of the population is deprived of education. Schemes like Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, CBSE scholarship to the single girl child and the Government’s policy of giving free education to girls have come as a boon to our society. Write an article in 150-200 words on the education of the girl child in the country. (Delhi 2010)
Answer:

Education Of The Girl
Child In The Country

Education of girls has been a high priority with the Government of India. In the new millennium, India has consolidated its earlier educational reforms with increased resources and stronger policy commitments for achieving elementary education, particularly for girls. Reaching out to the girl child is primary to the efforts to universalise elementary education. ‘Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan’ or ‘Education For All’ programme recognizes that ensuring the education of the girl child requires changes not only in the education system but also in society’s norms and attitudes.

A two-pronged gender strategy has hence been adopted to make the educational system responsive to the needs of the girls through targeted interventions which serve as a pull-factor to enhance access and retention of girls in schools on the one hand and generate community demand for girls’ education through training and mobilisation on the other hand. The CBSE has also come up with the novel scheme of providing free education from the sixth standard onwards to the single girl child. The need of the times is that the government should further improve the educational infrastructure and make it more accessible and meaningful for the girl child.

Question 3.
Advertisements have become a big business. They are promoted by celebrities drawn from various fields like films, sports, etc., leaving their influence on all people specially the young. Write an article in 150-200 words on ‘The Impact of Advertisements on the younger generation’. (Delhi 2010)
Answer:

Impact Of Advertisements On
The Younger Generation

The advertisement industry has a tremendous impact on the younger generation. As citizens of the modern world, advertisements have become a part of the daily lives of youngsters and they have got used to being bombarded with numerous advertisements over the course of their day.

Advertisements have become so common for them that they often do not even realize that they are hearing or viewing them. So they have a pervasive influence on the youth. In the ever-expanding world of consumerism and advertising, companies are constantly looking for new ways to sell their products to the youngsters by making their commercials and campaigns more memorable, to leave an impact on their minds. The younger generation has become their prime target because they have more spending power than ever before and increased avenues at their disposal. Therefore companies spend enormous amounts of money to rope in popular film stars, cricketers, musicians etc. to endorse their products.

This helps to ensure popularity and early brand loyalty. In the last decade many superbrands have looked towards new and outrageous ways to capture young audiences through appealing campaigns as these youngsters are cognitively and psychologically quite defenceless against advertisements. Clearly, advertisements represent ‘big business’ and has a significant effect on young people who need to be educated about the effects of advertising, that is, media literacy. This will prove to be helpful in mitigating the harmful effects of advertising on youngsters.

Question 4.
The present-day youth are greatly stressed due to cut-throat competition and consumerist culture. Write an article in 150-200 words on the causes of the stress on the modem generation suggesting suitable solutions. (Delhi 2010)
Answer:

Causes Of Stress On
The Modern Generation

The main cause of stress on the modern generation is the cut-throat competition and consumerist culture prevalent in our society. This always puts them under pressure of efficiency and productivity. The modern environment is highly competitive and calls for relentless effort on the part of each youngster. To achieve the goals they have to devote all their time and capacity, without rest. So they have no time to care even for their own selves. They have no time for relaxing or to pursue something of their own interest sounds like a luxury to them. The effects of this stress on the youth also visible in their physical being whereby they have increased pulses and a lot of tension in their muscles.

With increased professionalism and specialisation there seems no practical and suitable solution for this stress due to the competition. In this age of consumerism, it is not surprising that the youth of today are also constantly vying to outdo each other in acquiring material things. But now it is high time each one of us sat back in quiet introspection to contemplate where we are actually heading in this high-speed pace. Our health and well-being will have to be our primary concern for, as they say, “a healthy mind lies in a healthy body”. Let us stop living like robots. We are humans and have to behave likewise and not like machines which are our own creation.

Question 5.
As compared to the older generation the youth of today are greatly inclined to pursue adventurous activities either for money or for
fun. There is a latest craze for joining reality shows, rafting, rock climbing, mountaineering etc. Write an article in 150-200 words on which life you would prefer—safe or adventurous. (All India 2010)
Answer:

Live Life, Don’t Just Exist

To lead a life of adventure is certainly very exciting and amazing. It involves breaking free of certain social conditioning and challenging yourself to work upon your mental fears, which are mostly in your mind, and discovering unlimited freedom and opportunities. We, therefore, need to be willing to undertake adventure as it is a necessary part of happy existence. It is important to spend your limited time on earth doing some of those things that make a difference and give one enjoyment rather than simply sinking all the time playing the normal routine game of “delayed gratification”.

Taking action helps one to build a more enriching life and enables you to embrace life with more passion each day. The desire for sameness never contributors to anything exciting but makes our life and spirit dull. A variety of sports and recreation are adventurous to a lot of people today. Some people race cars, skydivers jump out of a 5 aeroplane, mountain-climbers scale peaks etc. This helps them to escape their daily stress and gives them a ‘high’. So it is important to live life to the fullest and it is also surely worth making the effort to ‘live’ with an adventurous spirit.

Question 6.
India is standing at the threshold of joining the developed nations but that is not possible till we achieve complete literacy in the country. The contribution of students may be very significant in achieving our goals. Write an article in 150-200 words on ‘The Role of the Students in Removing Illiteracy’. (All India 2010)
Answer:

The Role Of Students In
Removing Illiteracy

Illiteracy is still a major blot on India, after more than sixty years of its achieving independence. To an extent it exemplifies India’s failure to reach out to its masses. The removal of illiteracy has to be tackled on a priority basis and students can play an important role in achieving this goal. Since they are in the process of receiving education themselves they are most appropriate for also putting forth their services to achieve the goal of educating the illiterate masses. Students should be encouraged to carry the lamp of knowledge by organizing events such as, ‘Each One, Teach One’.

If every student resolves to teach two illiterate persons in a year during his vacations, it will in the long run help to eradicate illiteracy. The government should also render full support to students in terms of infrastructure in their contribution to the Indian Literacy Campaign. Students can also play a vital role in the programme of Adult Literacy. If all our students get together and try to work towards achieving literacy among the masses, then the day is not far when India too will join the league of countries that have attained hundred percent literacy.

Question 7.
Compulsory value-based education is the only remedy for inculcating values among the future citizens of the country. This will also help in the prevention of crime in the country. Write an article in 150-200 words on the need of compulsory value-based education. (All India 2010)
Answer:

Value-Based Education

Value-based education is an educational philosophy, an approach to teaching and learning that underpins away a school organises itself develops relationships and promotes positive human values. Schools that adopt such an approach report that there is a qualitative improvement in pupils’ attitude and behaviour. The purpose of value-based education is to help the school community think about and reflect upon positive universal values and practical implications of expressing them in relation to themselves and the community as a whole.

Value-based education also supports schools in promoting an inclusive school ethos and the methods of working raise achievements and help pupils to raise their self-esteem and take responsibility for their own behaviour and learning. It also enables students to examine the kind of life that is worth living and to consider what kind of life they want for themselves. At the core of value-based education lies an agreed set of principles, deeply held convictions that underpin all aspects of school life and work. The process is holistic and developmental, demanding a greater deal from the school’s community. Value-based education is thus a philosophy for developing and supporting schools of excellence.

Question 8.
Increase in the number of vehicles causes pollution and traffic jams. Write an article in 150-200 words for ‘The New Indian Express’, Delhi, highlighting the urgent need to solve these man-made problems, giving suitable suggestions. You are Madhav/Madhuri. (Delhi 2010)
Answer:

The Problem Of Pollution
By: Madhav

Cities, in general, have a great deal in common with vehicles. In fact they often seem to be turning into vehicles. India’s population and its traffic is concentrated within its cities. The increasing number of vehicles in Delhi is putting our city at the risk of completely losing clean air to breathe. Delhi would have, in fact, been buried under a pollution load if the Supreme Court had not intervened to introduce cleaner fuels and emissions technology in the city, in the form of CNG-run public vehicles. Moreover, increase in the number of vehicles also means getting stuck in rush traffic hour which has also become a routine.

It is high time we now look towards solving this problem of heavy traffic congestion which is taking a toll both on our health and our time. The traffic police department must use technology for controlling and monitoring the movement of vehicles at important and busy crossroads for which the department officials can also take the help of Close Circuit T.V. Drives should be launched to educate the masses about the importance of driving in their respective lanes only and to follow traffic signals strictly. Violation of these should result in fines and in case of repeated offence the driving license of the person should be confiscated.

Pollution check of vehicles by owners at regular intervals should be made mandatory. This can also contribute a lot in saving the environment from pollution. Thus, we as responsible citizens just need to make a start.

Question 9.
Corruption has become the order of the day. It has entered all walks of life. Write an article for your school magazine in 150-200 words on ‘The Role of Youth in combating corruption’. You are Vijay/Vineeta. (Delhi 2011 2010)
Answer:

Role Of Youth In
Combating Corruption

By: Vijay
The problem of corruption is not new though it has reached unprecedented proportions in recent years. It is as old as society itself and •cuts across nations, cultures, races and classes of people. Corruption is rampant in our political and social life and like cancer seems to be gnawing into the vitals of the society. It has been argued that one of the many obstacles to the development of poor countries is corruption. The youth of the society have a lot of responsibility in combating corruption. They are aware of this phenomenon but negligent towards this issue. It is the youth, especially the students, who have to take cudgels against the demon of corruption and crush it altogether.

A beginning can be made in this direction by holding anti-corruption drives. The ill-effects of corruption in public life should be publicised through the internet, facebook and blogs. The uprising young citizens need to join hands as one and battle against corruption. They need to spread awareness, more so in rural areas and equip them with knowledge about this burning issue. Recently the name of Anna Hazare has become synonymous with combating corruption so the youth of India have an idol among them whom they can follow. The dedicated efforts of the honest youth are bound to succeed in the long run in demolishing and vanquishing this social evil which has earned us a bad name.

Question 10.
India is said to be a young country and is emerging as a global power. The youth is getting increasingly concerned about the problems of corruption, environment, pollution, misuse of natural resources, etc. Write an article in 150-200 words on your vision of India in 2040. (Comptt. All India 2010)
Answer:

My Vision Of Future India

Most of us have a massive psychological barrier against looking at the future vision of India and those who see the future as growing directly out of the present also often narrow their vision. It is my belief that the year 2040 will belong to those who try to see diversity as a value in itself, not as an instrument for resisting new monocultures of the mind or as a compromise necessary for maintaining communal and ethical harmony. India of the future will be central to the world where the idea of diversity will be cherished as an end in itself. My vision statement is not a prediction of what will actually occur, nor is it a wish list of desirable but unattainable ends. It is actually a statement of what we believe is possible for our nation to achieve seeing the level of concern that our present-day youth is showing about problems of corruption, environmental pollution, misuse of natural resources, etc. An essential requirement for envisioning India in 2040 is to recognise that the parameters which determine national development have changed i in recent years and will change further in the future. This is likely to open up greater; possibilities than ever before. The growing I influence in the fields of technology, education, information, productive skills etc. lend credence to the view that India will ; definitely achieve and sustain higher economic growth and development in the coming decades.

Question 11.
Due to the globalization of food industry and fast food culture, traditional healthy diets are increasingly being replaced by unhealthy junk food containing artificial additives and preservative chemicals. Write an article in 150-200 words for a national daily on the need for inculcating healthy dietary habits. (Comptt. All India 2010)
Answer:

Need To Inculcate
Healthy Dietary Habits

Due to globalisation and the advent of fast food culture, traditional healthy diets have been replaced by unhealthy junk food that has no nutritional value. Children and even adults have become quite fond of this junk food essentially because it is palatable and caters well to their taste buds. Though junk food does not come with a statutory warning, it is , actually harmful for our health if we eat it on a regular basis as it contains artificial additives and chemical preservatives. Hence the need arises for inculcating healthy dietary habits. I feel childhood is the best stage to inculcate good food habits. Through constant reinforcement and an emphasis on healthy eating choices at home parents can ensure that their kids continue to eat healthy even when they are away from home.

Parents should remember that kids learn their eating habits from them so they should lead by example and eat healthy themselves. This will encourage their kids to follow in their footsteps. Children’s initial refusal to eat healthy food should not discourage the parents. Repeated exposure to healthy foods like fresh fruits and vegetables, nuts, milk etc. will ensure that the kids might want to try it out at some point. So, constant encouragement is needed to make them try out healthy food but do not force anything. Aim to make good nutrition a way of life than a rule and healthy eating habits will come naturally and not something that is being enforced.

Question 12.
Travel is an important part of a man’s education. It enables a person to learn manners, customs, languages and history of different people and places and also widens the circle of one’s acquaintances. Write an article in 150-200 words on “Travel, an Important Source of Education”. (Comptt. All India 2010)
Answer:

Travel – An Important
Source Of Education

To travel is to discover. If not necessary, travel is a very important aspect of education, an experience to learn on personal levels with hands-on experience. When people travel to a new place they absorb and remember information faster and retain it longer just by experiencing it themselves. Travelling to other parts of the country provides the opportunity to see different cultures practising their everyday lives. It also enables a person to learn the manners, customs, languages and history of different people and places and widens the circle of one’s acquaintances. While travelling to each new place gives us a different experience, all of these travels will add up to a worldly view that instils a feeling of connection with people, places and events from all over the globe.

In the past few years it has become a norm for people from one country to travel to another country as a part of their education programme. As wonderful as it is to read about places and people who interest us, to experience a personal visit to these places and interact personally with these people allows us to understand and even appreciate their world in a more lasting and meaningful way. Our minds open up to new things, people, places and experiences Very few ways allow for greater learning than travel. It is one of the best and most entertaining ways to get an education. While classes, books and internet sites are great ways to learn and build your knowledge base, travel takes what you have already learnt and expands upon it.

Question 13.
India is making strides in the field of technology. Technology has made life easier and more comfortable than it used to be earlier. At the same time people are turning to be more and more lazy and disease-prone. Write an article in 150-200 words on the disadvantages of too much of technology. (Comptt. All India 2010)
Answer:

Disadvantages Of Too
Much Technology

By: ABC
India has made rapid strides in the technological field. Technology has made our life more easygoing and comfortable than ever before. But these comforts bestowed on us through technological advancements is doing us more harm than good. In the 21st century, technology has evolved to accommodate a more convenient lifestyle and meet every need that could possibly need fulfilling. With the right technology in your home, you might just never feel the need to even leave your bed. Our entire lifestyle has slowly but surely been completely taken over by technology. This is having an adverse effect on our well-being. We have become lazy and disease-prone.

Modern technology has given us everything we want, whenever we want and more than we actually need, with the result that we have become a weak society. Unlike the older generation, modern-day children do not have the space and freedom of moving about and end up cramped in front of their computers and video games. This sedentary style of living causes the child to be antisocial, thus making him socially weak. Also there is added risk of obesity from less locomotion. A sedentary lifestyle, coupled with wrong food habits, has made us prone to illnesses. Though technology has greatly contributed to human development, it has its flip side and it is adversely affecting our health.

Question 14.
You are Keshav/Karuna, a social worker and counsellor. You are concerned about the stressed behaviour of both parents and students during the time of examination. Write an article in 150-200 ivords to be published in a local daily on ‘Supportive parents and stress-free students’ giving ideas to enhance healthy and meaningful PARENT- WARD rapport and for making the atmosphere relaxed and encouraging during examination time. (CompIt. Delhi 2012)
Answer:

Supportive Parents And
Stress-Free Students

By: Karuna,
Counsellor and Social Worker Most of the students and their parents are under constant pressure and usually suffer from high levels of stress especially during the time of examinations. This does them no good because it is a parents duty to reduce stress in their children and help them overcome it. Young students should not be left alone to struggle in the most difficult and significant period of their life. They need to get endless support from their parents. Better interaction between students and parents can help to settle various problems amicably and create a relaxed atmosphere during the time of examination. Moreover, parents have to be practical and realistic in their expectations.

They should always remain positive and acknowledge even the minor achievements of their children. A healthy and meaningful parent-ward rapport can help a student overcome stress easily. Every parent should give their child encouragement and support, especially during academically stressful times. Encourage your child to aim to do their best and be assured that it is the earnest effort they make and not the result that matters the most. Students who live in supportive environments, develop a range of coping strategies and become more resilient.

Question 15.
You are Keshav/Karuna, a social worker and counsellor. You are concerned about senior class students ignoring sports activities owing to the pressure of examination and coaching classes. Write an article in 150-200 words to be published in a local daily on how sports not only promote physical fitness but also influence our scholastic achievements. (Comptt. Delhi 2012)
Answer:

Sports – Not To Be Sidelined

By: Karuna,
Social Worker and Counsellor It has become an unfortunate trend that senior class students are ignoring sports activities due to the pressure of examination and coaching classes. They seem to have forgotten the fact that sports not only promote physical fitness but will also influence their scholastic achievements. Colleges, in an effort and interest, to promote sports and games, encourage the admission of students who have excelled in sports by allotting a sports-quota to them. Besides a fun and exciting way to get involved in competitive physical activities, playing sports in high school can also help with college admissions. Sports provide for a well- rounded character. They help develop skills based on teamwork and comradeship, as well as teach young people how to set goals and persevere through hardships to achieve those goals.

Moreover, members of the college admission board are aware of the time and commitment that goes into being a part of a team sport. They are more interested in giving admission to those students who are able to strike a keen balance between sports and academics and who show a depth of commitment to a wide range of activities. Participating in sports help to develop these additional traits in a student. Indulging in a sport positively influences academics by providing an avenue to release the pent up pressure and easing the minds of students at the time of examinations.

Question 16.
Your family has recently shifted from Kota in Rajasthan to Ernakulam in Kerala, where your house is situated in the midst of beautiful flowering plants and fruit-yielding trees. Every minute and every second, you are experiencing the joy of being in the lap of nature. Write an article in 150-200 words on the diversity of nature that you have experienced. You are Latha/Lalitha of Class XII. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:

Joys Of Being In The Lap Of Nature

By: Latha, Class XII
When my family shifted from Kota in Rajasthan to Ernakulam in Kerala, I was really excited because I had heard about the diversity of nature one gets to experience in this district. Also, I was extremely happy to be moving away from the dry and arid climate of Rajasthan. But nothing could have ever prepared me for the natural joy I experienced when I reached Ernakulam.

Ernakulam is known as the Queen of the Arabian Sea. In addition to getting a glimpse of the traditional rural Kerala lifestyle and the variant villages, to the coconut plantations and the coir villages, it was a relish to see the scenic views of the dense green tropical forests and colourful birds that enveloped us in an aura of peace and warmth and brought us closer to nature. It was a treat to be in the midst of the simple and unsophisticated rustic life and the gorgeous greens. Though Emakulam is a developed district, yet it has managed to retain its natural beauty. It is also one of the finest natural harbours in the world and a major centre of trade and commerce.

Moreover, our house is situated in the middle of beautiful flowering plants and fruit-yielding trees and each and every second we are experiencing the enormous joy of being in the lap of nature.

Question 17.
Write an article in 150-200 words on the topic, ‘Poverty is the cause of all evils’, to be published in the Young World of ‘The Hindu’, Chennai. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:

Poverty – The Cause Of All Evils
By: ABC, Correspondent,

The Hindu, Chennai Poverty, in one way or another, is the fundamental cause of all evils. It fosters desperation which, in turn, breeds crime. The lack of money breeds all negative characteristics that people loathe; it breeds hatred, anger and jealousy.

Poverty also breeds racism, classism, ethnicism as the society itself stratifies to define classes to separate the rich from the poor. It makes people dishonest as they will do anything to get even a little bit of scarce money. In today’s world, poverty has become the root cause of all evils, because it has the power and ability to make people compromise their once held and respected values, cultures and religious beliefs. Poverty has created a new race of people with common marks of frustrations, loss of hope, prospects and value of life. Poverty leads to illiteracy, unemployment, dissatisfaction among individuals, corruption and crime and all these handicaps not only the growth of individuals but also the growth of the nation as a whole. There is an urgent need also to find solutions to reduce the gap between the rich and the poor.

Thus, poverty is indeed one of the biggest problems that is affecting our society and it definitely stands as a major obstacle in the development of an advanced, progressive and peaceful nation.

Question 18.
Write an article in 150-200 words for your school magazine on the topic, ‘Obesity among School Children’. You are Mohini/Mohit. (All India 2013)
Answer:

Obesity Among School Children
By: Mohini

Obesity among school children is a global problem that is on the rise. It appears to increase the risk of subsequent morbidity, whether or not obesity persists into adulthood.

Recent studies on urban Indian school children report a high prevalence of obese and overweight children. Outcomes related to childhood obesity include hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, orthopaedic and psychosocial problems.

The present generation children are more of couch-potatoes who refrain from indulging in any kind of physical activity and are confined indoors most of the time. They have neither the urge nor the time to play outdoor games. A majority of children prefer to spend their time either glued to the television or the computer. Lack of physical activity combined with eating junk food makes children easy prey to diseases and ailments which were never heard of in childhood. Added to this is the lack of time because of which a child’s parents and teachers are unable to pay due attention to the child’s diet.

The need of the hour is thus a possible role of change in the dietary pattern and the physical activities of children so as to ensure that they lead healthy lives. Games, yoga and other sports should be made a compulsory part of school curriculum. Also it is imperative that all junk food is banned from school canteens which should replace this with healthy nutritious foods.

Question 19.
You are Raman/Ruchika. Write an article in 150-200 words for your school magazine on the topic, ‘Life without Modern Gadgets’. (All India 2013)
Answer:

Life Without Modern Gadgets
By: Ruchika

Modern gadgets have enslaved us. They have made the world jump forward with a leap, built a glittering civilization, opened up innumerable avenues for the growth of knowledge, and added to the power of man to such an extent that it is possible to conceive that man could triumph over and shape his physical environment.

Our life is driven by gadgets and gizmos so much so that we cannot imagine even a day without them. On the domestic front, electronic kitchen appliances have proved to be a boon for housewives and relieved pressure off them. The biggest brands in mobile phones are also focusing on the present day needs and visualising them in their gadgets. Our life comes to a pause whenever we are disconnected from the internet. Education, communication, commerce and industry are all dependent on modern gadgets.

These modem gadgets have brought us to a height of extreme convenience to such an extent that we have forgotten our roots of simplicity—the simplicity of doing things ourselves instead of a ‘machine’ doing it for us, the simplicity of working together physically instead of creating our own workspace at home, confining ourselves to a lonesome boundary in life.

Life has really widened its prospect and with these modem gadgets around we can do everything happily and conveniently. We can do our personal stuff on these and make them an important ‘member’ of our life.

Question 20.
Last week as you were coming back from school you happened to see a huge plastic bag full of leftovers of food being flung into the middle of the road from a speeding car. You wondered how people can be so devoid of civic sense. Write an article in 125-150 words on why we lack civic sense and how civic sense can be inculcated in children at a very young age. You are Shiva/Shamini. (All India 2014)
Answer:

Necessity To Inculcate Civic Sense
By: Shiva

It is indeed astonishing how people in our country can be so devoid of civic sense. It is not considered as an important value so it is not inculcated in children at a very young age and is not practised and encouraged at home.

When people talk about cleanliness of public places in India, civic sense or the lack of it is often quoted as one of the prime reasons for the squalor that we see all around us. And this horrid state of apathy is not limited to the lower and uneducated sections of society. Even the affluent and educated folks are devoid of civic sense. This is because civic sense is not inculcated in us from a very young age. Therefore steps should be taken up to inculcate civic education at the school level itself. Incentives should be given to people who show and practise civic sense. Use of dustbins should be encouraged and there should be stringent laws for those who flout basic civic sense.

This change has to come from within each individual. If things are left to rot they become self-perpetuating. Each one of us should try to resolve, to breathe and reside in a pristine and hygienic surrounding.

Question 21.
You saw a stray dog beaten to death by a group of boys. Their act infuriated you and you scolded them for their cruel act. You decided to write an article on cruelty to animals. Write the article in 125-150 words. You are Nikhil/Naina. (All India 2014)
Answer:

Cruelty To Animals
By: Nikhil

Cruelty to animals or animal abuse is the human infliction of suffering or harm upon animals for purposes other than self-defence or survival. Animals are being beaten up and starved every day and millions of animals die each year because of human atrocities.

The plight of stray dogs and cows is a common sight in India. It is inhuman to let them roam around on the streets, let them eat garbage dumped on the roadsides and exposing them to being hit by fast-moving traffic. Ill-treatment and cruelty of these helpless creatures should be stringently discouraged. Shelter homes should be created for stray animals. To create awareness regarding the ill-treatment of animals campaigns, drives and street plays need to be organized. Moreover, we need to observe Animal Rights Day.

Though we have a long way to go, but gradually by making the public more aware about the issues of animal cruelty and by making the society realise the importance of animal rights, we will eventually learn to live in harmony with them.

Question 22.
A newspaper report on a recent terrorist attack in your locality shattered you. You decided to write an article in a local daily on terrorist attacks and the need to maintain peace and harmony in society. Write the article in 125-150 ivords. You are Madhav/ Meena. (All India 2014)
Answer:

Need To Maintain
Peace And Harmony

By: Madhav
Terrorism has swallowed law and order. Terrorist activities have knitted their web across our nation and act as a major threat to the society and lives of billions of civilians: Terrorism in India is very deep-rooted and complicated and has been a social stigma in our society. Its causes vary from political, religious fanaticism, intolerance, fundamentalism, social and economic factors. In our approach to I terrorism, we fail to distinguish it from the use of violence or armed struggle in a revolutionary situation. In spite of the magnitude of the problem of terrorism, there has been no consensus on a solution to this problem. In India the attempts to control terrorism have been mainly through the deployment of police, military and paramilitary forces. More steps need to be taken up to control terrorism. There should be a political will to tackle terrorism. Vigilance should be improved and awareness should be created through the media.

Ultimately it is only by improving social, economic and political conditions and by fostering the forces of democracy and secularism, peace and stability that the battle against violence and terrorism can be won.

Question 23.
In the year to come (if you have not already done this year) you are going to celebrate your 18th birthday. Write an article in 150-200 words on the joys and responsibilities of being eighteen. You are Navtej/Navita. (Delhi 2015)
Answer:

Joys And Responsibilities
Of Being Eighteen

By: NA VITA
Being eighteen is fun but also a bit tough. It is that stage of life when we have to cope with many changes in our life. The most important thing about being a eighteen is the responsibilities that come with it.

We are still considered young but our mind starts forming opinions though we are not considered old enough to express them. We are given a little more freedom. We start to creep into the adult world and encounter some new experiences. In these years of our life we are discovering ourselves, new opportunities, new duties and responsibilities. We have lesser responsibilities as compared to our elders but we are definitely responsible for our actions. This can sometimes work to our disadvantage as at this phase of our life we are always willing to try out new things and in some of these we may falter.

One of the joys of being 18 years old is that we can get a driving license and hence drive. This gives us a sense of independence. Moreover we can rationalize every crazy thing we do by stating the fact that we are still teenagers. Another major joy is the fact that we can vote at eighteen and feel accountable towards choosing our leaders. There is definitely a pressure even while we have loads of fun. So being eighteen is at times stressful but an exciting stage of one’s life. It is not a bed of roses but, neither is it a bed of thorns and we must enjoy this short yet eventful phase of our life.

Question 24.
Write an article in 150-200 words on how we can make a carefree and enjoyable place for women when they can go wherever they like to without any fear of being stared at, molested or discriminated against. You are Navtej/Navita. (Delhi 2015)
Answer:

Women Safety In India
By: NAVTE.

Since the unfortunate December, 2012 incident in Delhi, women security is now a big question in India than it was before. Why aren’t Indian females safe? Who is responsible for their safety? How should their safety be assured?

These three questions have become features on our national agenda.

Concerns about safety restrict the mobility and activity of women and leave them with no choice but to strategise everything from timings to travel, how to walk, how to dress or commute. When we talk about women’s safety, the biggest question is how do we keep our mothers, sisters and daughters safe against violence outside the house. Women are often stared at, molested and discriminated against. Not only outside the house, they are even discriminated against at the workplace and in their homes. It is surely the responsibility of the government and each one of us strive for a safer world for women. Effective implementation of strict laws protecting women’s’ rights is the need of the hour. Offenders must be socially boycotted and severely punished to deter future crimes against women. Another imperative step is teaching self-defense techniques to women and girls at schools, colleges, offices and residential colonies.

As long as the mindset of people will not change, women can never be safe. All we need to do is to be alert and considerate. We have to develop basic morality and nurture a value system that teaches respect for women.

Women are not safe anywhere in the globe until the thinking towards women changes. So the actual need of the hour is a revolutionary change in the mindsets and conscience of men so that they view women with regard and respect.

Question 25.
Emotionally as well as intellectually, a woman is as good as a man if not better. Yet we don’t allow her the same status as a man enjoys in society. Write an article in 150-200 words on ‘Status of Women in Society’. You are Navtej/Navita. (Delhi 2015)
Answer:

Status Of Women In Society
By: Navita

Women are emotionally and intellectually at par with their men counterparts but unfortunately, they are not given the same status that a man enjoys in the society.

It is generally seen and believed that women have lower status in context to power and influence than men in all spheres of life family, community, religion and politics. Certain scholars have attributed this inferior status of women to the patriarchal code of living. Though our Constitution has laid down the equality of the genders as a fundamental right but often women are discriminated against at home, their workplace and in the society in general. They don’t even get equal pay for equal work at some places. They single-handedly balance the pressures of domestic and public life.

In recent decades we have witnessed a series of laws passed for the upliftment of women. These legislations have been brought to give equal rights and privileges to women as men, to eliminate discriminations against women and remove inequality between genders.

But all these opportunities are wasted if certain stereotypes and biases distort the way women are perceived, often to their disadvantage.

Question 26.
Ragging has raised its ugly head again. A recent incident at a prestigious school has shown that this evil has not yet come to an end. Write an article in 150-200 words on ‘Ragging, an Evil’. You are Navtej/Navita. (All India 2015)

• a practice from the British era
• original aim, respect for hierarchy
• enforcing traditions, discipline
• Prefect—a teacher substitute
• misuse of authority
• vulgar aspect
• fatalities
• solution

Answer:

‘Ragging, An Evil’
By: NAVTEJ

Ragging is a social evil that has been in practice since the British era. It was initiated with the aim to reiterate respect for hierarchy and to misuse authority by enforcing traditions and discipline.

Now this social evil has spread to educational institutions. It is a damaging form of interaction of the seniors in colleges or schools with their juniors or newcomers. It has become increasingly unpopular due to several complaints of serious injuries to the victims. Due to this severity, strict laws against ragging have been enforced by the Supreme Court. Under the pretext of fun, new students are often assaulted, sometimes stripped and intimidated by their seniors and this torture leaves an indelible impression on their minds. Seeing the vulgar aspect and fatalities of ragging it has been strictly banned in many institutions and this is proving effective. The Supreme Court too has declared ragging as a criminal offence

Since ragging has degenerated into an unmitigated evil it must go completely, and there can be no argument in favour of this evil practice. Whenever it has raised its ugly head, it has only shown the physical or mental exploitation that new students are subjected to.

Question 27.
India is a tourist’s dream destination. Give your views on the tourism potential of India in an article in 150-200 words. You are Navtej/ Navita. (All India 2015)

• places of worship —religious tourism
• foreigners—places of historical interest
• the rich —hill stations during summers
  — the sun-kissed beaches in winters
  — leisure tourism
• medical tourism—world-class hospitals

Answer:

The Tourism Potential Of India
By: Navita

India’s rich cultural history and heritage and its geographical diversity make its international tourism potential large and varied. Besides its cultural and heritage tourism, India also offers medical, business, educational and sports tourism.

Indian tourism with its places of worship, places of historical interest, hill-stations, beaches etc. embraces a vast array. For more than 4000 years, India has been regarded as one of the most spiritual places on earth. The Golden Temple at Amritsar, the Konark Sun Temple, Samath etc. attract people from all over the world. The places of historical interest in India like the TaMahal, the Red Fort, Charminar etc. are a great attraction for foreigners. During summers, tourists like to visit the hill stations in India and in winters the sun-kissed beaches are crowded with foreign tourists. Moreover, India is placed among the top three medical tourism destinations in Asia, due to the world-class hospitals, quality and low-cost treatment and highly skilled doctors. Thus, tourism in India has emerged as one of the fastest-growing sectors which have contributed significantly to our county’s economic growth and development.

Question 28.
Midday meal scheme in the schools introduced by the government serves several purposes. Millions of children from the deprived sections of society get nutritious food leading to good health, are attracted to the schools, kept from going astray and developed into good citizens. The scheme may have some drawbacks too. Write an article in 150-200 words on all aspects of the scheme. You are Navtej/Navita. (All India 2015)
Answer:

The Midday Meal Scheme
By: Navita

The Midday Meal Scheme, a school meal programme was introduced by the Government of India to improve the nutritional status of school-going children who belong to the deprived sections of the society. This Scheme has attracted many impoverished children to school thus also preventing them from going astray.

The Midday Meal Scheme, has been a successful nationwide free school lunch program catering to all students. It has helped in boosting school enrolment, ending hunger, aiding the process of socialisation, promoting gender equality by increasing female enrolment and also creating employment opportunities for poor.

But the Midday Meal Scheme has its drawbacks also. The midday meal tragedy in Bihar which killed 23 children who ate the contaminated cooked food turned the spotlight on the problems affecting this scheme. Lack of monitoring, hygiene and corruption discredits the Midday Meal Scheme. Experts say the scheme suffers from structural problems, the biggest being the lack of a proper monitoring mechanism. Children often get low quality, insufficient and unhygienic food and there is corruption in the delivery system.

The government has now decided to streamline this scheme and involve parents and local members of the community in its implementation. This will prove to be the most positive step to ensure that the Midday Meal Scheme serves its required purpose.

Question 29.
Morning assembly in the schools gives a cool and calm start to the otherwise hectic schedule of the day. It can be a means of passing important information to the students. What are your views on this significant event of the day? Write an article in 150-200 words on ‘Importance of Morning Assembly’. You are Navtej/Navita. (All India 2015)
Answer:

Importance Of Morning Assembly
By: Navtej

Morning Assembly is one the most important aspects of a school’s curriculum. It has the potential to nurture a positive school ethos that stresses care for the self and for others. It gives a cool and calm start to the otherwise hectic schedule of the day.

Morning Assembly prepares students physically, mentally and spiritually for the day.

A morning assembly includes prayer, songs, speeches and physical exercises all of which energise us to begin the day on an optimistic note.

Morning assembly has the potential to heighten consciousness by generating a school ethos that is calm, happy and purposeful. It also contributes to developing personal autonomy and contentment. A Morning Assembly is also a means for the whole school to celebrate national festivals together. It gives a chance to students to share stories, experiences and anecdotes etc. At a later stage in our lives, we reflect and celebrate a behaviour that reflects the values we have embedded on a daily basis through our Morning Assembly.

Morning Assembly’s can become a very positive experience once their influence and impact to both the individual and the school, in general, is truly understood and recognised.

Question 30.
A 12-year-old boy in your neighbourhood drives a car and the parents proudly boast of it. Write an article in 150-200 words on the hazards of underage driving and the need to educate the young ones and their parents on the consequences of unlawful driving. You are Vishnu/Vaishnavi. (Comptt. Delhi 2015)
Answer:

Hazards Of Underage Driving
By: Vaishnavi

A twelve-year-old boy in our neighbourhood drives a car and the parents proudly boast of it. Unfortunately, this is not a rare occurrence. In recent years we have seen a rise of underage unlicensed drivers on the road. To address this serious issue we need to first understand the dangers of underage driving. The high number of underage drivers transgressing the law by going for a joyride can be attributed to peer pressure and a general feeling of youthful invincibility. Teenagers have a feeling that they can get away with breaking the law and this gives them a sense of bravado. The hazards of underage driving can result in loss of life or severe physical and emotional scars on the survivors.

Underage driving should be totally discouraged by parents who must talk to their children about the drastic consequences of this action and the trouble they can get into. The authorities too should take strict action against parents if children break the law. The most effective way to discourage underage driving would be to teach responsibility by setting an example. If parents drive with caution and obey traffic rules their children will also abide the laws of the road.

Question 31.
It is said that if you educate a boy, you educate a person and if you educate a girl you educate a family. Write an article in 150-200 words on the importance of educating women. You are Suresh/Shobha. (Comptt. All India 2015)
Answer:

Importance Of Educating Women
By: Shobha

Education of girls has been a high priority with the Government of India. In the new millennium India has consolidated its earlier educational reforms with increased resources and stronger policy commitments for achieving elementary education, particularly for girls. ‘Saroa Shiksha Abhiyan’ or ‘Education For All’ programme recognizes that ensuring the education of the girl child requires changes not only in the education system but also in society’s norms and attitudes. A two-pronged gender strategy has hence been adopted to make the educational system responsive to the needs of the girls through targeted interventions which serve as a pull-factor to enhance access and retention of girls in schools on the one hand and generate a community demand for girls’ education through training and mobilisation on the other hand. The CBSE has also come up with the novel scheme of providing free education from the sixth standard onwards to the single girl child.

If India wants to rank among the developed nations, it must give foremost priority to female education because if we educate a man, we educate an individual, but if we educate a woman we educate an entire family. If women are educated then problems like female infanticide, dowry, domestic violence, child marriage and other related atrocities will vanish. Education provides the essential criteria to fulfil certain economic, political and cultural functions and improves the socio-economic status of women. At every age and level education enhances the intellectual, social and emotional development of women and enables them to meet their basic needs. Thus most of the problems that our society today faces can be eradicated by educating the girl child.

Question 32.
Nowadays, students attend coaching classes early in the morning or after school hours. You feel that this trend makes them tired, affects their health and so their grades. Write an article in 150-200 words to make the students understand how this is not very helpful in improving their grades and is a waste of their precious time. You are Ram/ Rani. (Comptt. All india 2015)
Answer:

Coaching Classes
Waste Of Student’s Precious Time

By: Ram
To attend coaching classes has become more of a trend which most students follow. This has happened because of the growing competition and the desire among students to excel. They feel that by attending these coaching classes they will be able to improve their grades but unfortunately, it is a waste of their precious time. It makes them tired, affects their health and also their grades. Coaching classes have become synonymous in the lives of city students and students find it hard to cope up with their studies without them. Almost all students who attend coaching classes have lost their time for recreation and physical activities. Students sometimes travel long distances to attend the so-called ‘reputed’ coaching centres thus wasting a lot of time.

In today’s cut-throat competition the life of students is as it is very stressful and combined with this stress is the extra burden of attending coaching classes. Parents too fail to realise how they are pressurizing the children by making their already hectic work schedule more strenuous by enrolling them in coaching classes. Education is a natural process of learning and should not be forced upon the children. Students who overestimate their stamina join these coaching classes and end up creating a mess of their daily routine.

Students are running from one place to another for coaching and are unable to realise the value of time and time management. Not only are coaching centres unnecessary but are also adversely affecting the life of students.

Question 33.
Teenagers often feel confused. They face a lot of pressure from various quarters. Write an article in 120-150 words, on ‘Stress the teenager’s face’. You are Rani/Rama. (Comptt. Al 2015)
Answer:

Stress The Teenager’s Face
By: Ram

The teen stage of one’s life is filled with stress and anxiety. This is because it is that stage of our life when we face a host of novel problems and pressures from various quarters.

To start with teenagers experience many significant physical changes and at times they find it difficult to cope with their bodies that grow and develop rapidly.

Combined with this is social pressure, peer pressure and parental pressure. Most teenagers feel that academic concerns feature at the top of their list of stress stimulants. Worries about their future, the tension to attain good grades and cut-throat competition cause teenagers to experience inordinate amount of stress.

The stress that teenagers face today may vary from academic pressure, physical appearances, peer pressure etc. but these issues can be dealt with if parents and guardians understand these problems and approach them in a positive and friendly manner. Proper guidance is vital especially in this very formative phase in the life of children so that they can grow up to be confident and optimistic adults. Finally teenagers need to develop assertive-ness, training skills and learn practical coping skills. They should always feel good about doing a competent job rather than demanding perfection from themselves and others.

Question 34.
TV and Internet have reduced the charm of reading for children. Write an article in 120-150 words on the reasons for this lack of interest. Suggest measures to create a desire to read among children right from a very young age. You are Ram/Rama. (Comptt. All India 2015)
Answer:

Lack Of Interest In Reading
By: Rama

Reading is an essential tool for lifelong learning. It has a vital role to play in overall development. Reading enables us to extend our scope of knowledge and experience.

But due to technological development the charm of reading has considerably reduced for children. They spend so much time glued to the TV and internet that reading a book in a quiet and peaceful corner of their homes or library has become an archaic idea for most children. This fast declining interest in reading culture among children is a cause of concern and challenge to all and we need to take up measures to alleviate this problem.

The desire for reading needs to be inculcated among children from a very young age. Parents should read out books to their kids from the time when they are incapable of reading. This way children learn that reading is fun and not a chore. This will also help to promote their attention span which is an important skill for a child to concentrate. To develop the habit of reading in children requires a number of skills that, in most children, has to be formed by direct and informed instruction provided through constant reiteration.

Question 35.
India is a land of diversity. One way in which it makes us feel proud of it is the number of festivals we enjoy. Write an article in 150-200 words on ‘Festivals of India’. You are Karuna/ Karan. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:

Festivals Of India
By: Karuna

India is a land of diversity. People of different religions, races and cultures peacefully coexist together. This unity in diversity gives us Indians an opportunity to celebrate a number of festivals thus giving us a sense of joy and pride. These festivals create a sense of cultural unity and brotherhood. Festivals give us a unique opportunity to spend time with our friends and family and also promote communal harmony.

India is a secular country and so we celebrate many cultural and traditional festivals. Each festival is celebrated differently and uniquely based on certain rituals and beliefs. Some festivals are celebrated by the whole nation and certain festivals are confined to specific regions. But all the festivals are celebrated with great enthusiasm.

Based on rituals and religions, festivals have been categorized. There are Hindu festivals, the dates of which are fixed on the basis of the Hindu calendar. These include Diwali, Dussehra, Holi, Lohri, Janamasthmi, Raksha Bartdhan to name a few. Then there are festivals celebrated by Muslims. Important among them are Ramzan, Id-Ul-Milad, Bakra- Id, Muharram, etc. The most important festivals celebrated by the Sikhs are the birthdays of their ten Gurus. The Christians celebrate Good Friday, Easter and Christmas. The uniqueness of our country lies in the fact that in spite of diversities we celebrate and enjoy the fervour of numerous festivals which are celebrated with a sense of oneness.

Question 36.
Rising pollution, fast and competitive lifestyle, lack of nutritious food etc. have caused health woes for a large section of our population. Providing health care used to be a charitable and ethical activity. Today it has become a commercialized, money spinning business. Write an article in 150-200 words on ‘How to provide proper health care to the common man’. You are Karan/Karuna. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:

How To Provide Proper
Health Care To The Common Man

By: Karan
The incessant rise in the levels of pollution, the fast and competitive lifestyle and lack of nutritious diet has caused numerous health problems to a large section of our population. Earlier providing health care used to be a charitable activity but today it has become so commercialized, a money-spinning business. Though, to a certain extent, commercialization of health care has benefited us greatly. Privatisation of hospitals has enabled to provide better medical facilities and good ambience in hospitals. The unfortunate part however, is that a great number of our population cannot afford these facilities. These health care facilities are way beyond the reach of the common man. 60% of the population is economically weak and cannot afford to pay the expenses of a private hospital. Medical care is a basic necessity and stricter regulations need to be implemented to standardize the health practices and services across government and private hospitals.

To provide affordable health care to the common man the government should initiate the setting up of more primary health centres. At all these centres medical aid must be made more accessible, more reliable and more affordable. Essential medicines must be made available free of cost at all such centres and the essential medical facilities must also be available to all sections or society.

Healthcare is the right of every citizen, without having to go through hassles. Though we cannot say healthcare in India is at par for the rich and poor, there is a silver lining above the clouds, with the promise of a healthier tomorrow.

Question 37.
India is an emerging economy. We are rich in natural resources. Yet a significant proportion of our people is living below poverty line. One cause of this poverty is our rising population. Write an article in 150-200 words on ‘How to keep a check on population’. You are Karuna/Karan. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:

How To Keep A Check On Population
By: Karan

Next to China, India is the second largest populated country in the world. For a developing country like India, this population explosion is a curse that is threatening the development of the country and its society.

An emerging economy, with rapidly escalating population is likely to face a lack in their resources, as the resources available per person are always plummeting, leading to increased poverty, malnutrition and other population related problems. The need of the hour is to keep a check on population. The first step in this direction would be the education of the masses. Their mental outlook needs to be altered. Moreover, increasing the welfare and status of women and girls, increasing awareness of family planning methods, encouraging female empowerment can also play a very major role in controlling population.

Improved standard of living also acts as a deterrent to large family norm. The communication media like radio, television and newspapers are a good means to propagate the benefits of planned families to the uneducated people in the rural and backward areas of India. The government can give various types of incentives to people who practice family planning. Strict legal action should be taken against child marriage and there should be proper enforcement of laws related to child labour.

If the population growth in our country is not i kept under check, no amount of progress made by India will make a difference to the poverty that plagues us.

Question 38.
Women feel unsafe on the road, at their place of work and even at home. There is an urgent need to change the male mindset in its attitude towards women. Write an article in 150-200 words on ‘How to make women feel safe’. You are Karan/Karuna. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:

How To Make Women Feel Safe
By: Karuna

It is unfortunate that being in the 21st century with so much technological advancement we still have not been able to ensure the safety of women. Numerous cases have been reported and many unreported about the torture and humiliation that women are subjected to. They are in fact the most vulnerable as far as their safety and security is concerned.

Concerns about safety restrict the mobility and activity of women and leave them with no choice but to strategise everything from timings to travel, how to walk, how to dress or commute. When we talk about women’s safety, the biggest question is how do we keep our mothers, sisters and daughters safe against

violence outside the house. Women are often stared at, molested and discriminated against. Not only outside the house, they are even discriminated against at the workplace and in their homes.

We cannot just hold our legal system and the police responsible for the atrocities committed to women. As good citizens, we have a fundamental duty to contribute towards bringing an order to ensure dignity and respect for women so that they too can live with a sense of freedom, pride and confidence. To ensure this is the collective work of our society. A reform in the police system is also needed wherein women police should be deployed in most areas so as to make women feel safe. CCTV cameras should be installed at strategic places and these should be closely monitored. Our legal system also needs reforms wherein stringent punishments that are non-bailable in nature should be given to a person who outrages the modesty of a woman. We also need fast track courts to deal with offences and crimes against women. These can be made responsible to clear the cases on a day-to-day basis with fair trial as its core principle.

The need of the hour is to take action not by force but by will to make our country more safe and secure for women and bring to reforms whereby women feel more fearless and empowered.

Question 39.
Education has always been a noble profession. Our ancestors received their learning at gurukuls and ashrams. Even in the near past pathshalas (schools) were associated with places of worship. Today, education is fast becoming commercialized. Parents have to shell out a lot of money on coaching classes, tuition fees etc. Write an article in 150-200 words on ‘The State of Education, Today’. You are Karap/Karuna. (All India 2016)
Answer:

The State Of Education Today
By: Karuna

Education has always been a noble profession and has always been held in high esteem. Our ancestors received their education in ashrams and gurukuls. Even in the near past pathshalas (schools) were associated with places of worships. But, in the present day, education has become commercialized, a business where lot of money is involved.

With the advent of a large number of private institutions in the mid nineties, the agenda of education has been hijacked and educational institutes have become a profit-generating business. Schools, coaching centres and educational institutes are prospering. They charge a huge amount of money to impart education and parents too are willing to shell out a lot of money to educate their wards. Even the most reputed educational institutes do not hesitate in taking large donations, which parents give to them without any hassles. Secondly, the state of education in our country today is a cause of concern. Along with rampant commercialization, the quality and standard of education has not improved much. The curriculum in schools and colleges lacks basic communication and problem-solving skills, promotes rote learning, curbs creativity and originality and lays too much emphasis on marks. There is a need for a complete overhauling of the quality of education being imparted in our institutions. Another cause for concern is the dire shortage of schools, colleges and educational infrastructure in our country. The goal of education to harness the potential of a student and to channelize it in the right way has been lost. The need of the hour is for the government and people to work hand in hand and improve these sad state of affairs.

Question 40.
According to 2011 census, literacy rate of hundred percent or around has been achieved by only a couple of states in India. Illiteracy is found mostly among the old and deprived sections of society. What can the youth do to spread literacy in society? Write an article in 150-200 words on ‘Role of students in eradicating illiteracy’. You are Karuna/Karan. (All India 2016)
Answer:

The Role Of Students In
Removing Illiteracy

Illiteracy is still a major blot on India, after more than sixty years of its achieving independence. To an extent it exemplifies India’s failure to reach out to its masses. The removal of illiteracy has to be tackled on a priority basis and students can play an important role in achieving this goal. Since they are in the process of receiving education themselves they are most appropriate for also putting forth their services to achieve the goal of educating the illiterate masses. Students should be encouraged to carry the lamp of knowledge by organizing events such as, ‘Each One, Teach One’.

If every student resolves to teach two illiterate persons in a year during his vacations, it will in the long run help to eradicate illiteracy. The government should also render full support to students in terms of infrastructure in their contribution to the Indian Literacy Campaign. Students can also play a vital role in the programme of Adult Literacy. If all our students get together and try to work towards achieving literacy among the masses, then the day is not far when India too will join the league of countries that have attained hundred percent literacy.

Question 41.
Increase in the number of private vehicles has caused problems like rising air pollution, traffic jams, lack of parking space, road rage etc. The solution lies in the use of public transport. Write an article in 150-200 words on ‘ The Importance of Public Transport’. You are Karan/ Karuna. (All India)
Answer:

The Importance Of
Public Transport

By: Karan
Increase in the number of private vehicles in the last two decades has led to an unprecedented rise in air pollution, traffic jams, lack of parking space, road rage, etc. One of the solutions to this problem lies in the use of public transport.

Use of public transport reduces travel by private vehicles. Public transport is beneficial as it not only eases congestion on roads but also saves fuel, money and energy. When people use public transport they reduce their carbon footprint and conserve energy by eliminating travel that would otherwise have been made in a private vehicle. It also gives people energy efficient choices and reduces overall greenhouse gas emissions without reducing the mobility that is so vital to our nation’s economic growth. To encourage more people to use public transport the authorities need to improve local train and bus services. Funds need to be allocated to make public transport services accessible and more reliable.

A bus with as few as 7-8 passengers is more fuel efficient than an average single occupant car. The recent odd-even rule for cars started by Chief Minister of Delhi, Mr. Arvind Kejriwal was initiated to encourage the use of public transport and thereby reduce pollution caused by traffic. The authorities are working hard to make public more aware of how useful, efficient and less damaging to the environment the use of public transport is.

Question 42.
In certain states of India there is a great imbalance in the male female ratio. This is the result of special treatment given to boys in the family. Why is it so? How can we change this mindset? Write an article in 150-200 words on ‘Gender discrimination in society’. You are Karuna/Karan. (All India 2016)
Answer:

Gender Discrimination In Society
By: Karuna

The 2011 census in India has revealed that the gender imbalance is at its highest level in certain states of India. A cultural preference for boys and the increasing availability of prenatal screening to determine an unborn child’s sex have helped contribute to a worsening in the male-female ratio.

More boys and fewer girls in a population has disastrous effects not only on the social life but also on the economic vibrancy of a country. In India the male in general and the male child, in particular, have privileged position in the patriarchal family tradition. It is the sons who inherit land, carry forward the family name, financially provide for parents in old age and perform rituals for deceased parents. Awareness needs to be created in certain sections of society regarding equality of women. Though Government regulations help to improve the position of women in society, the actual way to change the mindset of people is through education and changing the ways that people think about gender roles. The media must take active part in educating the people about the importance of gender equality. The government must enforce laws protecting women in all spheres of life—be it at the domestic front or at the professional front. More number of men must be recruited in the fight against gender discrimination. When men treat women with respect, the gender equality movement is strengthened.

The girl deficit will create a society that will be much less stable and much more volatile than it would be with a balanced male female ratio.

Question 43.
While watching TV what we generally dislike most are commercial breaks, yet, a number of advertisements do add to our information. Write an article in 150-200 words on ‘Advertisements as source of information’. You are Karuna/Karan. (All India 2016)
Answer:

Advertisements As
A Source Of Information

By: Karan I
Commercial breaks are generally disliked by most of us while watching TV, yet, a number of advertisements are a source of information. They give us a fair knowledge about the goods and services available in the market and enable us to choose our options.

Advertisements are considered to be an integral part of business which make people aware of the goods and services available in the market. They promote competition among producers and manufacturers who have to maintain good quality of their goods to ensure their sale. New products are introduced and popularised through advertisements. The consumer saves time due to prior knowledge about the product, its price, its features, etc. Advertising is a very artistic way of communicating with the customers with great communication skills as its main characteristic. Moreover they provide information to the producers or the companies about their competitors and enable them to match the level of their competitors.

Advertisements help to educate people. Social issues like family planning, child labour, education of girl child, etc. are aptly highlighted through the medium of advertisement. The public is made aware of several social welfare schemes initiated by the government through the medium of advertisements.

Advertisements open our vision to a wide variety of products and services and definitely add to our information in a light and entertaining manner.

Question 44.
You have turned 18 and gained the right to vote in the upcoming election. Write an article in 150-200 words on how fruitfully you are going to use your precious vote. What do you think are the qualities necessary for a candidate to become a good leader? You are Amrit/Amrita. (Comptt. Delhi 2016)
Answer:

Youth And Democracy
By: Amrit

In most countries, the age of 18 is when you are legally and officially treated as an adult. This gives you the privilege to enjoy certain rights alongwith the need to fulfil certain duties. I have just turned 18 and become eligible to vote. I am looking forward to casting my vote in the upcoming elections. I feel a sense of patriotism and responsibility towards my country, more so, as an educated youth. My only concern is that I should be able to use my precious vote fruitfully and choose the most able candidate as our representative. The qualities that I seek in a good leader are that One who can be trusted and is known to live a life of honesty and integrity.

True authority is bom from respect for the good character and trustworthiness of the person who leads. A good leader instills confidence and followership by having a clear vision and passion for being truly successful. A leader must be strong and decisive but also humble. An able leader makes sustainable promises and is a person who sticks to his words.

We should remember that a good leader is not innately bom. So always choose and vote for a candidate who possesses the qualities of determination, self reflection, open-mindedness, patience and knowledge.

Question 45.
Mobile phones have influenced children in a big way. Write an article in 150-200 words on how they have affected the younger generation. You are AmriAmrita. (Comptt. Delhi 2016)
Answer:

Youth And Mobile Phones
By: Amrita

Technology has taken over every sphere of human life, the most popular being mobile phones which have drastically affected the lives of all people, especially youngsters who feel absolutely lost if they are without their cell phones.

It has been seen that every technological advancement that provides dramatic benefits has consequential costs and it is this area of mobile phone usage that needs attention, particularly their affect on youngsters. Parents are unable to understand their children’s obsession with their mobile phones. They find the so called ‘mobile culture’ stressful, causing a rift between members of a family. The younger generation has grown up with mobile phones and so are completely addicted to these devices. The worry over the impact of this mobile dependency on the present generation of youngsters is its addiction which makes them couch potatoes and gives them objectionable exposure. Since mobile phone is a safety device we cannot prohibit youngsters from using it but the solution lies in scheduling a fixed time for its usage, parent counselling and checking and diverting the attention of children and youngsters towards other constructive activities.

The advantages or disadvantages of a mobile phone, like any other device, depends entirely upon its usage. The cell phone is very helpful and convenient and we should ensure its optimal and positive usage.

Question 46.
Road accidents have doubled in the last few years. Write an article in 150-200 words on the reasons for increase in the number of accidents and how they can be minimised. You are Dev/Devika. (Comptt. Delhi 2016)
Answer:

Alarming Rise In Road Accidents
By: Dev

Road accidents have become the leading cause of death by injury and the tenth leading cause of all deaths globally. In India, the pressure on roads has been on an alarming rise and the lack of road sense has made matters worse.

Driving licenses are issued on illegal gratifications to some drivers and traffic rules and regulations are rarely adhered to. The lack of tolerance and patience among drivers leads to an increased sense of anger and uncontrolled behaviour especially by the youngsters. Moreover the condition of roads needs to be improved and maintained. They are often full of potholes and their condition worsens during the rainy season.
To prevent these accidents, it is imperative that effective long and short-term measures are effectively adopted. The traffic police needs to be more active and strict to ensure proper implementation of rules. Higher fines should be imposed and license of repeated offenders should be confiscated. There should be an effective check on the speed limit of vehicles.

To minimise the number of road accidents proper awareness needs to be created among the masses regarding road safety alongwith importance of observation of traffic rules.

Question 47.
Parents keep on saving money to be spent on the weddings of their children. This money could have been spent, instead on their education. Write an article in 150-200 words on ‘Importance of simple weddings’. You are Anu/Anurag. (Comptt. All India 2016)
Answer:

Importance Of Simple Weddings
By: Anu

It is the responsibility of every parent to give a decent upbringing and education to their child. But unfortunately, there are still some parents who compromise on their child’s education, especially if their child is a girl, and instead save money to be spent on her wedding.

The basic social structure in our country is such where the marriage of a girl is more important than her education. It is a rather costly affair and the parents spend all their life-savings for this grand and extravagant event. They do not want to compromise on the expenditure of their daughter’s marriage so they end up compromising on her education instead. Many a time parents want their daughters to get a good education with the sole purpose of enhancing her matrimonial prospects.

The need of the time is to give a girl’s education topmost priority. The concept of simple marriage should be promoted. The money spent on a girl’s education is actually an investment. Let us remember marriage is an important but not the ultimate purpose of a girl’s life. It is only a part of it and a choice some girls probably do not wish to make. So a girl should be given good education, good morals and she must be encouraged to pursue her passions.

After all, a parent’s main concern is the welfare of their daughter, so they should make a start by placing the control of her future in her own hands by giving her a good education.

Question 48.
You are Mr. Raghav, Physical Education Teacher in your school. Write an article for the school magazine, in 150-200 words, on ‘Exercise and Healthy Living’. (Comptt. All India 2016)
Answer:

Exercise And Healthy Living
By: Mr. Raghav,

Physical Education Teacher Modern life can be quite stressful and taxing and therefore it is most important to live a healthy life which we can lead only through a disciplined routine and regular exercise. The health benefits of physical activity and exercise are hard to ignore.

Exercise keeps one active, alert and also sharpens one’s memory. It enables one to develop a positive attitude, increases productivity and gives long life. Morning walk, Yoga, aerobics and other exercises help us to lead a healthy life. Moreover, regular physical exercise improves one’s muscle strength and boosts endurance. Exercise and physical activity deliver oxygen and vital nutrients to our tissues and help our cardiovascular system work more efficiently.

Exercise and physical activity can also be a fun way to spend time. It gives us a chance to unwind, enjoy the outdoors or simply engage in activities that make us happy. As a general rule, aim for at least thirty minutes of physical exercise every day. Exercise is the miracle cure we have always had but sometimes, probably for too long, we neglect to take our recommended dose.

People of all ages need to exercise and reduce their sedentary lifestyle which means we all need to think about increasing the types of physical activities that can easily be included in our daily routine.

Question 49.
Life in cities is not as safe as it used to be. People feel more at risk today. The police department of your city has been laying emphasis on public safety through exhibitions, mock drills and seminars. Write an article in 150-200 words on ‘How to ensure safe life in cities’. You are Aman/Anamika.
(Comptt. All India 2016)
Answer:

How To Ensure Safe Life In Cities
By: Aman

Living in a city enables people to advance socially and economically. However many challenges exist for people living in cities. One of the main challenges is the question of the safety of city dwellers.

Crimes like kidnapping, murder, rape, robberies, chain-snatching and crimes against women and senior citizens are most common. The reasons for these can be attributed to unemployment, illiteracy, greed and the desire to maintain high status by acquiring easy money. We cannot always hold our legal system and the police responsible for the rise of crime rate in cities. It is the duty of each one of us to be vigilant at all times and to ensure our safety.

The police certainly need to be more active and vigilant. Offenders need to be punished most stringently so as to deter others about the repercussions in case they commit the same crime. Parents need to inculcate moral values in their children from a very young age so that they grow up clearly understanding the difference between right and wrong. The government should generate more employment opportunities to ensure that the number of unemployed youngsters in our country does not rise.

It is definitely the collective responsibility of our government, the police department and each one of us to strive for a safe and secure city.

Question 50. Villages are lacking in basic facilities like clean drinking water, proper sanitation etc. As a result people suffer from various diseases. Write an article in 150-200 words on ‘Rural Health’. You are Arun/Karuna. (Comptt. All India 2016)
Answer:

Rural Health
By: Karuna

Rural health care is one of the biggest challenges facing the Health Ministry of India. With more than seventy per cent of our population living in rural areas and the low level of health facilities, mortality rates due to diseases are on a high. So, rural life is healthy is more of a myth.

Healthcare is the right of every individual but lack of quality infrastructure, dearth of qualified medical functionaries and non-accessibility to basic medicines and medical aid thwarts its reach to more than sixty per cent of population that lives in rural India. Basic amenities like clean drinking water, a proper sewage and drainage system and the facility of toilets is still not available to our major rural population.

Several organisations are working alongwith the government and NGOs to improve the rural health system in India. People living in rural areas need to be made aware of the importance of cleanliness and sanitation. Regular health check camps should be set-up at primary health centres in rural areas. Health- Melas should be organised to spread health awareness among the masses.

Growth in national income is not enough by itself if its benefits do not manifest themselves in the form of better health facilities for all.

Question 51.
Our performance in Rio Olympics has told us that we do not pay enough attention to ! athletics and outdoor games. It is time we revised our attitude. Sports should be an important part of a school’s daily routine. Write an article in 150-200 words on the ‘Importance of Outdoor Games’. You are Sreea/Thomas. (Delhi 2017 2016)
Answer:

Importance Of Outdoor Games
By; Sreeja

Our country’s performance in the Rio Olympics is enough proof that athletics and outdoor games are not given due importance and neglected completely by our government, schools, colleges and by one and all. It is high time we revise our attitude and make sports an important part of our school and college curriculum.

It has been argued that sports should be made compulsory right from the primary classes and should be made an integral part of school education. Besides providing a basis for physical fitness, sports and outdoor games inculcate a spirit of competition and impart a sense of discipline and togetherness in us. Outdoor games also enable us to become more daring and adventurous. We always think of a healthy mind in a healthy body.

Both physical and mental well being are the essential prerequisites for great achievement in our life. Thus, it is actually high time we make the required efforts to spot our sports talents when they are young and provide them with all the necessary facilities and infrastructure to hone their talent. They need to be trained from a very young age to enable them to compete confidently with world champions.

Question 52.
Every teenager has a dream to achieve something in life. What they are going to become tomorrow depends on what our youth dream today. Write an article in 150-200 ivords \ on ‘What I want to be in life’. You are Simranif/Smita. (All India 2016)
Answer:

What I Want To Be In Life
By: Simranjit

Every teenager has a dream to achieve something in life. Any person without an aim or dream drifts aimlessly and can never achieve success. Aimless life is like a rudderless ship which leads us nowhere.

I too have a dream that I will work very hard to fulfil. I want to be a pilot. I have spent most of my childhood reading aviation history which
has always fascinated me. Moreover, as a pilot I can lead an adventurous life and also get an opportunity to face various types of challenges. An action-oriented and challenging career has always been my passion. My first conscious entry into a plane was probably at the age of six or seven years. I can still recall how awestruck I was at the idea that the plane was actually going to fly with so many people on board and thought that the person who was going to fly the plane was probably a demi-God. I was really fascinated by this person who I got to know was called the ‘pilot’ and somehow the idea of flying a plane got stuck in my mind since that tender age.

My passion for flying a plane has grown with age and today I am so happy that I have started on the voyage of life which will ultimately make me fulfil my dream.

Question 53.
To have a fair complexion is an obsession in our society. Demand for fair brides in matrimonial columns and sale of fairness creams are evidence enough. Write an article in 150-200 words giving your view on ‘Beautiful mind, better than a fair complexion.’ You are Natwar/Nimmi. Use the following clues: (All India 2016)

• the west, people like to be tanned
• fair complexion, only skin deep
• beautiful mind
• attitude to life
• behaviour in society, etc.

Answer:

Beautiful Mind, Supersedes A Fair Complexion
By: Natwar

To have a fair complexion is an obsession in our society, more so where the female gender is concerned. Demand for fair brides in matrimonial columns and the sale of fairness creams are evidence enough how obsessed our society is with fair complexion.

Though the people of our country blindly ape the western culture, but in this respect they are not like people in the West who like to be tanned. Let us not forget that fair complexion is only skin deep and a beautiful person is one who has a beautiful mind. All the development and progress that we are so proud of in the 21st century has not been able to remove the shackles of medieval mindset. It is actually our behaviour in society that determines the kind of person we are. It is high time we revaluate what we consider beautiful and thus assess the unrealistic expectations and pressures that are unnecessarily put on females to be superficially beautiful.

Making technological progress is an achievement but our real advancement would be when we get rid of this racist mindset within our society. Unfortunately we still have a long way to go to achieve that.

Thank You!

Question 54.
You are Ram/Rajani. You feel that India, with its rich and varied heritage, linguistic and cultural diversity is an excellent destination for tourism. Promoting tourism will surely promote our economy. Write an article titled, ‘Promoting Tourism is Promoting Ourselves’, in 150-200 ivords, specifying the advantages of promoting tourism and how it can be ; accomplished. (Comptt. Delhi 2016)
Answer:

Promoting Tourism Is Promoting
Ourselves

By: Ram 1
India is a vast country, with a rich and varied i heritage, linguistic and cultural diversity and I therefore its tourist potential is equally vast. ; Promoting tourism will also play a vital role in the development of our country as it is an important source of earning foreign exchange. Tourism has become a thriving global industry with the power to have a positive impact on the developing countries. It is the largest service industry in India, so the Ministry of Tourism, the nodal agency for developing and promoting tourism in India runs and maintains the “Incredible India” campaign.

India is a large country with a rich cultural heritage and so it has the potential to provide ; great geographical and cultural diversity to ! tourists. In spite of this the number of tourists ; visiting India is decreasing rapidly every year. I It’s always easy to have discussions on what ; the tourism industry should do and what it is ; not doing. Cleanliness, hygiene and safety are factors most tourists thrive upon and in this sector our country’s progress lags behind, mainly because there are no stringent laws that i are effectively implemented. Indian tourism ; industry has been hit by pollution. Resolving these issues by imposing heavy fines on the ! polluters, enforcing consumer laws, ensuring ! security of tourists, especially females and providing decent and hygienic accommodation I will go a long way in promoting tourism and thereby salvaging the much needed foreign exchange for our country.

Also the tourist infrastructure in India should I be strengthened. Airports and railway stations should provide accurate and reliable information to foreign tourists about tourist destinations, hotels, taxis, etc. Government-owned hotels should be managed properly. The Government should take steps to restore the splendour of the ancient monuments and also take appropriate steps for the upkeep and maintenance of the various tourist destinations. Although the tourism industry has initiated many improvements lately, we still have a long way to go so as to ensure tourism alone is able to generate significant revenue for the country.

Question 55.
You are Ram/Rajani, a social activist. You feel unnecessary hurry is the cause of stress that hurts people right from children to elders and is crippling us in many ways, even causing death. Write an article on the topic, ‘Slow and Steady Wins the Race ‘ in 150-200 words, driving home how measured steps, meaningful measures coupled with systematic approach can make us achieve our goals. (Comptt. Delhi 2016)
Answer:

Slow And Steady Wins The Race
By: Ram

The famous saying, ‘Slow and steady wins the race’ emphasizes the problems one is likely to face due to unnecessary hurry. This hastiness is the cause of stress that hurts children and adults alike and is crippling our society in many ways, even causing death.

A person who is consistent and steady in his approach can achieve success even if he is slow because his steps are measured, like the tortoise in the famous ‘tortoise and hare story’ in which the tortoise won the race because of his tireless efforts. But the concept of life being a race is flawed, because as soon as one thinks of it in such terms he gets into an excited state of agitation. Our life is not a race which can be won through our hastiness. It is a fascinating journey wherein measured steps and a systematic approach can enable us to achieve our goals.

Success is very much an achievable target if we view things with confidence; without giving up when things do not seem to fall in place and being patient when it is taking time to reach our expected destination. We may often come across a person who, despite his exceptional talent fails, while another person with ordinary merit succeeds. The difference lies in the way these two people have worked. The one who worked hastily failed and the one who worked steadily and consistently became successful. When we are in an unnecessary hurry, our chances for making mistakes and errors increase because in our hastiness we may have to compromise on the quality of work. Let us always remember there is no shortcut for success and there is no alternative for hard work.

Question 56.
You are Ram/Rajani. You feel that in India, with its rich and varied heritage, linguistic and cultural diversity is essential to live in harmony which alone will lead to prosperity and peace. Write an article on the topic ‘Unity i in Diversity’, in 150-200 words, specifying the advantages of unity and how we can promote it in spite of our diversity in religion, culture and language. You may quote relevant i examples. (Comptt. Delhi 2016)
Answer:

Unity In Diversity
By: Ram

India has a rich and varied heritage with linguistic and cultural diversity. So to live in peace and harmony it is essential to be united despite the differences in our culture, caste or religion. We need to stay joined by only one faith and that is a brotherhood.

The good thing about our country and its culture is that it is tolerant and absorbing. The ! democratic set-up facilitates the process of promoting unity. The diversity in every religion or culture should therefore serve as a source of strength. We need to be proud of our cultural distinctiveness. Though our religions are different, their basic teachings are the same, belief in the theory of Dharma and Karma.

To promote unity in our diverse country we need to think beyond petty interests and must . work for broader goals to bring about prosperity and progress in our society. Our social and cultural differences should not be looked upon as conflicts but as varieties that enrich our society and our nation as a whole. We celebrate various festivals with a sense of unity, especially in schools and colleges. We display a great sense of unity when there is a foreign invasion challenge. The social customs and traditions which all Indians observe, irrespective of their caste and religion in different parts of our country, bring a sense of unity which keeps alive the message of being united despite our diversity.

Question 57.
You are Ram/Rajani. You are concerned about the growing problem of obesity in children which leads to type II diabetes. Write an article in 150-200 words titled ‘Health, the best Wealth,’ throwing light on what problems arise if we eat junk food or overeat and neglect our health, and how we can maintain good health through right food and good habits. (Comptt. Delhi 2016)
Answer:

Health, The Best Wealth
By: Rajani

‘Health is Wealth’, is an old saying which aptly sums up the importance of maintaining good health. If we are healthy we are physically and mentally contented as we are away from medical conditions like hypertension, diabetes, heart ailments etc.

In the past decade there has been an unprecedented rise in the growing problem of obesity in children, which is leading to type II diabetes. Children especially in the cities, binge on junk food or overeat, have sugar-sweetened beverages and include very few fruits and vegetables in their normal diet. As a result they become overweight and obese and make themselves vulnerable to lifestyle diseases like high blood pressure and type II diabetes.
It is imperative to ensure that children maintain a healthy lifestyle through right food and good eating habits. They should be encouraged to eat foods that provide adequate nutrition and provide an appropriate number of calories. Parents should look for ways to make their favourite dishes healthier and ensure that their children eat calorie-rich food in moderation. Children should be encouraged to adopt an active lifestyle where they engage in some sort of physical activity daily. It is recommended to focus on small but permanent changes in the children’s eating pattern than a series of short-term changes which cannot be sustained for long. To effectively address the complex problem of childhood obesity a sustained effort to promote a healthy lifestyle needs to be followed by parents and these strategies need to be initiated in children at a very early stage.

Question 58.
Choice of course after clearing Senior School Examination produces a great deal of stress on the minds of our students. Counselling can be of great help to them. Write an article in 150200 words on the topic, ‘Role of counselling in choice of course’. You are Ram/Rajani. (Comptt. Al 2016)
Answer:

Role Of Counselling In
Choice Of Course

By: Ram
Every student faces the question of ‘What Next?’ after clearing his Senior School Examination. During this phase most students face a great deal of stress and at this time counselling regarding the choice of course can prove to be of valuable help to them.

Many students face a dilemma while choosing a course because the only career guidance they have is the opinion of their parents, the teacher’s judgement and their friends’ comments. These factors are certainly not sufficient for a child to base the foundation of his entire life and career. Professional counselling involves scientifically developed aptitude and personality tests that enable the counsellor to give the best-suited advice to students to choose the course that best suits their ability. Human capabilities are numerous and cannot be measured but every person has some unique traits.

Based on their strengths, one of the keys that helps to identify these i qualities is through the medium of counselling. Counselling sessions help the students to understand the pros and cons of the different streams and the career paths they offer, so students can make an informed choice and get a correct course assessment that enables them to avoid risk of career path change later in their life. Counselling thus provides the essential morale-boost to students by building their level of motivation that is very essential for longterm success and improves their overall performance.

Question 59.
You are Raip/Rajani, a social activist. You feel that in spite of all the hue and cry over the protection of women in society are harassed on the road and even at home. Write an article in 150-200 words on the topic ‘Women must be given Honour’. Give suggestions on how women can get honour in society. (Comptt. All India 2016)
Answer:

Women Must Be Given Honour
By: Ram, Social Activist

Women constitute almost half of the world’s population and are equal stakeholders of society. But unfortunately, even now, in the 21st century, violence against women is rampant and their unnecessary harassment continues despite the hue and cry of there being more laws to ensure their protection.

It is a bitter reality that, every year, thousands of women become victims of violence in their homes and are harassed on the roads and sometimes these incidents devastate their lives forever. These unfortunate incidents affect the physical as well as mental health of the victim. It is very important to take up concrete efforts and introduce stem laws to ensure how violence and harassment against women can be avoided and how they can get their due honour in society.

We cannot just hold our legal system and the police responsible for the atrocities committed to women. As good citizens, we have a fundamental duty to contribute towards bringing an order to ensure dignity and respect for women so that they too can live with a sense of freedom, pride and confidence. To ensure this is the collective work of our society. We have to develop basic morality and nurture a value system that teaches respect for women, especially among young boys and men.

A reform in the police system is also needed wherein women police should be deployed in most areas so as to make women feel safe. CCTV cameras should be installed at strategic places and these should be closely monitored. Our legal system also needs reforms wherein stringent punishments that are non-bailable in nature should be given to a person who outrages the modesty of a woman. We also need fast track courts to deal with offences and crimes against women.

The need of the hour is to take action not by force but by will to make our country safe and secure for women and bring in reforms where-by women feel more fearless and empowered.

Question 60.
You are Ram/Rajani. Write an article in 150200 words on ‘Importance of Newspaper in our Life’. (Comptt. All India 2016)
Answer:

Importance Of Newspapers In Our Life
By: Rajani

Newspapers are the oldest and most reliable source of news and information. The electronic media is at times unreliable, gives inadequate information and is not always available. Newspapers are not only most easily available but they are also the cheapest. Moreover newspapers are very important for students for a good exposure to English language and enhancement of their vocabulary through the “Editorial Column”. Newspapers are written with honesty and sincerity unlike the electronic media which sensationalizes news to increase TRPs and sometimes misleads public.

Though news conveyed by TV news channels is quicker and faster, these, many a time, tend to omit facts and details about an incident and sometimes even sensationalize news without a reason. Here the newspaper comes in handy as it gives not only vital details but also contains more reliable news. Besides, the newspaper is easy to carry and can be read at any time. Further, the permanence of the printed word helps in refreshing one’s memory about certain facts and incidents reported in the past. Newspapers also contain many columns dedicated to advertisements like vacant situations, buying or selling of goods, information about missing persons, obituary news, etc. All this and much more information is contained only in the newspaper. Newspapers have been and will remain the mouthpiece of the nation and the unseen advisers of the common people.

Question 61.
You are Ram/Rajani, a social worker. The banning of liquor shops is being taken up in many states. You welcome the move. Write an article in 150-200 words supporting the move, highlighting how it will promote the society’s standard of living, health, economy etc. and appreciating the governments that are ready to forego the revenue that comes out of it. (Comptt. All India 2016)
Answer:

Banning Of Liquor Shops
By: Rajani

Many states have taken up the welcome move of banning liquor shops. These states include Gujarat, Bihar, Nagaland and Manipur and the Union Territory of Lakshadweep. This move is most positive and will help to promote the physical and mental well-being of society in general.

Binge drinking and continued alcohol consumption cause many health problems. Moreover, it decreases the productivity of an individual, increases family problems and is also one of the major causes of broken relationships. People who drink heavily are most likely to develop a physical and emotional dependency on alcohol. With so many negative effects associated with its consumption, there is no reason why one should not appreciate the government’s move of banning liquor shops.

It is also a matter of appreciation that the governments are ready to forego a large amount of revenue that they gain by selling liquor, only because it impacts negatively on society. The Government of these states have imposed complete ban for a social cause to create an alcohol-free environment. Through this ban the governments hope to improve society’s standard of living. When alcohol is not available and there is no way it can be bought the money one wastes on it is saved and can be utilised productively elsewhere.

So there is no doubt about the fact that this bold and welcome move taken by the government should be appreciated and applauded.

RBSE Class 10 English Notes

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Dozens of tips and little-known tricks for winning that Chicken Dinner.

PUBG, or PlayerUnkown’s Battlegrounds to those who like to keep it official, is pretty simple on the surface, but it’s a classic example of a game much deeper than it looks.

This PUBG tips page will tackle as much of that depth as possible, from beginners PUBG tips to a more advanced guide to the game.

PUBG beginners guide: How Battlegrounds works and how to survive until the end game

There are so many little tips and tricks worth knowing for PUBG that we’ve decided to compile one big ol’ list of them right here, splitting them up into the relevant categories so you can choose to skip ahead, or just browse at your leisure.

Before diving in though, it’s worth talking a little about how to approach PUBG matches in general, especially if you’re a newcomer or just looking to learn the game a little better.

How Battlegrounds works

PUBG is not your typical shooter. The aim is to survive, not to get the most kills – in fact you can win without getting a single one – so your usual shooter strategy needs to adapt.

The prevailing meta, so to speak, is stealth. In fact, many of the highest-ranking players who are aiming to compete at upcoming tournaments simply rely on ‘boring’ stealth strategies, like hiding offshore on boats, to see them through to the final gunfight at the end of a round. The argument goes that everyone else will kill each other anyway, so why expose yourself to the risk?

But that’s not the whole story – combat, for starters, is great practise. PUBG’s combat mechanics are a little odd and mastering those makes a massive difference to how many final-10 situations you’ll win.

Likewise, mid-game kills are a great way to take your gear from passable to excellent. And finally, if you do get spotted hiding in a bush, it helps to know how to shoot the one who found you.

• Download PubG Mobile on PC
• PUBG Lite PC
• PUBG Mobile APK Download
• PUBG Xbox One Download

The general flow of a game then is roughly as follows:

• You’ll spawn in the plane, and need to choose somewhere to land. We’ve put together a dedicated guide on the best PUBG loot locations on Erangel and Miramar, as well as specific pages on the Erangel map and Miramar map, too, but the short version here is that you want to avoid high-traffic areas like major towns and cities, and find a safe little spot to loot some weapons and equipment on your own.
• Then, when you’re all set (or run out of things to loot before the electrical field starts getting close) it’s a case of going where the white circle is. You’ll need to find safe points to rest, loot, and defend yourself along the way, while the player count gradually drops, until you ideally reach the last 10 or 15 players.
• At that point, most people’s strategies go out the window, but hopefully that’s where the final part of this page comes in most handy, where we go through not only the useful stuff for the early and mid game, but some advanced tips for winning that final fight to the death.

There’s obviously a lot more to just the above, which our tips below can help with.

:: Teamfight Tactics guide: Strategies for how to play Teamfight Tactics

PUBG beginners tips for mastering Battlegrounds

PUBG can get a little overwhelming, especially for beginners, so here’s a rundown of the basics that you need to know – and some useful stuff that it really helps to get to grips with early – before we start diving into the more advanced strategies.

Mastering the essentials: setting up and basic controls

1. Remember to put away your weapon (the X key on PC), meaning you can sprint six per cent faster.

2. In the pre-game, take off your shoes! Barefoot running is the same speed as running with shoes, but you’re noticeably quieter on most surfaces.

3. To refuel, the vehicle needs to be completely static, but you can still refuel from within the car by right-clicking the cannister in your inventory.

4. Use map markers at all times, and call out specific directions (numbers as well as North/South/East/West) when in a team.

5. You can stay in the game’s voice chat, but set your own chat to party-only – occasionally you’ll overhear enemy teams who forgot to set theirs to private.

6. Remember to toggle your rate of fire with the B key or left on the d-pad on console.

7. There are not two, but three types of aiming. Hip fire, a more accurate hip-fire (holding right mouse-button), and aiming-down-sights (‘ADS’, by tapping right mouse-button). You’ll also be able to change the settings to go straight to ADS by holding right-click rather than toggling it on/off.

Mastering the essentials: strategies and priorities

8. Big towns under the flight path are dangerous places to start, but normally have better loot. For the best chance of success, find small clusters of buildings right at the edge of parachuting range, or use one of the other more detailed, situational strategies to get even better loot, which you’ll find in our Erangel map article.

9. The key things you want to find as soon as possible are the good-in-most-situations assault rifles (ARs), a backpack, a bulletproof vest, healing items, and a helmet – the higher level for these items, the better.

10. All doors in the game start closed. If a door is open, someone’s been there. If you leave a door open, you’re telling the world you’ve been there too.

11. There is fall damage, which occurs from jumping around two stories, with more damage the higher the fall.

12. If you take fire from range and don’t know where it’s from, don’t go prone – you just make yourself a sitting duck right in the enemy’s line of sight. Instead, zig-zag and sprint until you get to cover and break line of sight. Getting over the brow of a hill is great for this, as is the classic “cheese it!” strategy in a vehicle (just drive away really fast).

13. Always clear buildings (unless you’re very rushed) before looting. It’s very easy to bait people into feeling secure by leaving loot on the ground, then shoot them in the back.

14. When fighting multiple enemies, ignore any that you down. They can’t get up unless rescued, so prioritise the ones who can still attack you.

15. Vehicles are great at covering large distances at speed, but draw huge amounts of attention with their noise. Use them wisely.

16. Vehicles will roll down hills, and explode when they hit things at speed. Park sideways on sloped terrain to stop them rolling away, and if you crash get away from the vehicle ASAP.

(Bonus tip – don’t do what we did here:)

Tweets by Crazyreyn

17. Not all scopes work with all guns – you can’t put the 8x Scope on the M16 for instance, which was made an exception for balance purposes. Likewise you can’t put an 8x on SMGs.

18.Learn which helmets can take which amount of damage – a Kar98, the most commonly found and used sniper, can kill you instantly with a headshot if you have a Level 2 helmet or below, but a level 3 helmet can take a hit. Note what helmet opponents have before you start trading sniper fire, as there’s no point if you’re at a disadvantage.

19. After the beginning the game, pistols are almost completely pointless – only keep one if you either have the automstic pistol (P18C), which works like an SMG, or if you don’t have good weapons or much ammo for them – otherwise, pistol ammo is wasting precious inventory space.

20. Damaged high-level armour is actually often worse than undamaged low-level armour. Look at the number next to it in your inventory for a comparison.

21. Avoid bridges like the plague if you need to cross one to get into the safe zone – there are almost always bridge trolls (people waiting on them to kill you) when a bridge is a necessary route. Get there early, swim, or find a boat instead!

22. Always move, even when looting or camping, just a little bit – it stops someone picking you off with an easy headshot, which happens surprisingly often. Just wiggle side to side or keep crouching and standing up.

More controls and PC hotkeys you’ll need to memorise:

For controller layouts to familiarise yourself with all controls, visit our PUBG Xbox One controls article.

23. Hold ‘Alt’ or hold RB on Xbox to look around without moving – great if you’re camping, and also while falling from the plane.

24. You can dive underwater by holding ‘C’ while swimming (B on Xbox), and rise to the surface by holding ‘Space’ (A on Xbox).

25. Toggle seats in a vehicle with ‘Ctrl+1/2/3/4/5/6’, with ‘Ctrl+1’ taking you to the driving seat. On Xbox, this is tapping A, or holding for the driver seat.

26. On PC, you can auto-sprint by pressing ‘=’

27. Lean left with ‘Q’, or right with ‘E’, while aiming, or click in the sticks while aiming on Xbox. Use these to look and shoot around walls without exposing as much of yourself. High-level players also lean mid-combat to make themselves more awkward to hit.

28. Hold ‘Shift’ or the left trigger to boost vehicles.

29. Use a vehicle’s handbrake for a more aggressive turn or break with ‘Space’ or the Y button on Xbox.

30. Control motorbikes in the air by holding down ‘Space’ + ‘Left Ctrl’.

31. Toggle first and third person by pressing ‘V’ on PC or RB on Xbox.

32. Hold your breath while aiming with ‘Shift’ or LB on Xbox (only in ADS).

33. Watch your bullet drop while aiming by holding ‘Left Mouse-Button’ to shoot instead of tapping it.

34. Change weapon zeroing (when the weapon/sight permits, for use over different long ranges) with ‘Page Up’ and ‘Page Down’, or the d-pad while aiming on Xbox.

35. Cycle straight to your Grenade with ‘G’ as well as cycling all weapons with ‘Mouse Wheel’. On Xbox, this is by holding the right trigger.

36. Healing items are mapped to ‘7’, ‘8’, ‘9’, and ‘0’ by default – you don’t need to open your inventory screen to use them. On Xbox, this is by holding down on the d-pad, and you can tap to change the active consumable.

37. You can roll grenades with an under-arm throw with by holding ‘Left Mouse-Button’ and then ‘Right Mouse-Button’ to throw.

38. You can disable the HUD entirely if on-screen markers get in your way, by pressting ‘Ctrl+U’.

PUBG advanced tips for using medkits and grenades, and surviving combat and the final 10

Strategies for moving around the Battleground

39. With the arrival of version 1.0, you won’t need to master the crouch-jump, as vaulting should take its place. That said, it’s worth toggling the ‘Vault’ command to something other than the regular ‘jump’ (Spacebar) button, because there are certain things you can only scale the old-fashioned way. Learn what heights you can vault and scale for when you’re in a pinch.

40. Climb onto a roof from a balcony using Crouch-jump, by first opening the door, crouch-jumping onto it, and again from the top of the door to the roof. Great for sniping! Here’s an example.

41.You can also make more difficult jumps between roofs by crouch-jumping onto railings or raised areas and running along them, too.

42. You can shoot the M16 like a rapid-firing automatic weapon by using its burst fire mode, controlling the recoil and timing your clicks perfectly to do seriously fast DPS.

How to get the most out of your Medkits

43. There are only two ways to heal yourself back to 100 per cent – the very rare Medkit, which instantly heals you to 100 per cent after 10 seconds, and ‘boost’ items like Energy Drinks and Painkillers, which will heal you over time.

44. Both bandages and First Aid Kits get your back to 75 per cent health, but First Aid Kits work instantly after the seven seconds of application, whilst bandages require multiple applications and heal over time, taking up to about a minute. Use bandages early on, when in a safe location, and save First Aid kits for a helping hand during late-game firefights.

45. A great tip from player xTyler73’s excellent reddit guide – there is an optimal way to use bandages that lets you get more health out of them than you would from just spamming. Healing from bandages happens over time, with your healthbar ticking up from the red to fill up the white. On the third tick of the health going up, start using the next bandage, for the most efficient use of time and resources.

46. Speaking of which, when a healing item you’re using is down to 0.5 seconds left on the timer, you can start moving without cancelling it, and you can now use healing items as a passenger in vehicles, but only when the vehicle is steady (so note when your mate’s slamming it into trees and over hills…)

PUBG grenade tips and inventory tricks

47. Different items take up different amounts of space in your inventory – First Aid Kits are bigger than bandages, for example. But this also applies to different types of grenades, with Frags smaller than Smoke and Stun grenades for example.

48. You can carry more by equiping the larger items, as equipped items and ammo that’s loaded into your gun don’t take up inventory space. If you want to free up a Frag-sized space for example, equip your Smoke or Stun grenade – but beware, if your inventory is full, you then won’t be able to swap it out for the Frag without using or dropping something!

49. Contrary to popular belief, you can in fact put a pin back in a Frag grenade in Battlegrounds. To do so, open your inventory and drag the grenade from the grenade slot in the bottom right, to your storage column on the left.

PUBG combat tips: how and when to hide or engage

50. Sneaking your way into the final few players is absolutely a good strategy – but it won’t help you master the subtleties of combat. If you want to learn the feel of weapons and fighting, then spend a few games spawning in busy spots, as it’ll pay off in the long run.

51. If you do want to stealth your way to the win, hiding offshore in a boat, ideally behind a cliff where no one is likely to go looking, is a fantastic way to avoid being spotted. With some spare fuel, you can normally speed your way to many safe zones on the map.

52. Jumping whilst melee attacking makes headshots easier, and yes, headshot punches do considerably more damage.

53. If someone starts attacking you with their bare hands, always fight it out. If you can land a headshot or two you can win the fight even if they get a headstart on working you over!

54. Generally when trying to win a game, unless you’re looking for practise, just avoid combat. The rule of thumb is to only engage if you’re near certain you can win the fight, or if you’re unable to flee. This includes sniping people – don’t take the shot unless you can also get the kill, otherwise you’ve given yourself away.

55. Speaking of fleeing, it is easier than you might think. Zig-zag if you’re on foot, and think in terms of breaking line of sight. People will only bother chasing you down under specific circumstances. This is especially true if you’re in a vehicle – there’s no point in hopping out to fight if you’ve already been knocked down to low health, just floor it!

56. Having bad gear is really not the end of the world, so don’t get greedy – what matters is how you adapt to what you have: if all you have is a Shotgun or SMG, then try to camp inside buildings and confined areas. If you just have a crossbow and a decent scope, avoid buildings like the plague and find a high spot for sniping. All it takes is one kill for you to gain a significant amount of loot!

57. If you’re hiding in one of the little wooden huts and spot an incoming enemy, bursting out of the hut and firing at them is often better than waiting in there. If they’re smart, they’ll either know someone’s in there or try to clear it out with a grenade or shoot through the wooden door first. The element of surprise normally works better.

PUBG combat tips: when you know you’re in for a fight

58. Take time to master the art of leaning, or ‘peeking’, around corners with Q and E (or clicking in the sticks on console) during combat, and note that leaning to the right (if you’re using the camera over the right shoulder) exposes less of your body than the opposite direction.

59. If you know a fight is coming, or need to sprint across a dangerous open area, use a ‘boost’ item like Painkillers or Energy Drinks, as the healing over time and extra speed can be crucial.

60. Long grass only renders at less than 150 metres away, but players render from far greater distance – which means if you’re relying on long grass as cover, a sniper can spot you easily at long range.

61. Using the Alt button (or holding RB and moving the left stick on Xbox) to look around whilst still in cover is perfect for ambushes, but beware your character model does still move a tiny bit when you release it, which can make you stand out when pretending to be a bush.

62. Loot, especially healing equipment like First Aid kits, makes for perfect bait. Leave some on the floor in the middle of a room, and enemies who enter will assume the building is safe, making them easy to quickly pick off.

63. Figure out which way the door swings inwards into your room if you’re camping inside a building. Hide to the side of the door that it opens, so players need to come in, turn around, and shut the door to actually spot you, giving you the edge to kill them before they do.

64. The opposite goes for those entering buildings to clear them – always check 360 degrees around you right after entering, and don’t assume a bit of loot means the whole thing’s safe!

65. Grenades are perfect for clearing small huts (if you can get one through the little windows) and buildings where you suspect someone is camping.

66. Save Smoke grenades though – they give away your position and the smoke renders differently for two players, so what might be obscuring your vision could be completely clear for the enemy, and vice versa. Only use for cover or distraction in emergencies.

67. ADS (aiming down sights) is generally more favourable than hip fire in almost every situation. Only rely on Shotguns and SMGs with hip-fire, as the spread is much smaller.

Advanced PUBG tips for how to win Battlegrounds in the late-game and final 10:

68. When you get to the smaller safe zones, normally around the last 10 or 15, you want to try and quickly eliminate anyone you see first – if they survive, it’s only a small area, so you’re likely to bump into them again later and there’s no guarantee they won’t get the drop on you instead.

69. There are two main strategies for how you arrive to the final zone. If you’re sure you can get there as one of the first, then do so as soon as possible and set up in a position where you know at least one flank is secure – be that a little rock, or an interior wall with no windows.

70. If you’re getting there late, it can be better to wait it out at range before making your move. Keep one eye on the blue circle, and play around the edges of the area. Someone may be watching your direction as you approach, but if the safe zone’s small, a dozen or so people are left, and you’re the furthest one away, then they’ll probably have other enemies to prioritise.

71. Your knowledge of the terrain is crucial here. Be sure to learn the map as best you can – our Erangel map, Miramar map and best PUBG loot locations guides can help with that – and consciously choose where to go for a reason, rather than on impulse.

72. If you get to a safe location early, and have some decent long-range weapons, try camping any buildings that are just outside the safe zone (by which we mean camping somewhere safe and looking at the buildings, not camping in them!) Keep a close eye on any doors and windows, and as the blue circle starts to close in, players will be forced out of hiding and into the open for you to pick off.

73. Trees aren’t great cover. A forest is good visual cover if you need to move long-ish distances, but it’s easy to forget that hiding behind a narrow tree still leaves you exposed on three sides – and your vision’s heavily impared by the trunk in front of you anyway. Use them as a last resort!

74. When you get to the final three, if you’re undiscovered, stay that way. Don’t engage unless the kill is absolutely guaranteed, because the other two could easily wound and/or kill each other without you needing to risk death yourself. They’ll also give away their positions in the process, which means you of course know where they are for the final face off.

Best of luck getting those Chicken Dinners!

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After creating incredible waves for PC, PLAYERUNKNOWN’S BATTLEGROUNDS has finally found a way to release PUBG for Xbox One platform. From the makers of the best-selling PC phenomenon, PLAYERUNKNOWN’S BATTLEGROUNDS now has been playable on Xbox One. Once after hearing that PUBG PC version has been sold over 20 million copies at the beginning, Microsoft Corp. has collaborated to bring the high-profile game to its flagship console by recruiting development help from The Coalition, the makers of Gears of War 4.

After making a lot of efforts, Microsoft has made a way to provide its users the most famous battle royal game- PLAYERUNKNOWN’S BATTLEGROUNDS. That’s great! But, game development work is still continued, and it may take some time. But, you can get the PUBG Xbox One Preview copy from the Amazon store to enjoy the game now. The physical copy isn’t available yet. You will have to wait a little longer.  Well, if you play on Xbox One X, then it will offer added visual depth.

What’s PUBG Xbox One Price?

While talking of the price of PUBG Xbox One preview game, then let me tell you that you get PUBG Xbox One preview version from the Amazon at the rate of $25.45. Well, you can directly but from the Microsoft Store online at $29.99 and download the 10.53GB game to your console. So, it’s on you whether you want to buy PUBG from Amazon or Microsoft Store.

PUBG Xbox One Gameplay

From the makers of the best-selling PC phenomenon, PLAYERUNKNOWN’S BATTLEGROUNDS drops players into a competitive survival battle where you’ll engage in a heart-racing fight to be the last player left alive. Loot supplies, find weapons, and gear-up to take on the competition. Emerge the lone survivor in a thrilling game experience full of unexpected, adrenaline-pumping moments. Defeat every player on the map to earn bragging rights as the last player left standing in the ultimate life and death fight.

How to Play PUBG on Xbox One: Here’s The Full Control Guide

Here’s some  image of gamepad controller which will help you to play the game efficiently:

Basic Control for PUBG on Xbox One

How to Aim in PUBG on Xbox One

How to Control Vehicle in PUBG on Xbox One

How to Swim in PUBG on Xbox One

How To Manage Map in PUBG Xbox One

How to Manage Inventory in PUBG Xbox One

PUBG Xbox One Maps

Likewise PC version of the game, there is total three map available on PUBG Xbox one including the new PUBG map-Sanhok. If you want to know more about loot, vehicle, boats, garages, and more then you can go to the pubgmap to know everything about three maps.

PUBG Xbox One Update 20 Patch Notes highlights

• Added the Beryl M762, which is a new versatile Assault Rifle which spawns on Erangel, Miramar, and Sanhok.
• Beryl M762 uses 7.62mm ammunition and can load up to 30 rounds (40 with an extended magazine)
• The Beryl has upper and lower rails, allowing for scopes and a grip.
• It has lower per bullet damage than the AKM, but a higher firing rate, meaning higher DPS if you can control the kick.
• Added a new two-seat vehicle, the Scooter, which is exclusive to Sanhok
• The scooter replaces motorbikes on Sanhok
• Compared to the current motorbike, the Scooter has lower speed and an increased turning circle, but the same HP.

There has been more tweaks in Gameplay, UI/UX, anti-cheating & reporting, custom match, skin & items, and bug fixes.

PUBG: Xbox vs. PC

Since PUBG on Xbox One is available in Preview, you will feel like playing the low graphics game. All looks very grimy with choppy framerate. Well, sometime all objects couldn’t load till you land over there. Furthermore, you won’t see rock while driving to the safe zone. The Xbox One X only runs the game at 30 frames per second, not the 60 FPS you’d see on PC. Wish we will see smoothness and best graphics in the final version of the game.

PUBG Xbox One Release Date [Full Game]

Well, there isn’t any confirmation from either Microsoft or PUBG team regarding the release of a final stable version of PLAYERUNKNOWN’S BATTLEGROUNDS for the Xbox One platform. Since that, you can enjoy the preview version of the game to be the expert in a game in advance so that once the final version arrives you will be ready to kill everyone else to be the last man standing. If you have started playing PUBG on Xbox One, then we will feel happy to get your feedback.

• Download PubG Mobile on PC
• PUBG Lite PC
• PUBG Mobile APK Download
• PUBG Tips and Tricks (74)

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ICICI Education Loan  – ICICI bank is one of the leading banks which contributes Education Loan for all the eligible students to study in India as well as Abroad. Though there are several banks in India, ICICI bank outperforms all the banks in providing education loan to students due to various advantages. Students who wish to study undergraduate course or postgraduate courses in residential institutes or international institutes can opt for ICICI Education Loan. 

The officials of ICICI will offer up to 50 Lakhs of education loan for the students who wish to study in India and up to 1 Crore rupees for the students wish to study in Abroad or Foreign. Many of the student’s first choice is ICICI Education loan due to the easy application process when compared to other banks. In this page, we will provide you with all the necessary information regarding ICICI Education Loan, How to apply for ICICI Education Loan, Eligibility, Intrest rate etc.,

Types Of ICICI Education Loan 

Basically, the ICICI bank offers 4 types of education loan and they are listed below:

1. Undergraduate Education Loan – Students who have completed their higher secondary level education and further planning to pursue UG or Undergraduate courses will be given loan under this scheme. The loan is applicable for students who wish to study in India or Abroad as well.
2. Postgraduate Education Loan –  Students who wish to pursue PG or Postgraduate courses in India or else in Abroad can avail loan under this scheme. 
3. Parents Education Loan – Parents who take an education loan for the purpose of educating their children can opt for this scheme. Parents can go for this loan for their child’s elementary, secondary, higher secondary loan as well.
4. Career Related Education Loan –  Aspirants who wish to undergo training, certifications that will benefit their career growth can opt for this education loan.

ICICI Education Loan Eligibility Criteria

Students who wish to opt for ICICI Education loan must check their eligibility criteria. The ICICI bank education loan eligibility criteria for all the loan schemes are listed below:

1. Candidates must belong to the Indian Nation. 
2. He/She must have secured admission in a recognized educational institution.
3. Candidates must have an invite from the university which he/she have chosen to study.
4.  Degree students and Diploma students are eligible to apply for ICICI education loan. 
5. Students should have completed class 10+12 or equivalent education from a recognised school board. 

Courses Offered Under ICICI Education Loan 

The list of courses offered under the ICICI Education Loan are listed below:

Courses Offered In India –  The list of courses offered in India are given below:

1. List of approved courses leading to Graduate Degree
2. Any Post Graduate Course
3. Post Graduate Diploma courses conducted by recognised colleges or universities
4. Courses recognised by UGC
5. UG/PG courses under AICTE 
6. Under Graduate or Post Graduate courses under Government/ AIBMS/ ICMR etc.

Courses Offered In Abroad –  The list of courses offered in Abroad or Foreign  are given below:

1. Job oriented degree courses
2. Under Graduate (UG) Courses
3. Post Graduate (PG) Courses
4. Post Graduate Diploma/ Professional courses offered by reputed institutes

Expenses Covered Under ICICI Education Loan 

Students who choose ICICI Education Loan will enjoy several benefits as the ICICI education will cover various educational expenses.  The list of expenses covered under ICICI Education Loan are listed below:

1. School or College Fees
2. Hostel Fees
3. Exam Fees
4. Library Fees
5. Laboratory Fees
6. Travel Expenses
7. Transportation Money for pursuing an education in abroad
8. Security bonus for the student borrower
9. Money for buying Computer/Books/Uniforms and education-related instruments
10. Study tour expenses or project work thesis expenses. 

Benefits of ICICI Education Loan  

Students who avail ICICI Education Loan will enjoy several benefits. The ICICI Education Loan Benefits are given below:

1. Students can avail loan up to 1 Crore rupees
2. Candidates who avail loan up to 20 Lakhs doesn’t need margin money
3. For Pre-Payment and Part Payment, there are no limitations or restrictions
4. Many expenses such as student travel expense, PC/Laptops are covered under ICICI Education Loan
5. Pre-Visa expenses are carried out ICICI bank for students who apply for abroad education
6. Special foreign exhchange rates for international payments

Features of ICICI Education Loan 

The ICICI Education Loan features for both in India or Abroad education are given below:

1. Intrest Rate – Starting at 11.5% per annum (Domestic and International) 
2. Maiximum Loan Amount for students studying in India- 50 Lakhs  
3. Maiximum Loan Amount for students studying in Abroad- 1 Crore 
4. Collateral Requirement – As per the institute (Domestic and International) 
5. UG Collateral-free Loans For Selected Institutes: Up to Rs 20 lakh 
6. PG Collateral-free Loans For Selected Institutes: Up to Rs 20 lakh 
7. Moratorium Period: Depends on the course and institute  (Domestic and International) 
8. Margin – No margin up to Rs 20 lakh. 15% margin (Margin/ FD/ Scholarship) for loans above Rs 20 lakh.

How To Apply For ICICI Education Loan?

Follow the steps as listed below to apply for ICICI Education Loan:

1. Visit the official website of ICICI bank – icicibank.com. 
2. Now in the homepage, Click on “Products” tab and select “Loans” from the menu.
3. The page will be directed.
4. Now scrolldown the page and click on “Education Loan”.
5. Read all the intructions carfeully and click on the button “Apply Now”.
6. The page will be redirected.
7. Now enter all the necessary details such as Name, Location, Contact Number, Emai Id etc.,
8. Click on submit.
9. You will receive the confirmation to your registered mobile number or email id. 

Else students can also visit the nearest ICICI Bank branch, fill the form and get started with your loan approval process.

ICICI Education Loan – Documents Required 

The list of documents required for ICICI Education Loan are given below:

1. 10th Class marksheets
2. 12th Class marksheets
3. Additional documents may be asked in case of security required
4. Admission letter issued by institute
5. Co-applicant KYC and income proof
6. Entrance exam scorecards
7. Fee structure of the institute
8. Graduation marksheets
9. KYC Documents

ICICI Education Loan – Frequently Asked Questions

The frequently asked questions or FAQs regrading ICICI Educational Loan are listed below:

Q1. Can I apply for an education loan if I do not have a co-applicant with income?

A: Yes, for PG Courses, applicants with 3+ years of experience can apply for a loan with a non-financial co-applicant.

Q2. What type of interest is applicable on my loan? Simple or compounded?

A: Only simple loan intrest will be applied for the loan.

Q3. Can I pre pay my loan? 

A: Yes, students can pre pay the loan.

Q4. What will be the charges for pre-payment?

A: No charges are applicable for pre-payament of the loan.

Q5. Is there a processing fee for an education loan with ICICI Bank?

A: No, there are no processing fees on ICICI Bank education loan.

Q6. What are EMI Payment methods?

A: The EMI Payment methods of ICICI Education Loans are listed below:

1. Standing Instruction (SI)
2. Electronic Clearing Service (ECS)
3. Post-Dated Cheques (PDCs)

Now that you are provided all the necessary information regarding ICICI Bank Education Loan and we hope this detailed article is helpful. If you have any questions regarding this article or ICICI Bank Education Loan, ask through the comment section below and we will get back to you as soon as possible.

The post ICICI Bank Education Loan appeared first on Learn CBSE.

Oasis Scholarship 2019-20: Oasis scholarship is an online scholarship scheme introduced for all underprivileged students of SC, ST and OBC category. These schemes are administered by the Backward Classes Welfare Department, Government of West Bengal. In this website, you will find both pre-matric and post-matric scholarships for the students who are citizens of this state. The main objective to introduce this Oasis scholarship website is to build a dedicated online system for filling the application form and managing scholarships offered by the government.

In this article, you will find all the important detail about the scholarships offered by the West Bengal government, with all its features and benefits. The major information like the number of scholarships listed, their eligibility, rewards, the application process, the renewal process is all provided here. To get more such details, keep reading the article.

List of Oasis Scholarships

The scholarships which are covered in the Oasis scholarship and when to apply for these, along with the scholarship provider details are given here in tabular form. For both school students and college students, they can find a suitable scholarship to support their further studies in West Bengal.

Oasis Scholarship Eligibility Criteria

The eligibility requirements that a student needs to fulfill while applying for any of the Oasis scholarships, is discussed here in this section. However, one of the major eligibility that student requires to fulfill for these scholarships, is that they should be a permanent citizen of the state or hold its residence.  Apart from this, there are several other criteria to fulfill as per mentioned below:

Pre-matric scholarship for SC students

• Citizens of West Bengal.
• Class 9th and 10th student who belong to SC category.
• The family/guardian annual income should not be more than Rs. 2 Lakh per annum from all sources.

Pre-matric scholarship for ST students

• Citizens of West Bengal.
• A student must belong to the ST category.
• Students of class 9th and 10th are eligible to apply.
• The annual family/guardian income should not be more than Rs. 2 Lakh from all sources.

Post-matric scholarship for SC/ST students

• Citizens of West Bengal.
• Students of post-secondary or post-matriculation level and belonging to SC/ST category.
• The annual income of parents/guardian should not be more than Rs. 2.5 Lakh from all sources.

Post-matric scholarship for OBC students

• Citizens of West Bengal.
• Students should be studying at the post-secondary level and belonging to the OBC category.
• The annual income or salary of the family/guardian should not be more than Rs. 1 Lakh, from all sources.

Oasis Scholarship Benefits/Rewards

Oasis Scholarship Application Procedure

Step – 1: Registration

• Visit the official website, oasis.gov.
• Click on “Student’s registration” on the home page.
• Select the district where your school/college is based.
• Next webpage will appear for caste verification. Fill in the details and click on submit.
• Once the caste certificate is verified, you will be addressed to the online registration page. Fill in all necessary fields and click on the submit button.

Step – 2: Log in with your credentials

• After successful registration, the student can download their permanent user id/application number and password via the “Download login information/acknowledgment slip” button.
• Enter application number/user id and password and click on the “Login Now” button.
• Once logged in, fill the further details and bank information carefully and click on ‘Save and Proceed’.

Step – 3: Review and Lock

Once the student has filled all the information in the application form, they can click on the “Verify and Lock” button to save all the information filled. Once you have saved the information filled, you cannot make any changes further. So, make sure you before locking the details, enter the correct information in the application form.

Step – 4: Print and Submit

After saving the application form, click on the “Download Application Form” button to get the computer-generated copy of the filled-in application form.
Submit the printed copy of the duly-filled application form along with the copies of all supporting documents to the concerned BDO (Block Development Officer) for Block area or PO cum DWO for municipality corporation.

Documents Required for Oasis Scholarship Application Procedure

• Stamp sized photograph
• Attested copy of caste certificate/acknowledgment slip
• Attested copy of mark sheets and certificates of the last qualifying exam.
• Aadhaar Card
• Annual Income Certificate
• Bank Passbook
• Domicile Certificate
• Fee Receipt

Renewal of Oasis Scholarship

After winning the scholarships through the Oasis scholarship website in the previous years, students have to renew those every year. For renewal, the application process is slightly different. Find the below steps with a description of the renewal process:

• Visit the official website, oasis.org.
• Click on “Renew Scholarship”  option in the student’s section.
• Login using the registered user id/application number and password.
• Verify the earlier entered details and make changes if needed.
• Once the student has verified his/her previously existing information, they can click on the “Renew Application” button.
• Enter the information about the present academic session, that he/she are seeking.
• Click on “Renew and Lock application” button.

Note: Once you have saved the information filled, you cannot make any changes further. So, make sure you before locking the details, enter the correct information in the application form.

Once you have locked your renewal application, you can download the application form and submit it along with all the supporting documents to the concerned Block Development Officer (BDO) for block area or PO cum DWO for municipality corporation.

Documents Required for Renewal Process

• Stamp sized photograph
• Attested copy of caste certificate/acknowledgment slip
• Attested copy of mark sheets and certificates of the last qualifying exam.
• Aadhaar Card
• Annual Income Certificate
• Bank Passbook
• Domicile Certificate
• Fee Receipt

Oasis Scholarship Application Status

The Oasis scholarship website also allows the provision of tracing the current application status to all its applicants. Whether you have applied for a pre-matric scholarship or a post-matric scholarship, you can trace your application status online through the website. Just follow the below given simple steps to track your application status

• Visit the official page.
• Click on the “Track an application” button.
• Select the district where your current school/college is situated.
• Fill details like application serial number/user id, applied district and session to track your application.

FAQ’s

Question 1.
How to apply for Oasis Scholarships?

Answer:
Students who are eligible and fulfill the criteria as defined by the Backward Classes Welfare Department, Government of West Bengal, can apply for their relevant scholarships by reaching to the official portal, www.oasis.org.

Question 2.
When is the last date to apply for the Oasis Scholarship?

Answer:
The portal of Oasis scholarship will be opened from May till December every year, tentatively.  Students can check with the official website for accurate details.

Question 3.
Is there any contact details?

Answer:
In case you have any query or doubt regarding the Oasis scholarship application, scholarship information or any other details, you can directly contact the Oasis helpline number: +91-8420023311.

The post Oasis Scholarship Schemes for 2019-20 Academic Sessions | How To Apply for Oasis Scholarship @ oasis.gov.in appeared first on Learn CBSE.

CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12 Chemistry 2019 Outside Delhi

Time allowed: 3 hours
Maximum Marks: 70

General Instructions

• All questions are compulsory.
• Section A: Questions number 1 to 5 are very short answer questions and carry 1 mark each.
• Section B: Questions number 6 to 12 are short answer questions and carry 2 marks each.
• Section C: Questions number 13 to 24 are also short answer questions and carry 3 marks each.
• Section D: Questions number 25 to 27 are long answer questions and carry 5 marks each.
• There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in two questions of one mark, two questions of two marks, four questions of three marks and all the three questions of five marks weightage. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions
• Use of log tables, if necessary. Use of calculators is not allowed.

CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12 Chemistry 2019 Outside Delhi Set I

Section – A

Question 1.
Out of KCl and AgCl, which one shows Schottky defect and why? [1]
OR
Why does ZnO appear yellow on heating?

Question 2.
Arrange the following in decreasing order of basic character: [1]
C₆H₅NH₂, (CH₃)₃N, C₂H₅NH₂
Answer:
Decreasing order of basic character:
CH₃CH₂NH₂ > (CH₃)₃N > C₂H₅NH₂

Question 3.
What type of colloid is formed when a solid is dispersed in a liquid ? Give an example. [1]
Answer:
Sols are formed when a solid is dispersed in a liquid.
Example – Paints.

Question 4.
Out of Chlorobenzene and Cyclohexyl chloride, which one is more reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reaction and why?
Answer:
Cyclohexyl chloride is more reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reaction because the carbon bearing the chlorine atom is deficient in electron and seeks a nucleophile. In Chlorobenzene the carbon bearing the halogen is a part of an aromatic ring and is electron-rich due to the electron density in the ring.

Question 5.
What is the basic structural difference between starch and cellulose? [1]
OR
Write the products obtained after hydrolysis of DNA.
Answer:
Starch consists of two components- amylose and amylopectin. Amylose is a long linear chain of α-D -(+)-glucose units joined by C₁-C₄ glycosidic linkage (α-link). Amylopectin is a branched-chain polymer of α-D-glucose units, in which the chain is formed by C₁-C₄ glycosidic linkage and the branching occurs by C₁-C₆ glycosidic linkage. On the other hand, cellulose is a straight-chain polysaccharide of β-D-glucose units joined by C₁-C₄ glycosidic linkage (β-link).
OR
Hydrolysis of DNA yields a pentose sugar (β-D-2deoxyribose), phosphoric acid and nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds called bases (Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine).

Section – B

Question 6.
Write balanced chemical equations for the following processes:
(a) Cl₂ is passed through slaked lime.
(b) SO₂ gas is passed through an aqueous solution of Fe (III) salt. [2]
OR
(a) Write two poisonous gases prepared from chlorine gas.
(b) Why does the Cu²⁺ solution give a blue colour on reaction with ammonia?
Answer:
(a) Cl₂ is passed through slaked lime to give bleaching powder [Ca(OCl)₂]
2Ca(OH)₂ + 2Cl₂ → Ca(OCl)₂ + CaCl₂ + 2H₂O
(b) When SO2 gas is passed through a Fe(III) aqueous solution, Fe(III) is reduced to Fe(II) ion:
2Fe³⁺ + SO₂ + 2H₂O → 2Fe²⁺ + SO₄^2- + 4H⁺
OR
(a) Two poisonous gases prepared from chlorine – Phosgene (COCl₂) and tear gas (CCl₃NO₂).
(b) Nitrogen in ammonia has a lone pair of electrons, which makes it a Lewis base. It donates the electron pair and forms linkage with metal ions-

Question 7.
Give reasons:
(a) Cooking is faster in a pressure cooker than in cooking the pan.
(b) Red Blood Cells (RBC) shrink when placed in saline water but swell in distilled water. [2]
Answer:
(a) Boiling points increase in increasing the pressure in case of liquids. Water used for cooking attains a higher temperature than the usual boiling temperature inside the pressure cooker due to the existing high pressure inside the pressure cooker vessel. This leads to a faster flow of water inside the vegetables or grains etc. resulting in faster cooking of food in a pressure cooker than in the cooking pan.

(b) Red blood cells shrink when placed in saline water because of exosmosis, i.e., water comes out from the cell to surrounding (more concentrated) to equate the concentration. Whereas, when placed in distilled water concentration within the cell becomes more than the surrounding, hence water comes inside and endosmosis takes place to equate the concentrations.

Question 8.
Define the order of the reaction. Predict the order of reaction in the given graphs:

where [R]₀ is the initial concentration of reactant and t_1/2 is a half-life. [2]
Answer:
It is defined as the sum of powers to which the concentration terms are raised in the rate law equation.
(a) In this graph, as t_1/2 is independent of initial reactant concentration, it is a first-order reaction.
(b) In this graph, as tin is directly proportional to the initial concentration of reactant hence, it is a zero-order reaction.

Question 9.
When FeCr₂O₄ is fused with Na₂CO₃ in the presence of air it gives a yellow solution of compound (A). Compound (A) on acidification gives compound (B). Compound (B) on reaction with KCl forms an orange coloured compound (C). An acidified solution of compound (C) oxidises Na₂O₃ to (D). Identify (A), (B), (C) and (D). [2]
Answer:

Question 10.
Write IUPAC name of the complex [Co(en)₂(NO₂)Cl]⁺. What type of structural isomerism is shown by this complex? [2]
OR
Using IUPAC norms, write the formulae for the following complexes:
(a) Hexaaquachromium (III) chloride
(b) Sodium trioxalatoferrate (III)
Answer:
IUPAC name of [Co(en)₂(NO₂)Cl]⁺ is Chlorobis(ethane-1, 2-diamine)nitrocobalt(III).
This compound shows geometrical isomerism.
OR
(a) Hexaaquachromium(III) chloride- [Cr(H₂O)₆]Cl₃
(b) Sodium trioxalatoferrate(III)- Na₃[Fe(C₂O₄)₃]

Question 11.
(a) Although both [NiCl₄]^2- and [Ni(CO)₄] have sp³ hybridisation yet [NiCl₄]^2- is paramagnetic and [Ni(CO)₄] is diamagnetic. Give reason. (Atomic no. of Ni = 28).
(b) Write the electronic configuration of d⁵ on the basis of crystal field theory when
(i) ∆₀ < P and (ii) ∆₀ > P [2]
Answer:
(a) [NiCl₄]^2- is a high spin complex and there are two impaired electrons with 3d8 electronic configuration of a central metal atom, hence it is paramagnetic. Whereas in [Ni(CO)₄] Ni is in zero oxidation state and contains no unpaired electrons, hence it is diamagnetic in nature.
(b) (i) Electronic configuration of d⁵ when ∆o < P is given as t_2g³ e_g²
(ii) Electronic configuration of d⁵ when ∆o > P is given as t_2g⁵ e_g⁰

Question 12.
Write structures of main compounds A and B in each of the following reactions: [2]

Answer:

Section – C

Question 13.
The following data were obtained for the reaction:
A + 2B → C

(a) Find the order of reaction with respect to A and B.
(b) Write the rate law and overall order of the reaction.
(c) Calculate the rate constant (k). [3]
Answer:
The reaction is A + 2B → C
(a) It can be seen that when the concentration of A is doubled keeping B constant, then the rate increases by a factor of 4 (from 4.2 × 10^-2 to 1.68 × 10^-1). This indicates that the rate depends on the square of the concentration of the reactant A. Also when the concentration of reactant B is made four times, keeping the concentration of reactant A constant, the reaction rate also becomes 4 times (2.4 × 10^-2 to 6.0 × 10^-3). This indicates that the rate depends on the concentration of reactant B to the first power.
(b) So, the rate equation will be:
Rate = k[A]²[B]
Overall order of reaction will be 2 + 1 = 3.
(c) Rate constant can be. calculated by putting the values given.
4.2 × 10^-2 M min^-1= k (0.2)²(0.3) M
k = = 3.5 min^-1

Question 14.
(a) Write the dispersed phase and dispersion medium of dust.
(b) Why is physisorption reversible whereas chemisorption is irreversible?
(c) A colloidal sol is prepared by the method given in the figure.
What is the charge of Agl colloidal particles formed in the test tube?
How is this sol represented? [3]

Answer:
(a) In dust, the dispersed phase is solid particles and the dispersion medium is air (gas).
(b) Physisorption occurs only because of physical attractive forces, like van der Waals forces between molecules of adsorbate and adsorbent, hence that can be reversed on the application of bigger forces but chemisorption occurs due to the chemical reaction between molecules of adsorbate and adsorbent, and hence can’t be reversed.
(c) When KI solution is added to AgNO₃ a positively charged sol results due to absorption of Ag⁺ ions from dispersion medium-AgI/ Ag⁺(p0sitively charged)

Question 15.
An element X with an atomic mass of 81 u has density 10.2 g cm^-3. If the volume of the unit cell is 27 × 10^-23 cm³, identify the type of cubic unit cell. (Given: NA = 6.022 × 10 mol^-1) [3]

Question 16.
A solution containing 19 g per 1oo mL of K (M = 74.5 g mol^-1) is isotonic with a solution containing 3 g per 100 mL of urea (M = 60 g mol^-1). Calculate the degree of dissociation of KCl solution. Assume that both the solutions have the same temperature. [3]
Answer:
Two solutions having the same osmotic pressure at a given temperature are called isotonic solution. Now in the given problem, the KCl and urea solutions are given to be isotonic.
Osmotic pressure π is given by the equation
π = (n₂/V)RT,
where n₂ = moles of solute,
V = volume of a solution in litre.
Also, n₂ = w₂/M₂,
where W₂ = grams of solute
and M₂ = molar mass of solute.
The other given information is
The molar mass of KCl = 74.5 g mol^-1
Weight of KCl, W₂= 1.9 g, V = 100 mL
So, for KCl
n = (w₂/M₂ × V)RT
nRTKCl = 1.9/(74.5 × 100) = 2.55 × 10^-4
Now as the solutions are isotonic at the same temperature:
πRTKCl = πRTurea
Hence, substituting the values for urea:
2.55 × 10^-4 = 3/M₂ × 100
M₂ = 117.6
So, the experimentally determined molecular weight of urea is found to be as 117.6, so the degree of dissociation can be given as:
Osmotic pressure (TT) = Experimentally determined

So, Urea dimerized in the given experimental solution.

Question 17.
Write the name and principle of the method used for refining of (a) Zinc, (b) Germanium, (c) Titanium. [3]
Answer:
(a) Distillation is used for refining zinc. As zinc is a low boiling metal, the impure metal is evaporated and the pure metal is obtained as a distillate.
(b) Zone refining is used for refining Germanium. This method is based on the principle that the impurities are more soluble in the melt than in the solid-state of the metal.
(c) Titanium is refined by van Arkel method. This method is used for the removal of oxygen and nitrogen present as an impurity. The crude metal is heated in an evacuated vessel with iodine to obtain metal iodide, which volatilizes being covalent. Later this metal iodide is decomposed through electrical heating to obtain the pure metal.

Question 18.
Give reasons for the following:
(a) Transition metals form complex compounds.
(b) E⁰ values of (Zn²⁺/Zn) and (Mn²⁺/Mn) are more negative than expected.
(c) Actinoids show a wide range of oxidation states. [3]
Answer:
(a) Transition elements have partly filled d-orbitals due to which they have variable oxidation states which enables them to bind with a variety of ligands and hence form complex compounds.
(b) Oxidation of Zn to Zn²⁺ leads to a completely filled d10 configuration in Zn²⁺, making it more stable. Also, Mn/Mn²⁺ conversion leads to a half-filled stable d⁵ configuration of Mn²⁺ ion. Hence, E⁰ value for Zn/Zn²⁺ and Mn/ Mn²⁺conversion has negative values.
(c) Actinoids show a wide range of oxidation states due to their partially filled f-orbitals and they have comparable energies as well.

Question 19.
Write the structures of monomers used for getting the following polymers:
(a) Nylon-6
(b) Terylene
(c) Buna-N [3]
OR
(a) Is [CH₂-CH(C₆H₅)]_n homopolymer or copolymer? Give reason.
(b) Write the monomers of the following polymer:

(c) Write the role of benzoyl peroxide in the polymerisation of ethene.
Answer:
Structures of monomers
(a) Caprolactam is monomer of Nylon-6

Question 20.
(a) Pick out the odd one from the following on the basis of their medicinal properties:
Equanil, Seconal, Bithional, Luminal
(b) What types of detergents are used in dishwashing liquids?
(c) Why is the use of aspartame limited to cold foods? [3]
OR
Define the following terms with a suitable example of each:
(a) Antibiotics
(b) Antiseptics
(c) Anionic detergents
Answer:
(a) ‘Bithionol’ is the odd one here, as it is an antiseptic whereas others are tranquillizers.
(b) Liquid dishwashing detergents are non-ionic type.
(c) Aspartame is an artificial sweetener which is unstable at cooking temperature hence its use is limited to cold foods.
OR
(a) Antibiotics: These are the compounds (produced by microorganisms or synthetically) which either inhibit the growth of bacteria or kill bacteria. Example: Penicillin.
(b) Antiseptics: These are the chemicals used to kill or prevent the growth of microorganisms when applied to the living tissues.
Example: Soframicin.
(c) Anionic detergents: These are sodium salts of sulfonated long-chain alcohols or hydrocarbons. In these, the anionic part of the molecule is involved in the cleansing action.
Example: Sodium lauryl sulphate.

Question 21.
Among all the isomers of molecular formula C₄H₈Br, identify:
(a) the one isomer which is optically active.
(b) the one isomer which is highly reactive towards SN₂.
(c) the two isomers which give the same product on dehydrohalogenation with alcoholic KOH. [3]
Answer:


(a) 2- Bromobutane is optically active as C-2 is a chiral carbon here having all the four different groups attached to it.
(b) 1-Bromobutane being primary alkyl halide is highly reactive towards SN₂ reaction.
(c) 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane and 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane would give the same product after dehydrohalogenation.

Question 22.
Complete the following reactions: [3]

OR
How do you convert the following:
(a) N-phenylethylamine to p-bromaniline
(b) Benzene diazonium chloride to nitro-benzene
(c) Benzoic acid to aniline
Answer:

Question 23.
(a) Give reasons:
(i) Benzoic acid is a stronger acid than acetic acid.
(ii) Methanal is more reactive towards nucleophilic addition reaction than ethanal.
(b) Give a simple chemical test to distinguish between propanal and propanone. [3]
Answer:
(a) (i) Benzoic acid is a stronger acid than acetic acid because the benzoate anion (the conjugate base of benzoic acid) formed after loss of H⁺ is stabilized by resonance, whereas acetate ion (CH₃COO^–) has no such extra stability. Hence, Benzoic acid has more tendency of losing proton compared to acetic acid hence more acidic.

(ii) Methanal is more reactive towards nucleophilic addition reaction than ethanal because in ethanal there is a methyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon (centre for nucleophile attack) and +1 effect of the methyl group decreases the nucleophilicity of carbonyl carbon by increasing the electron density at carbonyl carbon.

(b) Propanal and propanone can be distinguished using Tollen’s reagent by silver mirror test. Propanal being an aldehyde reacts with Tollen’s reagent to give silver deposition whereas propanone being a ketone does not give the reaction.

Question 24.
(a) What is the product of hydrolysis of maltose?
(b) What type of bonding provides stability to the α-helix structure of a protein?
(c) Name the vitamin whose deficiency causes pernicious anaemia. [3]
OR
Define the following terms:
(a) Invert sugar
(b) Native protein
(c) Nucleotide
Answer:
(a) On hydrolysis maltose gives two molecules of α-D-glucose.

(b) α-Helix structure of proteins is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between -NH group of each amino acid and -COOH group of amino acid at adjacent turn.

(c) Deficiency of Vitamin B₁₂ causes pernicious anaemia.
OR
(a) Invert sugar: It is a mixture of glucose and fructose obtained after hydrolysis of sucrose. Sucrose is dextrorotatory, but after hydrolysis gives a mixture of dextrorotatory glucose and levorotatory fructose which outweighs in magnitude and hence the whole mixture becomes levorotatory hence the mixture obtained is called invert sugar.
(b) Native protein: Protein found in a bio¬logical system with a unique three-dimensional structure and biological activity is called a native protein.
(c) Nucleotide: They are building blocks of DNA/RNA. These consist of a pentose sugar moiety attached to a nitrogenous base at V position and a phosphoric acid molecule at 5′ position.
Example:

Section – D

Question 25.
(a) The conductivity of 0.001 mol L^-1 acetic acid is 4.95 × 10^-5 S cm^-1. Calculate the dissociation constant if ∧⁰_m for acetic acid is 390.5 S cm² mol^-1.
(b) Write Nest equation for the reaction at 25°C:
2Al(s) + 3Cu²⁺ (aq) → 2 Al³⁺ (aq) + 3Cu (s) (c)
What are secondary batteries? Give an example. [5]
OR
(a) Represent the cell in which the following reaction takes place:
2Al (s) + 3 Ni²⁺ (0.1M) → 2Al³⁺ (0.01M) + 3 Ni (s)
Calculate its emf if E⁰_cell = 1.41 V.
(b) How does molar conductivity vary with increase in concentration for strong electrolyte and weak electrolyte? How can you obtain limiting molar conductivity (∧m0) for weak electrolyte?
Answer:
(a) Conductivity ∧_m of a solution is given by the following equation:
∧_m = ,
where k is dissociation constant and c is the concentration of the solution.
Here, given.
Conductivity, k = 4.95 × 10^-5 S cm^-1
Limiting molar conductivity,
∧⁰_m = 390.5 S cm² mol^-1
Concentration,
c = 0.001 mol L^-1 = 1 × 10^-3 mol L^-1
Substituting the given values in above equation
Molar conductivity,

(b) Nemst equation for the given reaction can be written as

(c) A secondary battery can be recharged after use, bypassing current through it in the opposite direction so that it can be used again.
Example: The most important secondary cell is lead storage cell. It consists of a lead anode and a grid of lead packed with lead dioxide as a cathode. A 38% solution of sulphuric acid is used as an electrolyte.
OR
(a) The cell can be represented as

(b) For strong electrolytes, the molar conductivity is increased only slightly on dilution. A strong electrolyte is completely dissociated in solution and thus, furnishes all ions for conductance. However, at higher concentrations, the dissociated ions are close to each other and thus, the interionic attractions are greater. These forces retard the motion of the ions and thus, conductivity is low. With a decrease in concentration (dilution), the ions move away from each other thereby feeling less attractive forces from the counterions. This results in an increase in molar conductivity with dilution. The molar conductivity approaches a maximum limiting value at infinite dilution designated as ∧m0.

In the case of weak electrolytes as the solution of a weak electrolyte is diluted, its ionization is increased. This results in more number of ions in solution and thus, there is an increase in molar conductivity, also there is a large increase in the value of molar conductivity with dilution, especially near-infinite dilution. However, the conductance of a weak electrolyte never approaches a limiting value. Or in other words, it is not possible to find conductance at infinite dilution (zero concentration).
So, limiting molar conductivity for weak electrolytes are obtained by using Kohlrausch law, from the limiting molar conductivities of individual ions (λ0).

Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions states that limiting molar conductivity of an electrolyte can be represented as the sum of the individual contributions of the anion and the cation of the electrolyte.
∧_m⁰ = λ⁰⁺ + λ⁰

Question 26.
(a) Give the equation of the following reactions:
(i) Phenol is treated with cone. HNO₃.
(ii) Propene is treated with B₂H₆ followed by H₂O₂/OH-.
(iii) Sodium t-butoxide is treated with CH₃Cl.
(b) How will you distinguish between butane-l-ol and butane-2-ol?
(c) Arrange the following in increasing order of acidity: Phenol, ethanol, water [5]
OR
(a) How can you obtain Phenol from (i) Cumene, (ii) Benzene sulphonic acid, (iii) Benzene diazonium chloride?
(b) Write the structure of the major product obtained from the denitration of 3-methyl phenol.
(c) Write the reaction involved in Kolbe’s reaction.
Answer:
(a) (i) Phenol is treated with conc. HNO3 to obtain 2,4,6-trinitrophenol picric acid.

(ii) Propene undergoes hydroboration-oxidation when treated with B₂H₆ followed by hydrogen peroxide in basic medium to give propan-1-ol.

(iii) Methyl tert-butyl ether is produced when sodium tert-butoxide is treated with methyl chloride.

(b) Butan-l-ol and Butan-2-ol can be distinguished using Lucas reagent (ZnCl²⁺HCl), where butan-2-ol would react with Lucas reagent in around 5 minutes to give a white precipitate of 2-chlorobutane, whereas butan-l-ol won’t give any reaction at room temperature.
(c) Increasing order of acidity can be given as Ethanol < water < phenol
OR
(a) (i) Phenol from cumene

(ii) Phenol from benzene sulphonic acid

(iii) Phenol from benzene diazonium chloride

(b) The combined influence of -OH and -CH₃ groups determine the position of the entering groups, also the sterically hindered positions are not substituted.

(c) In Kolbe’s reaction phenol is reacted with CO₂ in the presence of sodium hydroxide, followed by acidification, to give a carboxylic acid group on 2-position of phenol-

Question 27.
(a) Account for the following:
(i) The tendency to show – 3 oxidation state decreases from N to Bi in group 15.
(ii) Acidic character increases from H₂O to H₂Te.
(iii) F₂ is more reactive than CIF₃, whereas ClF₃ is more reactive than Cl₂.
(b) Draw the structure of (i) XeF₂ (ii) H₄P₂O₇. [5]
OR
(a) Give one example to show the anomalous reaction of fluorine.
(b) What is the structural difference between white phosphorous and red phosphorous?
(c) What happens when XeF₆ reacts with NaF?
(d) Why is H₂S a better reducing agent than H₂O?
(e) Arrange the following acids in the increasing order of their acidic character: HF, HCl, HBr and HI
Answer:
(a) (ii) Acidic character increases from H₂O to H₂Te due to decrease in E—H bond dissociation enthalpy down the group. Thus it becomes easy to lose proton going down the group.
(iii) F₂ is more reactive than ClF₃ because of the small size of fluorine atom F—F bond, bond dissociation enthalpy is low (thus is reactive).
Whereas ClF₃ is more reactive than Cl₂ because ClF₃ is an interhalogen compound with weak Cl—F bond (compared to Cl—Cl bond) due to the difference in atomic sizes (hence ineffective overlap of orbitals).
(b) (i) Structure of XeF₂ is linear.

(ii) Structure of H₄P₂O₇:

OR
(a) Fluorine reacts with cold sodium hydroxide solution to give OF₂.
2F₂ (g) + 2NaOH (aq) → 2NaF (aq) + OF₂ (g) + H₂O(l)
(c) XeFg reacts with NaF as follows:
XeF₆ + NaF → Na⁺[XeF₇]^–
(d) Ability to reduce is judged by ease with which an atom can donate its electrons to the species which is getting reduced. Now, the size of oxygen atom in H₂O is smaller than that of Sulphur atom in H₂S, due to which the lone pair of electrons on oxygen are more attracted by the oxygen nucleus, making it difficult to donate the electrons (by oxygen compared to Sulphur, while in H₂S the influence of the nucleus is less on lone pair of electrons of sulphur and hence, it can give away its electrons, easily compared to oxygen, and thus acts as a better reducing agent.
(e) The increasing order of acidic character can be written as
HF < HCl < HBr < HI

CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12 Chemistry 2019 Outside Delhi Set II

Note: Except for the following questions all the remaining questions have been asked in the previous set.

Section – A

Question 2.
Arrange the following in increasing order of pKb values:
C₆H₅CH₂NH₂, C₆H₅NHCH₃, C₆H₆NH₂ [1]
Answer:
These can be arranged in increasing order of pKb values as follows:
C₆H₅CH₂NH₂ < C₆H₅NHCH₃ < C₆H₅NH₂

Question 3.
What type of colloid is formed when a liquid is dispersed in a solid? Give an example. [1]
Answer:
When a liquid is dispersed in a solid, a ‘gel’ is formed.
Example: Butter.

Question 4.
Out of chlorobenzene and p-nitrochloro-benzene, which one is more reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reaction and why? [1]
Answer:
p-Nitro chlorobenzene would be more reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reaction compared to chlorobenzene. In chlorobenzene the carbon bearing the halogen is a part of the aromatic ring and is electron-rich due to the electron density in the ring so, it does not attract the nucleophile. The -NO₂ substitution lessens the electron density on the benzene ring due to its electron-withdrawing nature, making the electron density on ringless compared to chlorobenzene, hence p-nitro chlorobenzene attracts nucleophiles better.

Section – B

Question 7.
Give reasons:
(a) A decrease in temperature is observed in mixing ethanol and acetone.
(b) Potassium chloride solution freezes at a lower temperature than water. [2]
Answer:
(a) Upon mixing molecules of ethanol and acetone have strong intermolecular attractions due to which heat is evolved from the reaction system and hence cooling of mixture is observed.

(b) Potassium chloride solution is a solution of non-volatile solute KCl and water solution. We know that, at the freezing point of a substance, the solid phase (here ice) is in dynamic equilibrium with the liquid phase. A solution freezes when its vapour pressure equals the vapour pressure of the pure solid solvent. Now, according to Raoult’s law when a non-volatile solid is added to the solvent (in this case it is KCl), its vapour pressure decreases and now it would become equal to that of solid solvent at a lower temperature. Thus, the freezing point of the solvent decreases.

Question 10.
Define the following terms with a suitable example of each: [2]
(a) Chelate complex
(b) Ambidentate ligand
OR
Using IUPAC norms, write the formulae for the following complexes:
(a) Tetraamminediaquacobalt (III) chloride
(b) Dibromidobis (ethane-1,2-diamine) platinum (IV) nitrate
Answer:
(a) Chelate complex: Chelate complexes are coordination or complex compound consisting of a central metal atom attached to a large molecule, called a ligand, in a cyclic or ring structure. The ligands are bi or polydentate i.e., they can attach to metal atom through two or more than two binding sites. An example of a chelate ring occurs in the ethylenediamine-nickel complex.

(b) Ambidentate ligand: Ligands which can ligate (attach to the metal atom) through two different atoms is called ambidentate ligand. One example of such ligand is NO^–₂, this can bind through both the atoms, nitrogen and oxygen.

OR
IUPAC names
(a) Tetramminediaquacobalt(III)chloride- [Co(NH₃)₄(H₂O)₂]Cl₃
(b) Dibromidobis(ethane-1,2-diamine) platinum(IV) nitrate -[PtBr₂(en)₂](NO₃)₂

Question 11.
(a) Using valence bond theory, write the hybridisation and magnetic character of the complex [Fe(CN)₆]^4-. (Atomic no. of Fe = 26)
(b) Write the electronic configuration of d6 on the basis of field theory when
(i) ∆₀ < P and (ii) ∆₀ > P [2]
Answer:
(a) [Fe(CN)₆]^4- is a low spin or inner orbital complex as CN^– is a strong field ligand.
Hybridisation Scheme

Section – C

Question 13.
(a) Write the dispersed phase and dispersion medium of milk.
(b) Why is adsorption exothermic in nature?
(c) Write Freundlich adsorption isotherm for gases at high pressure. [3]
Answer:
(a) Dispersed phase of milk is liquid and the dispersion medium of milk is liquid.
(b) During the process of adsorption molecules of adsorbate and adsorbent come closer to form physical or chemical bonds hence getting stabilized, in this process heat is evolved leading the overall process to be exothermic.
(c) Freundlich adsorption isotherm for gases at high pressure.
It is an empirical relationship between the quantity of gas adsorbed by a unit mass of solid adsorbent and pressure at a particular temperature:
x/m = kp^1/n(n > 1)
Where x is the mass of the gas adsorbed on mass m of the adsorbent at pressure p, k and n are constants which depend on the nature of the adsorbent and the gas at a particular temperature.
The relationship is generally represented in the form of a curve x/m is plotted against the pressure. This curve always approaches saturation towards high pressure, thus indicating that at adsorption through increases with increase in pressure till a limit and at high pressures, no further adsorption is observed.

Question 15.
Write the name and principle of the method used for refining of (a) Tin, (b) Copper, (c) Nickel. [3]
Answer:
(a) Tin: It is refined through liquation. In this method, a low melting metal like tin is made to flow on a sloping surface, where the higher melting impurities are left behind and the lower melting metal is collected at the sloping end.
(b) Copper: It is refined through electrolytic refining. Anode is made of impure copper and pure copper stripes are taken as the cathode. They are dipped in acidified solution of copper sulphate, as an electrolyte. The net result of electrolysis is the transfer of copper in pure form from the anode to the cathode and the impurities get deposited as anode mud.
(c) Nickel: It is refined through Mond’s process. In this process, Nickel is heated in a stream of carbon monoxide forming a volatile complex, nickel tetracarbonyl.

The carbonyl is subjected to a higher temperature so that it is decomposed giving the pure metal.

Question 16.
Give a reason for the following:
(a) Transition metals show variable oxidation states.
(b) E⁰ value of (Zn²⁺/Zn) is negative while that of (Cu²⁺/Cu) is positive.
(c) Higher oxidation state of Mn with fluorine is +4 whereas with oxygen is +7. [3]
Answer:
(a) Transition metals show variable oxidation states because their d-orbitals are incompletely filled and different arrangements of electrons are possible according to the chemical environment of metal ion hence, the ions can occupy variable oxidation states.
(b) E° value for Zn/Zn²⁺ is negative because the conversion of Zn to Zn²⁺ gives it a completely filled d⁵ configuration and extra stability gained by Zn²⁺. Whereas conversion of Cu to Cu²⁺ does not give any extra stability, hence it has a positive E⁰ value.
(c) Mn has the highest oxidation state of +4 with fluorine but with oxygen, it is +7. This is due to the ability of oxygen to form multiple bonds with the metal ion, whereas fluorine being of small size and devoid of d-orbitals can’t form multiple bonds.

Question 19.
Write the structures of monomers used for getting the following polymers:
(a) Nylon-6, 6
(b) Bakelite
(c) Buna-S [3]
OR
(a) Write one example each of:
(i) Thermoplastic polymer
(ii) Elastomers
(b) Arrange the following polymers in the increasing order of their intermolecular forces:
Polythene, Nylon-6, 6, Buna-S
(c) Which factor provides crystalline nature to a polymer like Nylon?
Answer:
(a) Monomers of Nylon-6,6 are adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine.

(b) Monomers of bakelite are phenol and formaldehyde:

(c) Monomers of Buna-S are 1,3-Butadiene and Styrene

OR
(a) (i) Example of thermoplastic polymer – polythene, polystyrene.
(ii) Example of elastomer – Neoprene.
(b) In increasing order of their intermolecular force, they can be arranged as:
Buna-S < Polythene < Nylon-6,6
(c) Strong intermolecular forces between the polymer molecules, such as hydrogen bonding lead to closed packed structure, thus imparting crystalline nature to the polymers.

CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12 Chemistry 2019 Outside Delhi Set III

Note: Except for the following questions all the remaining questions have been asked in the previous set.

Section – A

Question 1.
Out of Chlorobenzene and Cyclohexyl chloride, which one is more reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reaction and why? [1]
Answer:
Cyclohexyl chloride is more reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reaction because the carbon bearing the chlorine atom is deficient in electron and seeks a nucleophile. In Chlorobenzene the carbon bearing the halogen is a part of an aromatic ring and is electron-rich due to the electron density in the ring.

Question 2.
Arrange the following in decreasing order of solubility in water:
(C₂H₅)₂NH, C₂H₅NH₂, C₆H₅NH₂ [1]
Answer:
Decreasing order of solubility in water is:
C₂H₅NH₂ > (C₂H₅)₂NH₂ > C₆H₅NH₂

Question 3.
What type of colloid is formed when a solid is dispersed in a gas? Give an example. [1]
Answer:
An aerosol is the type of colloid formed when solid is dispersed in gas.
Example: smoke and dust.

Question 5.
What is the difference between amylose and amylopectin? [1]
OR
Write the products obtained after hydrolysis of lactose.
Answer:
Amylose is a long linear chain of α-D-(+)-glucose units joined by C₁-C₄ glycosidic linkage (α-link), whereas Amylopectin is a branched-chain polymer of α-D-glucose units, in which the chain is formed by C₁-C₄ glycosidic linkage and the branching occurs by C₁-C₆ glycosidic linkage.
OR
Galactose and Glucose are the products obtained after hydrolysis of lactose.

Section – B

Question 7.
Give reasons:
(a) An increase in temperature is observed on mixing chloroform and acetone.
(b) Aquatic animals are more comfortable in cold water than in warm water. [2]
Answer:
(a) A mixture of chloroform and acetone forms a solution with a negative deviation from Raoult’s law. This is because chloroform molecule is able to form a hydrogen bond with acetone molecule as shown by the following figure:

This decreases the escaping tendency of molecules for each component, and consequently, the vapour pressure decreases and the temperature of the solution is increased because of stability attained by the molecule by associating and releasing energy.
(b) The solubility of gases in liquids increases on decreasing temperature, hence cold water has more dissolved oxygen because of which aquatic species find themselves more comfortable in cold water as compared to hot water.

Question 10.
Define the following terms with a suitable example of each: [2]
(a) Polydentate ligand
(b) Homoleptic complex
OR
Using IUPAC norms, write the formulae for the following complexes:
(a) Potassium tri (oxalato) chromate (III)
(b) Hexaaquamanganese (II) sulphate.
Answer:
(a) Polydentate ligands: Ligands with several donor atoms are called polydentate ligands. These can bond with the metal ion in a complex with the different donor atoms present in them.
Example: N(CH₂CH₂NH₂)₃.
(b) Homoleptic complex: Complexes in which a metal atom is bound to only one kind of donor groups, e.g., [Co(NH₃)₆]²⁺ are known as homoleptic complex.
OR
(a) K₃[Cr(C₂O₄)₃]
(b) [Mn (H₂O)₆] SO₄

Question 12.
Write structures of main compounds A and B in each of the following reactions: [2]

Answer:

Section – C

Question 14.
(a) Write the dispersed phase and dispersion medium of butter.
(b) Why does physisorption decrease with increase in temperature?
(c) A colloidal sol is prepared by the method given in the figure. What is the charge on AgI colloidal particles formed in the test tube? How is this sol represented? [3]

Answer:
(a) Butter is an example of ‘Gel’ type of colloid. Here the dispersed phase is liquid and dispersion medium is solid.
(b) Physisorption occurs because of physical attractive forces, like Vander Waals forces between molecules of adsorbate and adsorbent, hence that can be reversed on the application of bigger forces. Hence, when the temperature is increased, the movement of adsorbed molecules increases, resulting in disturbed attractive forces, detachment of adsorbed molecules from the adsorbent surface hence physisorption decreases.
(c) When the AgNO₃ solution is added to KI, silver iodide, AgI, is precipitated. The precipitated silver iodide adsorbs iodide ions from dispersion medium and negatively charged colloidal sol results. It can be shown as AgI/I^– (negatively charged).

Question 17.
Write the principle of the following:
(a) Hydraulic washing
(b) Chromatography
(c) Froth-floatation process [3]
Answer:
(a) Hydraulic washing: This method of concentration of ores is based on the differences in gravities of the ore and the gangue particles. It is a type of gravity separation. An upward stream of running water is used to wash the powdered ore. The lighter gangue particles are washed away and the heavier ores are left behind.

(b) Chromatography: Chromatography is a physical method of separation of a mixture in which the components to be separated are distributed between two phases, stationary and mobile phase. The stationary phase may be a solid or a liquid supported on a solid or a gel. The mobile phase may be either a liquid or a gas.

(c) Froth floatation process: Froth floatation is a physicochemical method of concentrating fine minerals. This process utilizes the difference in surface properties of valuable mineral and gangue (impurity) particles. For example, removal of gangue from sulphide ores.

Question 18.
Give reasons for the following:
(a) Transition metals have high enthalpies of atomization.
(b) Manganese has a lower melting point even though it has a higher number of unpaired electrons for bonding.
(c) Ce⁴⁺ is a strong oxidising agent. [3]
Answer:
(a) Transition element has high effective nuclear charge and a large number of valence electrons ((n-1) d electrons). So, as a result of the greater number of electrons participating, very strong metallic bonds are formed. As a result of the strong inter-atomic metallic bonding, the transition metals have high enthalpies of atomization.
(b) Manganese has a lower melting point even though it has a higher number of impaired electrons for bonding. Melting point depends on the intermolecular or interatomic forces. Stronger the forces, higher the melting point. In Mn there is half-filled 3d subshell (3d⁵ configuration) which makes it stable and hence, it does not make additional covalent bonds with nearby atoms hence, it has less melting point.
(c) Ce⁴⁺ is a strong oxidising agent because Ce⁴⁺ oxidizes others and itself gets reduced to the common and preferred 3+ oxidation state of lanthanoid elements.

Question 19.
Write the structures of monomers used for getting the following polymers:
(a) Novolac
(b) Neoprene
(c) Buna-S [3]
OR
(a) Write on example each of
(i) Cross-linked polymer
(ii) Natural polymer
(b) Arrange the following in the increasing order of their intermolecular forces:
Terylene, Buna-N, Polystyrene
(c) Define biodegradable polymers with an example.
Answer:
(a) Novolac is the polymer of 2-hydroxymethyl phenol which is obtained by reaction of phenol and formaldehyde.



(b) Increasing order of their molecular forces:
Buna-N < Polystyrene < Terylene
(c) Biodegradable polymer: These are synthetic polymers designed so as to contain functional groups similar to ones present in biopolymers. These are thus easily degraded by environmental degradation process hence, known as Biodegradable polymers.
Example: Poly (β-hydroxybutyrate-co-β-hydroxy valerate (PHBV).

Question 23.
(a) Write the product when D-glucose reacts with Br₂ (aq). [3]
Answer:
(a) When D-glucose reacts with Bromine (aq.) gluconic acid is formed.

CBSE Previous Year Question Papers

The post CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12 Chemistry 2019 Outside Delhi appeared first on Learn CBSE.

NTSE Meghalaya 2019-20: The Directorate of Educational Research and Training (DERT) conduct NTSE Stage 1 on 2nd November. The NTSE Meghalaya application form will be released in the last week of July 2019. Students studying in class X can apply for NTSE Meghalaya until September 2019. The NTSE Meghalaya students can collect the admit card from the school in the last week of October 2019. The NTSE Meghalaya qualified students will be invited to appear for the NTSE stage 2 exam.

NCERT conducts NTSE to help the talented students both academically and economically. That’s why NCERT offers scholarships to only the deserving candidates till the doctorate level of their academics. Candidates should read the complete article to know more information about NTSE Meghalaya. Information including exam dates, the application process, eligibility, pattern, and syllabus, etc.

NTSE Meghalaya Exam Dates

State-level National Talent Search Exam

NTSE Meghalaya Eligibility Criteria

Students must check the following conditions of eligibility to appear for NTSE Meghalaya.

• Candidates studying in class X from any recognized or top schools of the state.
• Open schooling or distance learning candidates whose age is below 18 years.
• Reserved category students should obtain at least 55% marks in class IX.
• General category students should obtain at least 60% marks in class IX.
• Meghalaya students who are studying in class X in the academic year of 2019-20.
• Age limit for NTSE Meghalaya students must be below 18 years as on 1st July 2019.
• Candidates who are employed in any job are not eligible.
• NMMS Scholarship holders could also be eligible for NTSE Meghalaya.

NTSE Meghalaya Application Form

Students can collect an application form from the school authorities. They can also get it from the state liaison officer. NTSE Meghalaya application form will be released in the last week of July 2019. Meghalaya students can fill and submit the application form until September 2019. The following are the important points to apply for the NTSE Meghalaya 2019-20.

• Visit the official website www.megeducation.gov.in to download the application form.
• Enter the required details correctly to avoid rejection by the exam authorities.
• Recheck the filled form thoroughly to avoid rejection without any prior notice.
• Candidates must keep ready their required documents including two passport size photos and mark sheet copies of class IX.
• Reserved candidates should submit a photocopy of their Caste Certificates if required.
• Physically Challenged candidates should submit a photocopy of their Disability Certificates if required.
• Open schooling or distance learning students could submit it directly to the DSEO.
• Submit the filled application form along with the required documents to the Principal.
• From your school, it will be forwarded to the DSEO of Meghalaya on or before the due date.

NTSE Meghalaya Application Fee

No application fee will be charged from the applicants to appear for the NTSE Meghalaya Stage 1.

NTSE Meghalaya Admit Card

Students can collect the admit card from the school authorities before the exam. Admit card contains the candidate and exam center details. Bringing a mobile phone, calculator or mathematical instruments in the exam is strictly prohibited. Admit card is one of the most important documents for entering into the examination hall. Without bringing the admit card candidates will not be allowed to sit in the exam.

NTSE Meghalaya Question Pattern

NTSE Meghalaya is conducted annually with a fixed pattern each year. Candidates have to attempt two papers i.e, the Mental Ability Test (MAT) and Scholastic Ability Test (SAT). Each paper contains 100 multiple-choice questions. Refer to the table below to know the details of the exam pattern for NTSE Meghalaya.

• There is no negative marking for wrong answers but each right answer carries 1 mark.
• The questions will be asked from the syllabus of class IX and X in the exam.
• MAT checks the candidate’s ability to solve verbal and non-verbal reasoning.
• MAT contains 100 multiple choice questions with a duration of 120 minutes.
• SAT checks the candidate’s subject-wise knowledge and problem-solving skills.
•  SAT contains 100 multiple choice questions with a duration of 120 minutes.

NTSE Meghalaya Answer Key

The official answer keys will not be released by DERT, Meghalaya. Some coaching institutions will release the answer keys after some days of the exam. So, candidates can check their answer keys from the coaching institutions websites. The following points are given to know the information about the NTSE Stage 1 answer keys:

1. The answer keys consists of all the answers to every question asked in each paper.
2. The answer keys must be checked to calculate the expected scores and get an idea of eligibility for NTSE Stage 2.
3. The correct marking approach should be followed by the candidate.
4. The answer keys help the candidates to determine their performance in the exam.

NTSE Meghalaya Exam Result

NTSE Meghalaya result will be released online in the first week of February 2020. DERT will declare the result as a merit list of shortlisted candidates for the NTSE stage 2 to be held on May 2020. The following points contain some information about the NTSE Meghalaya exam results:

• Visit the official website of DERT, Meghalaya to check the result.
• Click on the result link and enter your roll number and date of birth to download the result.
• In result, students can check their name, roll number, date of birth and marks obtained in MAT & SAT papers.
• Students can keep a printed copy of the result sheet for future reference.

Details Mentioned on NTSE Meghalaya Exam Result

Students can check the result on the official website of DERT, Meghalaya. The NTSE Meghalaya result sheet contains the following information of the selected candidates.

• Name, Address & Roll number of the student
• Students Gender, Caste, Disability Status & Date of Birth
• Rank & Total marks of the students
• MAT & SAT Scores

NTSE Meghalaya Stage 1 Qualifying Scores

Qualifying scores means the minimum scores students need to get selected for the NTSE stage 2 exam. NTSE Meghalaya qualifying scores will be announced along with the result by DERT on February 2020. The below mentioned are the various factors of qualifying scores

• Highest marks obtained by students
• Lowest marks obtained by students
• Total number of students from each category
• Previous year’s qualifying marks
• The difficulty level of the exam pattern

The following table shows the qualifying percentage for NTSE Meghalaya category candidates

NTSE Meghalaya Reservation Criteria

Total 50 scholarships are reserved for Meghalaya state. These scholarships will be awarded as per the reservation percentages are given below:

NTSE Meghalaya Syllabus

The NTSE Meghalaya has no specific syllabus. That’s why candidates can prepare from various topics of class IX and X syllabus which will be asked in the exam. The below-mentioned table shows some important topics for NTSE Meghalaya 2019-20.

NTSE Scholarships

Meghalaya candidates have to qualify in both the stages of NTSE. Then only they can be benefited by the number of scholarships every month. NCERT offers approximately 2000 scholarships to the deserving candidates of NTSE.

For any information/queries, leave your queries in the comment section to get in touch with you. Hope this NTSE Meghalaya 2019-20 article will be helpful to you.

The post NTSE Meghalaya 2019-20 for Class X | Admit Card, Exam Dates, Application and Answer Keys appeared first on Learn CBSE.

NTSE Himachal Pradesh 2019-20: The State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT), Solan (Himachal Pradesh) has released the notification for Himachal Pradesh Talent Search Examination (HPTSE / NTSE)  2019-20. Students studying in class X can appear for the HPTSE to be held on 3rd November 2019 at different exam centers in HP. Shortlisted students will be able to submit the online application form from 8th August till 7th September 2019. The NTSE Himachal Pradesh admit card will be released online by SCERT in the fourth week of October 2019. Shortlisted students of HP has to first clear the first level of NTSE which is HPTSE. Then only qualified students in the HPTSE will be invited to appear for NTSE stage 2 to be held on May 10, 2020.

NCERT organizes NTSE to identify and help the young talents in India to be benefited academically as well as economically. That’s why the NTSE stage 2 qualified candidates will be awarded scholarships by NCERT till the doctorate level of their academics. Students should fully read the article below to know information about HPTSE. Information such as important dates, admit card, eligibility, pattern, and syllabus, etc.

NTSE Himachal Pradesh Important Dates

State-level National Talent Search Exam

NTSE Himachal Pradesh Eligibility Criteria

The following are the eligibility criteria for the students to appear in the HPTSE.

• General category candidates must have secured at least 60% marks in Class IX to appear the exam.
• Reserved category candidates must have secured at least 55% marks in Class IX to appear the exam.
• All class X students of Himachal Pradesh in the academic year of 2019-20 are eligible.
• Age limit for HPTSE must be less than 18 years as on 1st July 2019.
• Candidates who are employed in any part-time or salaried or stipend jobs are not eligible.
• Candidates who are studying in HP Government, CBSE, ICSE or Top schools are eligible.
• Open schooling or distance learning candidates within the age limit are also eligible.
• Candidates who are getting scholarships from any other source will be canceled to get NTSE scholarship for that period.
• Class X students studying abroad will be allowed to directly appear for the NTSE Stage 2 as per NCERT norms.

NTSE Himachal Pradesh Application Form

NTSE Himachal Pradesh application form will be released online on 8th August 2019. Candidates can fill and submit the application form on or before 7th September 2019. HPTSE application form can be downloaded from the official website of SCERT, HP. Otherwise, you can also get it from the State Liaison Officer. The below-mentioned information indicates how to apply for NTSE Himachal Pradesh 2019-20.

• Go to the official website himachal.nic.in to download the application form.
• After filling the form, make sure that it will be attested by the school Principal.
• It is recommended to fill all the required information correctly to avoid rejection.
• Candidates can affix their recent photograph along with the signature in the application form.
• Reserved candidates must attach the caste certificates with their application form.
• Physically Challenged candidates must attach their disability certificates along with it.
• Submit the application along with the required documents at the Principal’s office.
• Then the school authority will send it to the state liaison officer.

NTSE Himachal Pradesh Application Fee

Candidates need to pay the below-mentioned application fee to apply for the HPTSE. The application fee can be paid online by debit card, credit card or internet banking. Once it is paid successfully, it will not be refunded.

NTSE Himachal Pradesh Admit Card

HPTSE admit card will be released by SCERT in the fourth week of October 2019. The following points contain detailed information about downloading the admit card.

• The admit card can be downloaded from the official website of SCERT, Himachal Pradesh.
• Go to the official website of SCERT and click on download admit card.
• Application number and date of birth of the candidate should be entered.
• Then download and keep a printed copy of the admit card.
• Make sure to bring the admit card in to the examination hall.
• Otherwise, you will not be allowed to enter into the examination hall in any situation.
• The HPTSE admit card contains the candidate and examination center details.

NTSE/HPTSE Question Pattern

The NTSE Himachal Pradesh contains two types of question papers.  One is the Mental Ability Test (MAT) and the other one is the Scholastic Ability Test (SAT). The HPTSE will be held only in English using and pen and paper. The following table shows the complete details on exam pattern for HPTSE Stage 1.

• 1 mark will be given to each correct answer and no negative marking for incorrect answers.
• MAT evaluates the candidate’s ability in reasoning, imagining, judging, and thinking.
• MAT questions test the candidates series, analogies, logical reasoning, and problem-solving skills.
• MAT consists of 100 questions with 120 minutes of time.
• SAT evaluates the candidate’s knowledge based on each subject of their academics.
•  SAT consists of 100 questions with 120 minutes of time.
• Class IX and X syllabus questions will be asked in the exam.

NTSE Himachal Pradesh Answer Key

The answer key for the NTSE Himachal Pradesh will be released by SCERT in November. The official answer key will be released after some days of the exam. Some coaching institutions also release the answer keys after some days of the exam. The answer key contains the correct answers to all the questions asked in each paper. Candidates must check the answer keys to evaluate the expected scores and get an idea of their eligibility for NTSE Stage 2. The following points are given to check the NTSE Himachal Pradesh answer keys:

1. Click on the answer key link appeared on the official website of SCERT, Himachal Pradesh.
2. Download and save the answer keys to compare with previous year’s cut-off marks.
3. The accurate marking approach should be followed by the candidate.
4. Answer keys can be reviewed based on some significant proofs if required.
5. The final review answer key will be published on the official website of SCERT, HP.

NTSE Himachal Pradesh Exam Result

NTSE Himachal Pradesh result will be declared by SCERT in the first week of February 2020. The exam result contains the marks secured in SAT, MAT and some basic details of each candidate. The exam results will be released in the form of merit list of qualified candidates for NTSE stage 2. Candidates can check the following steps to know the NTSE HP exam results:

• Visit the official website of SCERT, Himachal Pradesh to check the results.
• Click on the result link appeared on the homepage of the portal.
• Enter your roll number and date of birth to download the result list.
• Keep a printed copy of the result list for future reference.

Details Mentioned on NTSE Himachal Pradesh Exam Result

Himachal Pradesh candidates can check the merit list on the official website of SCERT, HP. The merit list contains the below-mentioned information of the qualified candidates.

• Candidates Name, Roll Number and School
• Marks obtained in MAT & SAT
• Caste category, gender, date of birth and disability status of the candidate

NTSE Himachal Pradesh Cut-Off

The cut-off score is the minimum score the HP candidate required to get selected for the stage 2 exam. HPTSE cut-off scores will be declared along with the result by SCERT, HP in the first week of February 2020. Cut-off scores depend on various factors as given below:

• Number of candidates in each category
• Maximum marks obtained by the candidate
• Minimum marks obtained by the candidate
• The difficulty level of the exam
• Previous year’s cut-off

The table below shows the previous year’s cut-off marks for HPTSE category candidates

The following table shows the qualifying percentage for NTSE Himachal Pradesh category candidates

NTSE Himachal Pradesh Reservation Criteria

Total 51 scholarships are reserved for Himachal Pradesh. These will be awarded as per the reservation percentages are given below:

NTSE Himachal Pradesh Syllabus

There is no specific syllabus for the NTSE Himachal Pradesh. That’s why HP candidates must prepare from the topics of class IX and X syllabus to get selected in the exam. The below-mentioned table contains important topics for NTSE Himachal Pradesh.

NTSE Scholarships 2019-20

Himachal Pradesh Candidates who cleared both the stages of NTSE will get the scholarships to amount every month. NCERT declared to distribute approximately 2000 Scholarships to the deserving candidates of NTSE.

Hope this article will help you to get more information about NTSE HP (HPTSE) 2019-20. If you have any queries regarding HPTSE, you can leave your queries in the comment box to get in touch with us.

The post NTSE Himachal Pradesh 2019-20 for Class X | Exam Dates, Admit Card, Pattern and Syllabus appeared first on Learn CBSE.

Important Questions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 10 Wave Optics Class 12 Important Questions

Wave Optics Class 12 Important Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
How does the fringe width of interference fringes change, when the whole apparatus of Young’s experiment is kept in a liquid of refractive index 1.3? (Delhi 2008)
Answer:

Fringe width becomes yL times of its initial value.

Question 2.
How does the angular separation of interference fringes change in Young’s experiment, if the distance between the slits is increased? (Delhi 2008)
Answer:

When separation between two slits is increased, angular separation decreases.

Question 3.
State the reason, why two independent sources of light cannot be considered as coherent sources. (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
Two independent sources of light cannot be coherent. This is because light is emitted by individual atoms, when they return to ground state. Even the smallest source of light contains billions of atoms which obviously cannot emit light waves in the same phase.

Question 4.
How does the angle of minimum deviation of a glass prism vary, if the incident violet light is replaced with red light? (All India 2008)
Answer:

When incident violet light is replaced with red light, the angle of minimum deviation of a glass decreases.

Question 5.
If the angle between the pass axis of polarizer and the analyser is 45°, write the ratio of the intensities of original light and the transmitted light after passing through the analyser. (Delhi 2008)
Answer:

Question 6.
What type of wavefront will emerge from a
(i) point source, and
(ii) distant light source? (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
(i) Point source – Spherical wavefront
(ii) Distant light source – Plane wavefront.

Question 7.
Unpolarized light is incident on a plane surface of glass of refractive index µ at angle i. If the reflected light gets totally polarized, write the relation between the angle i and refractive index µ. (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
µ = tan i_p.

Question 8.
Draw a diagram to show refraction of a plane wave front incident in a convex lens and hence draw the refracted wave front. (Delhi 2008)
Answer:

Question 9.
At what angle of incidence should a light beam strike a glass slab of refractive index , such that the reflected and the refracted rays are perpendicular to each other? (Delhi 2008)
Answer:

Question 10.
Differentiate between a ray and a wave front. (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
Ray defines the path of light.
Wave front is the locus of points in the light wave’ having the same phase of oscillation at any instant.

Question 11.
How would the angular separation of interference fringes in Young’s double slit experiment change when the distance between the slits and screen is doubled? (All India 2008)
Answer:
Angular separation and is independent of slit-screen separation
∴ There will be no change

Question 12.
How does the angular separation between fringes in single-slit diffraction experiment change when the distance of separation between the slit and screen is doubled? (All India 2012)
Answer:

When the distance D of seperation between the slits and the screen is doubled, the angular seperation θ remains unchanged.

Question 13.
In a single-slit diffraction experiment, the width of the slit is made double the original width. How does this affect the size and intensity of the central diffraction band. (All India 2012)
Answer:
If the width of the diffraction slit is doubled, the size of the central diffraction band will become half and its intensity will become four times of its original value.

Question 14.
How does the fringe width, in Young’s double-slit experiment, change when the distance of separation between the slits and screen is doubled? (All India 2012)
Answer:
If the distance between slits and screen (D) is doubled, the fringe width in double slit

Question 15.
In what way is plane polarized light different from an unpolarized light? (Comptt. All India 2012)
Answer:
In case of polarized light, the directions of electric field vector are restricted to only a particular / plane whereas in an unpolarized light the direction of is in all possible directions in a plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation.

Question 16.
In a single slit diffraction experiment, the width of the slit is reduced to half its original width. How would this affect the size and intensity of the central maximum? (Comptt. Delhi 2012)
Answer:

Question 17.
Which of the following waves can be polarized
(i) Heat waves
(ii) Sound waves? Give reason to support your answer. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
Heat waves can be polarized as they are transverse in nature.

Question 18.
Define the term ‘coherent sources’ which are required to produce interference pattern in Young’s double slit experiment. (Comptt. Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Two monochromatic sources, which produce light waves, having a constant phase difference are defined as coherent sources.

Question 19.
Define the term ‘wavefront’.(Comptt. All India 2013)
Answer:
The wavefront is defined as the locus of all particles of a medium, which are vibrating in the same phase.

Question 20.
Draw the shape of the wavefront coming out of a convex lens when a plane wave is incident on it. (Comptt. All India 2013)
Answer:

Question 21.
Draw the shape of the wavefront coming out of a concave mirror when a plane wave is incident on it. (Comptt. All India 2013)
Answer:

Question 22.
Why does Sun appear red at sunrise and sunset? (All India 2016)
Answer:
It is due to least scattering of red light as it has the longest wavelength.
[As per Rayleigh’s scattering, the amount of light

Question 23.
A beam of unpolarised light is incident, on the boundary between two transparent media, at an angle of incidence = i_B, the Brewester’s angle. At what angle does the reflected light get polarised? (Comptt. All India 2016)
Answer:
At an angle of incidence = iB, the reflected light gets polarised.

Wave Optics Class 12 Important Questions Short Answer Type SA-I

Question 24.
State one feature by which the phenomenon of interference can be distinguished from that of diffraction.
A parallel beam of light of wavelength 600 nm is incident normally on a slit of width ‘a’. If the distance between the slits and the screen is 0.8 m and the distance of 2^nd order maximum from the centre of the screen is. 15 mm, calculate the width of the slit. (All India 2008)
Answer:
(i) In interference all the maxima are of equal intensity.
In diffraction pattern central fringe is of maximum intensity while intensity of secondary maxima falls rapidly.

Question 25.
Define the term ‘linearly polarised light’. When does the intensity of transmitted light become maximum, when a polaroid sheet is rotated between two crossed polaroids? (All India 2008)
Answer:
Linearly polarised light is one in which the
vibration of light is present in one line only.

Intensity is maximum.

Question 26.
(i) State the principle on which the working of an optical fiber is based.
(ii) What are the necessary conditions for this phenomenon to occur? (All India 2009)
Answer:
(i) Working of an optical fibre is based on the principle of total internal reflection.
(ii) (a) Light should travel from a denser to rarer medium.
(b) Angle of incidence should be more than

Question 27.
(a) Why are coherent sources necessary to produce a sustained interference pattern?
(b) In Young’s double slit experiment using mono-chromatic light of wavelength X, the intensity of light at a point on the screen where path difference is X, is K units. Find out the intensity of light at a point where path difference is . (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
(a) Coherent sources have a constant phase difference and, therefore, produce a sustained interference pattern.
These sources are needed to ensure that the position of maxima and minima do not change with time.

Question 28.
State two conditions required for obtaining co-herent sources.
In Young’s arrangement to produce interference pattern, show that dark and bright fringes appearing on the screen are equally spaced. (Comptt. Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Two conditions for obtaining coherent sources: (0 Two sources should give monochromatic light.
(ii) Coherent sources of light should be obtained from a single source by some device.
The fringe width (dark and bright) is given by

Hence, it is same for both dark and bright fringes So they are equally spaced on the screen.

Question 29.
Laser light of wavelength 640 nm incident on a pair of slits produces an interference pattern in which the bright fringes are separated by 7.2 mm. Calculate the wavelength of another source of light which produces interference fringes separated by 8.1 mm using same arrangement. Also find the minimum value of the order ‘n’ of bright fringe of shorter wavelength which coincides with that of the longer wavelength. (Comptt. All India 2012)
Answer:
Distance between two bright fringes = Fringe width

Calculation of minimum value of order: for n to be minimum
(n + 1)^th maxima of shorter wavelength should coincide with n^th maxima of longer wavelength

Question 30.
Yellow light (λ = 6000Å) illuminates a single slit of width 1 x 10-4 m. Calculate
(i) the distance between the two dark lines on either side of the central maximum, when the diffraction pattern is viewed on a screen kept 1.5 m away from the slit;
(ii) the angular spread of the first diffraction minimum. (Comptt. All India 2012)
Answer:
(i) Distance between two dark lines, on either

(ii) Angular spread of the first diffraction minimum (on either side)

Question 31.
A parallel beam of light of 500 nm falls on a narrow slit and the resulting diffraction pattern is observed on a screen 1 m away. It is observed that the first minimum is at a distance of 2.5 mm from the centre of the screen. Calculate the width of the slit. (All India 2013)
Answer:

Question 32.
A parallel beam of light of 600 nm falls on a narrow slit and the resulting diffraction pattern is observed on a screen 1.2 m away. It is observed that the first minimum is at a distance of 3 mm from the centre of the screen. Calculate the width of the slit. (All India 2013)
Answer:

Question 33.
Write the distinguishing features between a diffraction pattern due to a single slit and the interference fringes produced in Young’s double slit experiment?
Answer:
Difference between interference and diffraction of light

Question 34.
Answer the following questions :
(i) In what way is diffraction from each slit related to the interference pattern in a double slit experiment?
(ii) When a tiny circular obstacle is placed in the path of light from a distance source, a bright spot is seen at the centre of the shadow of the obstacle. Explain, why. (Comptt. All India 2013)
Answer:
(i) Diffraction from each slit is related to interference pattern in a double slit experiment in the following ways :

• The intensity of minima for diffraction is never zero, while for interference it is generally zero.
• All bright fringes for diffraction are not of uniform intensity, while for interference, these are of uniform intensity

(ii) Waves from the distant source are diffracted by the edge of the circular obstacle and these diffracted waves interfere constructively at the centre of the obstacle’s shadow produc¬ing a bright spot.

Question 35.
(a) Write the conditions under which light sources can be said to be coherent.
(b) Why is it necessary to have coherent sources in order to produce an interference pattern? (Comptt. All India 2013)
Answer:
(a) Coherent sources of light. The sources of light, which emit continuously light waves of the same wavelength, same frequency and in same phase are called Coherent sources of light.
Interference pattern is not obtained. This is because phase difference between the light waves emitted from two different sodium lamps will change continuously.

(b) Conditions for interference. The important conditions for obtaining interference of light are :

1. The two sources of light must be coherent. i.e. they should exist continuous waves of same wavelength or frequency.
2. The two sources should be monochromatic.
3. The phase difference of waves from two sources should be constant.
4. The amplitude of waves from two sources should be equal.
5. The coherent sources must be very close to each other.

Question 36.
(i) Monochromatic light of frequency 6.0 × 10¹⁴ Hz is produced by a laser. The power emitted is 2.0 × 10^-3 W. Estimate the number of photons emitted per second on an average by the source.
(ii) Draw a plot showing the variation of photoelectric current versus the intensity of incident radiation on a given photosensitive surface. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:

Question 37.
For a single slit of width “a”, the first minimum of the interference pattern of a monochromatic light of wavelength λ occurs at an angle of .
At the same angle of , we get a maximum for a two narrow slits separated by a distance “a”. Explain (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
For a single slit of width ‘a’,
the n^th minimum,

Question 38.
Find an expression for intensity of transmitted light when a polaroid sheet is rotated between two crossed polaroids. In which position of the Polaroid sheet will the transmitted intensity be maximum? (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
Let the rotating Polaroid sheet make an angle θ with the first polaroid.
∴ angle with the other polaroid will be (90 – θ)

Question 39.
Distinguish between unpolarised and a linearly polarised light. Describe, with the help of a diagram, how unpolarised light gets linearly polarised by scattering. (Comptt. Delhi 2016)
Answer:
Unpolarized light : A light wave, in which the electric vector oscillates in all possible directions in a plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation is known as unpolarized light.
Linearly polarized light : If the oscillations of the electric vectors are restricted to just one direction, in a plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation, the corresponding light is known as linearly polarized light.

It is due to scattering of light by molecules of earth’s atmosphere.

Under the influence of the electric field of the incident (unpolarized) wave, the electrons in the molecules acquire components of motion in both these directions. Charges, accelerating parallel to the double arrows, do not radiate energy towards the observer since their acceleration has no transverse component.
The radiation scattered by the molecules is therefore represented by dots, i.e., it is polarized perpendicular to plane of figure.

Question 40.
State Brewster’s law. The value of Brewster angle for a transparent medium is different for light of different colours. Give reason. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
(i) Brewster’s law : When unpolarised light is incident on the surface separating two media, the reflected light gets (completely) polarized only when the reflected light and refracted light become perpendicular to each other.
The refractive index of denser medium, with respect to rarer medium, is given by

(ii) Since refractive index (µ) of a transparent medium is different for different colours, hence Brewster angle also is different for different colours.

Question 41.
Draw the intensity pattern for single slit diffraction and double slit interference. Hence, state two differences between interference and diffraction patterns. (All India 2017)
Answer:
(i) Intensity distribution in the diffraction due to single slit

(ii) Intensity pattern for double slit interference.

(iii) Difference between Interference and Difference Patterns:
Interference pattern and Diffraction pattern :
The diagram, given here, shows several fringes, due to double slit interference, ‘contained’ in a broad diffraction peak. When the separation between the slits is large compared to their width, the diffraction pattern becomes very flat and we observe the two slit interference pattern.

Basic features of distinction between interference and diffraction patterns :
(i) The interference pattern has a number of equally spaced bright and dark bands while diffraction pattern has a central bright maximum which is twice as wide as the other maxima.
(ii) Interference pattern is the superimposition of two waves slits originating from two narrow slits. The diffraction pattern is a superposition of a continuous family of waves originating from each point on a single slit.
(iii) For a single slit of width ‘a’ the first null of diffraction pattern occurs at an angle of . At the same angle of , we get a maxima for two narrow slits separated by a distance ‘a’.

Question 42.
Unpolarised light is passed through a polaroid P₁ When this polarised beam passes through another polaroid P₂ and if the pass axis of P₂ makes angle 6 with the pass axis of P₁, then write the expression for the polarised beam passing through P₂. Draw a plot showing the variation of intensity when θ varies from 0 to 2π. (All India 2017)
Answer:

Wave Optics Class 12 Important Questions Short Answer Type SA-II

Question 43.
How is a wavefront defined? Using Huygen’s construction draw a figure showing the propagation of a plane wave refracting at a plane surface separating two media. Hence verify Snell’s law of refraction. (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
(i) Wavefront : Wavefront is defined as the continuous locus of all such particles of the medium which are vibrating in the same phase at any instant.

(ii) We take a plane wavefront AB incident at a plane surface XY. We use secondary wavelets starting at different times. We get refracted wavefront only when the time taken by light to travel along different rays from one wavefront to another is same. We take any arbitrary ray starting from point ‘P’ on incident wavefront to refracted wavefront at point ‘O’. Let total time be ‘t’.

As time should be independent of the ray to be considered
The coefficient of AO in the above equation should be zero

Where ’µ₂ is called refractive index of medium 2 w.r.t. medium 1. This is Snell’s law of refraction.

Question 44.
How is a wavefront defined? Using Huygen’s construction draw a figure showing the propagation of a plane wave reflecting at the interface of the two media. Shpw that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
Wavefront : Wavefront is defined as the continuous locus of all such particles of the medium which are vibrating in the same phase at any instant.

We take any point Q on the incident wavefront. When disturbance from point B on the incident wavefront reaches point B’, the disturbance from point Q reaches Q’ via point K on the reflecting surface. Since B’A’ represents the reflected wavefront, time by light to travel from any point on incident wavefront to the corresponding point on the reflected wavefront should always be same. Let total time be ‘t’

As time of the ray to be considered should be independent, the coefficient of AK in the above equation should be zero.
That is, sin i = sin r or i = r
Hence, angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection.

Question 45.
Distinguish between unpolarised and plane polarised light. An unpolarised light is incident on the boundry between two transparent media. State the condition when the reflected wave is totally plane polarised. Find out the expression for the angle of incidence in this case. (All India 2008)
Answer:
(a) Unpolarised light: A beam of light in which electrical vector oscillates in all possible planes, in a direction normal to the direction of propagation of wave.

(b) Polarised light : A beam of light in which electrical vector oscillates in a direction normal to the direction of propagation of wave on a single plane only.
From Snell’s law.

Question 46.
In a single slit diffraction experiment, when a tiny circular obstacle is placed in the path of light from a distance source, a bright spot is seen at the centre of the shadow of the obstacle. Explain why?
State two points of difference between the interference pattern obtained in Young’s double slit experiment and the diffraction pattern due to a single slit. (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Wave diffracted from the edge of any circular obstacle undergoes constructive interference to form a bright spot at the centre of shadow.

Question 47.
In Young’s double slit experiment, monochromatic light of wavelength 630 nm illuminates the pair of slits and produces an interference pattern in which two consecutive bright fringes are separated by 8.1 mm. Another source of monochromatic light produces the interference pattern in which the two consecutive bright fringes are separated by 7.2 mm. Find the wavelength of light from the second source. What is the effect on the interference fringes if the monochromatic source is replaced by a source of white light? (All India)
Answer:
Position of the n^th bright fringe is given by from the central bright,
So the separation between two consecutive bright


When the monochromatic light is replaced by a white light:

1. the central bright remains white and
2. all the other colours will form individual maximas with the least wavelength violet forming its bright close to the central bright.

Question 48.
(a) In a single slit diffraction experiment, a slit of width ‘d’ is illuminated by red light of wavelength 650 nm. For what value of ‘d’ will
(i) the first minimum fall at an angle of diffraction of 30°, and
(ii) the first maximum fall at an angle of diffraction of 30°?
(b) Why does the intensity of the secondary maximum become less as compared to the central maximum? (All India 2009)
Answer:

(b) As the order increases only 1/n^th (where n is an odd number) of the slit, will contribute in producing brightness at a point in diffraction. So the higher order maxima are not so bright as the central.

Question 49.
In Young’s double slit experiment, mono-chromatic light of wavelength 600 nm illuminates the pair of slits and produces an interference pattern in which two consecutive bright fringes are separated by 10 mm. Another source of monochromatic light produces the interference pattern in which the two consecutive bright fringes are separated by 8 mm. Find the wavelength of light from the second source. What is the effect on the interference fringes if the monochromatic source is replaced by a source of white light? (All India 2009)
Answer:

Effect: When the monochromatic light is replaced by a white light:
(i) the central bright remains white and
(ii) all the other colours will form individual maximas with the least wavelength violet forming its bright close to the central bright.

Question 50.
What is an unpolarized light? Explain with the help of suitable ray diagram how an unpolarized light can be polarized by reflection from a transparent medium. Write the expression for Brewster angle in terms of the refractive index of denser medium. (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Unpolarized light: A light which has vibrations in all directions in a plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation is said to be unpolarized light.

When unpolarised light is incident on the boundary of two transparent media, the reflected light is polarised with electric vector perpendicular to the plane of incidence when the refracted and reflected rays make a right angle with each other.
Relation between Brewster angle i and refractive index (µ) is :

Question 51.
In Young’s double slit experiment, the two slits 0. 15 mm apart are illuminated by monochromatic light of wavelength 450 nm. The screen is 1.0 m away from the slits.
(a) Find the distance of the second
(i) bright fringe,
(ii) dark fringe from the central maximum.
(b) How will the fringe pattern change if the screen is moved away from the slits? (All India 2009)
Answer:

Question 52.
(a) How does an unpolarised light get polarised when passed through a polaroid?
(b) Two polaroids are set in crossed positions. A third polaroid is placed between the two making an angle 0 with the pass axis of the first polaroid. Write the expression for the intensity of light transmitted from the second polaroid. In what orientations will the transmitted intensity by
(i) minimum and
(ii) maximum? (All India 2009)
Answer:
(a) In a polaroid a long chain of molecules is aligned in a particular direction. The electric vectors (of light waves) along the direction of . aligned molecules gets absorbed.
An unpolarised light wave incident on such a polaroid gets linearly polarised with the electric vector oscillating along a direction perpendicular to the aligned molecules. This direction is called pass-axis of the polaroid.
(b) Not in syllabus.

Question 53.
In Young’s double slit experiment, the two slits 0.12 mm apart are illuminated by monochromatic light of wavelength 420 nm. The screeen is 1.0 m away from the slits.
(a) Find the distance of the second
(i) bright fringe,
(ii) dark fringe from the central maximum.
(b) How will the fringe pattern change if the screen is moved away from the slits? (All India 2009)
Answer:


∴ With increase in the value of D linear width will increase, while the angular width will remain the same.

Question 54.
Describe Young’s double slit experiment to produce interference pattern due to a monochromatic source of light. Deduce the expression for the fringe width. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
Consider two coherent sources S₁ and S₂ separated by a distance d. Let D be the distance between the screen and the plane of slits S₁ and S₂.
Light waves emitted from S₁ and S₂ reach point O on the screen after travelling equal distances. So path difference and hence phase difference between these waves is zero. Therefore, they meet at O in phase and hence constructive interference

takes place at O. Thus O is the position of the central bright fringe.
Let the waves emitted by S₁ and S₂ meet at point P and the screen at a distance y from the central bright fringe.
The path difference between these waves at P is given by


For constructive interference/maxima:
If path difference is an integral multiple of λ, then bright fringe will be formed at P

…where [m = 1, 2, 3 …
which is the position of mth bright fringe from the central bright fringe.
Fringe width (β) : The distance between any two successive bright fringes (or successive fringes) is called fringe width.

Destructive interferencelMinima: If path difference is odd multiple of , then dark fringe is formed at P

Which is position of m^th dark fringe from the central bright fringe.
β(fringe width) = y₁ – y₀

Question 55.
Use Huygen’s principle to verify the laws of refraction. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
(i) Wavefront : Wavefront is defined as the continuous locus of all such particles of the medium which are vibrating in the same phase at any instant.

(ii) We take a plane wavefront AB incident at a plane surface XY. We use secondary wavelets starting at different times. We get refracted wavefront only when the time taken by light to travel along different rays from one wavefront to another is same. We take any arbitrary ray starting from point ‘P’ on incident wavefront to refracted wavefront at point ‘O’. Let total time be ‘t’.

As time should be independent of the ray to be considered
The coefficient of AO in the above equation should be zero

Where ’µ₂ is called refractive index of medium 2 w.r.t. medium 1. This is Snell’s law of refraction.

Question 56.
(a) Describe briefly, with the help of suitable diagram, how the transverse nature of light can be demonstrated by the phenomenon of polarization.
(b) When unpolarized light passes from air to a transparent medium, under what condition does the reflected light get polarized? (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
(a) Light from a source S is allowed to fall normally on the flat surface of a thin plate of a tourmaline crystal, cut parallel to its axis. Only a part of this light is transmitted through A. If now the plate A is rotated, the character of transmitted light remains unchanged. Now another similar plate B is placed at some distance from A such that the axis of B is parallel to that of A. If the light transmitted through A is passed through B, the light is almost completely transmitted through B and no change is observed in the light coming out of B.


If now the crystal A is kept fixed and B is gradually rotated in its own plane, the intensity of light emerging out of B decreases and becomes zero when the axis of B is perpendicular to that of A. If B is further rotated, the intensity begins to increase and becomes maximum when the axes of A and B are again parallel.

Thus, we see that the intensity of light transmitted through B is maximum when axes of A and B are parallel and minimum when they are at right angles.

From this experiment, it is obvious that light waves are transverse and not longitudinal; because, if they were longitudinal, the rotation of crystal B would not produce any change in the intensity of light.

(b) After falling on a transparent medium, unpolarised light will get polarised after reflection only if refracted and reflected rays make a right angle to each other.

Question 57.
(a) Why are coherent sources necessary to produce a sustained interference pattern?
(b) In Young’s double slit experiment using monochromatic light of wavelength A, the intensity of light at a point on the screen where path difference is A, is K units. Find out the intensity of light at a point where path difference is λ/3. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
(a) Need of coherent sources for the production of interference pattern. When two monochromatic ‘ waves of intensity I₁ I₂ and phase difference ϕ meet at a point, the resultant intensity is given

The last term cos ϕ is called interference term.
There are two possibilities :
(i) If cos ϕ remains constant with time, the total intensity at any point will be constant. The intensity will be maximum at points when cos ϕ is +1 and minimum at points
where cos ϕ = -1. The sources in this case are coherent.
(ii) If cos ϕ varies continuously with time assuming both positive and negative values, then the average value of cos § will be zero over time interval of measurement. Then interference term averages to zero. There will be same intensity, I = I₁ + I₂ at every point i.e. there will be general illumination on the observation screen. The two sources in two cases are incoherent.

Hence to observe interference, we need to have two sources with same frequency and with a constant phase difference. Such a pair of sources is called coherent source.

Question 58.
Use Huygens’s principle to explain the formation of diffraction pattern due to a single slit
illuminated by a monochromatic source of light. When the width of the slit is made double the
original width, how would this affect the size and intensity of the central diffraction band?
(Delhi 2011)
Answer:
(a) According to Huygen’s principle “The net effect at any point due to a number of wavelets is equal to sum total of contribution of all wavelets with proper phase difference.”

The point O is maxima because contribution from each half of the slit S₁S₂ is in phase, i.e., the path difference is zero.

At point P
(i) If S₂P – S₁P = nλ ⇒ the point P would be minima.
(ii) If S₂P – S₁P = (2n + 1) the point would be maxima but with decreasing intensity.

When widths of slits are doubled, contrast between maxima and minima decreases due to the overlapping of interference patterns formed by various narrow pairs of the two slits.

∴ Size of central maxima will be reduced to half and intensity of central maxima will be four times.

Question 59.
(a) Why are coherent sources necessary to produce a sustained interference pattern?
(b) In Young’s double slit experiment using monochromatic light of wavelength λ, the intensity of light at a point on the screen where path difference is λ, is K units. Find out the intensity of light at a point where path difference is λ/3. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
(a) Coherent sources are needed to ensure that the positions of maxima and minima do not change with time. These have a constant phase difference and, therefore produce sustained interference pattern.

Question 60.
Explain briefly, giving a suitable diagram, how an unpolarised light incident on the interface separating two transparent media gets polarised on reflection. Deduce the necessary condition for it. (Comptt. Delhi 2011)
Answer:
Unpolarized light: A light which has vibrations in all directions in a plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation is said to be unpolarized light.

When unpolarised light is incident on the boundary of two transparent media, the reflected light is polarised with electric vector perpendicular to the plane of incidence when the refracted and reflected rays make a right angle with each other.
Relation between Brewster angle i and refractive index (µ) is :

Question 61.
(a) In what way is diffraction from each slit related to the interference pattern in a double slit experiment?
(b) Two wavelengths of sodium light 590 nm and 596 nm are used, in turn, to study the diffraction taking place at a single slit of aperture 2 × 10^-4 m. The distance between the slit and the screen is 1.5 m. Calculate the separation between the positions of the first maxima of the diffraction pattern obtained in the two cases. (Delhi 2011)
(a) When there are only a few sources, say two interfering sources, then the result is usually called interference, but if there is a large number of them, it seems that the word diffraction is more often used. In the double slit experiment, we must note that the pattern on the screen is actually a superposition of single slit diffraction from each slit and double slit interference pattern. As a result, there appears a broader diffraction peak in which there occur several fringes of smaller widths due to double slit interference.

Question 62.
(a) Write two characteristic features distinguishing the diffraction pattern from the interference fringes obtained in Young’s double slit experiment.
(b) Two wavelengths of sodium light 590 nm and 596 nm are used, in turn, to study the diffraction taking place due to a single slit of aperture 1 × 10^-4 m. The distance between the slit and the screen is 1.8 m. Calculate the separation between the positions of the first maxima of the diffraction pattern obtained in the two cases. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:

Question 63.
(a) What is linearly polarized light ? Describe briefly using a diagram how sunlight is polarised.
(b) Unpolarised light is incident on a polaroid. How would the intensity of transmitted light change when the polaroid is rotated? (All India 2011)
Answer:
(a) Linearly polarised light : Linearly or plane polarised light is that light in which vibrations of electric field vector are taking place only in one particular plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation of light wave. Sun-light is unpolarised light having electric field vector oscillating in all planes, when it passes through a polariser which can be a nicol prism or tourmaline crystal, only those vibrations of light pass through crystal which are parallel to axis of polarizer and hence we get a plane polarised light having vibrations in one plane. Plane polarized light can be observed by using analyzer.

(b) When the polaroid is rotated, the intensity of the transmitted light changes. When the angle of rotation is 45°, the intensity become I₀/2. When the polaroid is further rotated and at an angle of 90°, the intensity is minimum. Thus the intensity of polarised light changes with the angle of rotation of polaroid. It is shown graphically.

Question 64.
In a modified set-up of Young’s double slit experiment, it is given that SS₂ – SS₁ = λ/4, i.e. the source ‘S’ is not equidistant from the slits S₁ and S₂.
(a) Obtain the conditions for constructive and destructive interference at any point P on the screen in terms of the path difference δ = S₂P-S₁P.

(b) Does the observed central bright fringe lie above or below ‘O’? Give reason to support your answerP₃ (Comptt. All India 2011)
Answer:
(a) Conditions for interferance

Question 65.
(a) Using the phenomenon of polarisation, show how transverse nature of light can be demonstrated?
(b) Two polaroids P₁ and P₂ are placed with their pass axes perpendicular to each other. Unpolarised light of intensity I₀ is incident on P₁. A third polaroid P₃ is kept in between P₁ and P₂ such that its pass axis makes an angle of 30° with that of P₁. Determine the intensity of light transmitted through P₁, P₂ and P₃. (All India 2011)
Answer:
(a) Light from a source S is allowed to fall normally on the flat surface of a thin plate of a tourmaline crystal, cut parallel to its axis. Only a part of this light is transmitted through A. If now the plate A is rotated, the character of transmitted light remains unchanged. Now another similar plate B is placed at some distance from A such that the axis of B is parallel to that of A. If the light transmitted through A is passed through B, the light is almost completely transmitted through B and no change is observed in the light coming out of B.


If now the crystal A is kept fixed and B is gradually rotated in its own plane, the intensity of light emerging out of B decreases and becomes zero when the axis of B is perpendicular to that of A. If B is further rotated, the intensity begins to increase and becomes maximum when the axes of A and B are again parallel.

Thus, we see that the intensity of light transmitted through B is maximum when axes of A and B are parallel and minimum when they are at right angles.

From this experiment, it is obvious that light waves are transverse and not longitudinal; because, if they were longitudinal, the rotation of crystal B would not produce any change in the intensity of light.

Question 66.
(a) Show, with the help of a diagram, how unpolarised sunlight gets polarised due to scattering.
(b) Two polaroids P₁ and P₂ are placed with their pass axes perpendicular to each other.
Unpolarised light of intensity I₀ is incident on P₁. A third polaroid P₃ is kept in between P₁ and P₂ such that its pass axis makes an angle of 45° with that of P₁. Determine the intensity of light transmitted through P₁, P₂ and P₃. (All India 2011)
Answer:
(a) Polarisation by scattering. When a beam of white light is passed through a medium, then the beam gets scattered. When the scattered light is seen in a direction perpendicular to the direction of incidence, it is found to be plane polarised. This phenomenon is called polarisation by scattering

A beam of unpolarised light is incident along Z-axis on a particle. When it is taken along X-axis or Y-axis, then only the vibrations which are parallel to Y-axis or
X-axis, are seen. Hence, light scattered in a direction perpendicular to the incident light is always plane polarised.

Question 67.
(a) Show, giving a suitable diagram, how unpolarised light can be polarised by reflection.
(b) Two polaroids P₁ and P₂ are placed with their pass axes perpendicular to each other.
Unpolarised light of intensity I₀ is incident on P₁. A third polaroid P₃ is kept in between P₁ and P₂ such that its pass axis makes an angle of 60° with that of P₁. Determine the intensity of light transmitted through P₁, P₂ and P₃. (All India 2011)
Answer:
(a) Polarisation of light by reflection. The simplest method to produce plane polarised light is by reflection.

When unpolarised light is reflected from a surface, the reflected light may be completely polarised, partially polarised or unpolarised depending on the incident angle.
The angle of incidence at which the reflected light is completely polarised, is called polarising angle. It is represented by i_β.
The value of i_β depends on the wavelength of light used. Therefore, complete polarisation is possible only for monochromatic light. The reflected light along OB is completely plane polarised. The light refracted along OC is unpolarised.
Hence, the reflected light is completely plane polarised in the plane of incidence.

Question 68.
A parallel beam of monochromatic light falls normally on a narrow slit of width ‘a’ to produce a diffraction pattern on the screen placed parallel to the plane of the slit. Use Huygens’ principle to explain that
(i) the central bright maxima is twice as wide as the other maxima.
(ii) the intensity falls as we move to successive maxima away from the centre on either side.
(Comptt. Delhi 2011)
Answer:
(i) In diffraction pattern, intensity will be minimum at an angle θ = nλ/a
∴ There will be a first minimum at an angle
θ = λ/a, on either side of central maximum
∴ Width of central maxima = 2λ/a
∴ The central bright maxima is twice as wide as the other maxima.

(ii) The intensity of maxima decreases as the order (n) or diffraction maxima increases. This is because, on dividing the slit into odd number of parts, the contributions of the corresponding (outermost) pairs cancel each other, leaving behind the contribution of only the innermost segment.

For example, for first maximum, dividing slit into three parts out of these three parts of the slit, the contributions from first two parts
cancel each other; only 1/3^rd portion of the slit contributes to the maxima of intensity. Similarly for second maxima, dividing slit into five parts, contribution of first four parts will be zero (as they cancel each other). The remaining 1/5^th portion only will contribute for maxima and so on.

Question 69.
(a) Unpolarised light of intensity I₀ passes through two polaroids P₀ and P₂ such that pass axis of P₂ makes an angle θ with the pass axis of P₁ Plot a graph showing the variation of intensity of light transmitted through P₂ as the angle θ varies from zero to 180°.
(b) A third polaroid P₃ is placed between P₁ and P₂ with pass axis of P₃ making an angle β with that of P₁. If I₁ I₂ and I₃ represent the intensities of light transmitted by P₁, P₂ and P₃, determine the values of angle θ and β for which I₁ = I₂ = I₃. (Comptt. All India 2011)
Answer:

Question 70.
(a) Two monochromatic waves emanating from two coherent sources have the displacements represented by
y₁ = a cos ωt and y₂ = a cos (ωt + ϕ ), where ϕ is the phase difference between the two displacements. Show that the resultant intensity at a point due to their superposition is given by I = 4I₀ cos² ϕ/2, where I₀ = a₂.
(b) Hence obtain the conditions for constructive and destructive interference. (Comptt. All India 2011)
Answer:
(a) (i) Two independent monochromatic
sources of light cannot produce a sustained interference pattern. The phase difference between these two sources will continuously vary; and the positions of maxima and minima will change with time.

(b) (i) For constructive interference :

(ii) For destructive interference:

Question 71.
Answer the following questions:
(i) In a double slit experiment using light of wavelength 600 nm, the angular width of the fringe formed on a distant screen is 0.1°. Find the spacing between the two slits.
(ii) Light of wavelength 5000 A propagating in air gets partly reflected from the surface of water. How will the wavelengths and frequencies of the reflected and refracted light be affected? (Delhi 2015)
Answer:

(ii) For reflected light : Wavelength remains same and frequency remains the same.
For refracted light : Wavelength decreases, but frequency remains the same.

Question 72.
State clearly how an unpolarised light gets linearly polarised when passed through a Polaroid.
(i) Unpolarised light of intensity I₀ is incident on a polaroid P₁ which is kept near another Polaroid P₂ whose pass axis is parallel to that of P₁. How will the intensities of light, I₁ and I₂, transmitted by the polaroids P₁ and P₂ respectively, change on rotating Px without disturbing P₂?
(ii) Write the relation between the intensities I₁ and I₂. (All India 2015)
Answer:
When unpolarised light is passed through a polaroid, the light wave will get linearly polarised with the electric vector oscillating along a direction perpendicular to the aligned molecules.

I₁ remains unchanged on rotating Pj; while, according to Malus’ law,

when P₁ is rotated.

Question 73.
Use Huygens’ principle to show how a plane wavefront propagates from a denser to rarer medium. Hence verify Snell’s law of refraction. (All India 2015)
Answer:
Huygens’ geometrical construction for a plane wave propagation. Let AB be a section of primary wavefront at any instant t. Take points 1, 2, 3, 4, … on the wavefront AB. Taking each point as centre, draw spheres of radius r = ct, where c is the velocity of light in the medium.
Draw a surface A₁B₁ touching tangentially at the secondary wavelets in the forward direction. The surface A₁B₁ is the secondary wavefront after time t.

A surface A₂B₂ touching tangentially all the secondary wavelets in the backward direction can be drawn to give a backward secondary wavefront.
Laws of refraction using Huygen’s principle. Let XY be the refracting surface separating two mediums 1^st and 2^nd. Let c₁ and c₂ be the velocities of light in these mediums.

Let AB be a plane wavefront moving through the surface XY meeting at the point B.
The time taken ‘t’ of A to reach at A’B then

To obtain new front, draw a circle with point B as centre and BD as radius in 2nd medium. Draw a tangent A’D from point A’. Then A’D represents the refracted wavefront.
Since PB be incident ray and BD be refracted ray

This constant V is called the refractive index of material which proves Snell’s law of refraction.

Question 74.
Explain by drawing a suitable diagram that the interference pattern in a double slit is actually a superposition of single slit diffraction from each slit.
Write two basic features which distinguish the interference pattern from those seen in a coherently illuminated single slit. (Comptt. Delhi 2015)
Answer:
Interference pattern and Diffraction pattern :
The diagram, given here, shows several fringes, due to double slit interference, ‘contained’ in a broad diffraction peak. When the separation between the slits is large compared to their width, the diffraction pattern becomes very flat and we observe the two slit interference pattern.

Basic features of distinction between interference and diffraction patterns :
(i) The interference pattern has a number of equally spaced bright and dark bands while diffraction pattern has a central bright maximum which is twice as wide as the other maxima.
(ii) Interference pattern is the superimposition of two waves slits originating from two narrow slits. The diffraction pattern is a superposition of a continuous family of waves originating from each point on a single slit.
(iii) For a single slit of width ‘a’ the first null of diffraction pattern occurs at an angle of . At the same angle of , we get a maxima for two narrow slits separated by a distance ‘a’.

Question 75.
(a) The ratio of the widths of two slits in Young’s double slit experiment is 4 : 1. Evaluate the ratio of intensities at maxima and minima in the interference pattern.
(b) Does the appearance of bright and dark fringes in the interference pattern violate, in any way, conservation of energy? (Comptt. All India 2015)
Answer:

(b) The appearance of bright and dark fringes in the interference pattern does not violate the principle of conservation of energy, because the light energy is distributed. If it reduces in one region, producing a dark fringe, it increases in another region, producing a bright fringe. There is no gain or loss of energy.

Question 76.
(a) Good quality sun-glasses made of polaroids are preferred over ordinary coloured glasses. Justify your answer.
(b) Two polaroids P₁ and P₂ are placed in crossed positions. A third polaroid P₃ is kept between P₃ and P₂ such that pass axis of P₃ is parallel to that of P₁. How would the intensity of light (I₂) transmitted through P₂ vary as P₃ is rotated? Draw a plot of intensity I₂‘ vs the angle ‘θ’ between pass axes of P₁ and P₃. (Comptt. All India 2015)
Answer:
(a) Such good quality sun-glasses made of polaroids are preferred ’ over ordinary coloured glasses because they protect the eyes from the glare.
(b)
Let the rotating Polaroid sheet make an angle θ with the first polaroid.
∴ angle with the other polaroid will be (90 – θ)

Question 77.
(i) State law of Malus.
(ii) Draw a graph showing the variation of intensity (I) of polarised light transmitted by an analyser with angle (θ) between polariser and analyser.
(iii) What is the value of refractive index of a medium of polarising angle 60°?(All India 2015) Answer:
(i) Law of Malus : When the pass axis of a poloroid makes an angle 0 with the plane of polarisation of polorised light of intensity I0 incident on it, then the intensity of the transmitted emergent light is given by
I = I₀ cos²θ
(ii) Variation of intensity with θ

Question 78.
Define the term wave front. State Huygen’s principle.
Consider a plane wave front incident on a thin convex lens. Draw a proper diagram to show how the incident wave front traverses through the lens and after refraction focusses on the focal point of the lens, giving the shape of the emergent wave front. (All India 2015)
Answer:
(i) Wave front : It is defined as the locus of all points which oscillate in phase.
(ii) Huygen’s Principle :
1 Each point of the wave front is the source of a secondary disturbance and the wavelets emanating from these points spread out in all directions. These travel with the same velocity as that of the original wave front.
2. The shape and position of the wave front, after time Y, is given by the tangential envelope to the secondary wavelets.
(iii) Refraction of a plane wave-front from a convex lens

Question 79.
The figure, drawn here, shows the geometry of path differences for diffraction by a single slit of width a.
Give appropriate ‘reasoning’ to explain why the intensity of light is

(i) maximum of the central point C on the screen.
(ii) (nearly) zero for point P on the screen when

Hence write an expression for the total linear width of the central maxima on a screen kept at a distance D from the plane of the slit. (Comptt. Delhi 2015)
Answer:
(i) At central point C, angle θ is zero, all path differences are zero. Hence, all the parts of the slit contribute in same phase. This gives maximum intensity at point C.
(ii) From the diagram :

It implies that the contribution from corresponding points in two halves of the slit have a phase difference of π. Therefore, contributions from two halves cancel each other in pairs, resulting in a zero net intensity at point P on the screen.

Question 80.
Two polaroids, P₁ and P₂, are ‘set-up’ so that their ‘pass-axis’ are ‘crossed’ with respect to each other. A third polaroid, P₃, is now introduced between these two so that its ‘pass-axis’ makes an angle θ with the ‘pass-axis’ of P₁.
A beam of unpolarised light, of intensity I, is incident on P₁ If the intensity of light, that gets transmitted through this combination of three polaroids, is I’, find the ratio when θ equals :
(i) 30°,
(ii) 45° (Comptt. Delhi 2015)
Answer:
A beam of unpolarised light of intensity I is incident on P₁.

Question 81.
A plane wavefront is incident at an angle of incidence i on a reflecting surface. Draw a diagram showing incident wavefront, reflected wavefront and verify the laws of reflection. (Comptt. Delhi 2015)
Answer:
Diagram of a plane wave front for Reflection :

Question 82.
(a) In a Young’s double slit experiment, the two slits are illuminated by two different lamps having same wavelength of light. Explain with reason, whether interference pattern will be observed on the screen or not.
(b) Light waves from two coherent sources arrive at two points on a screen with path differences of 0 and A/2. Find the ratio of intensities at the points. (Comptt. All India 2015)
Answer:
(a) Interference pattern in Young’s double slit experiment will not be observed, because two independent lamps do not constitute ‘coherent sources’.
(b) (i) When path difference is zero, corresponding phase difference will also be zero.

Question 83.
(a) Explain how the intensity of diffraction pattern changes as the order (n) of the diffraction band varies.
(b) Two wavelengths of sodium light 590 nm and 596 nm are used in turn to study the diffraction at a single slit of size 4 mm. The distance between the slit and screen is 2 m. Calculate the separation between the positions of the first maximum of the diffraction pattern obtained in the two cases. (Comptt. All India 2015)
Answer:
(a) Intensity of diffraction pattern drops rapidly with order n, because every higher order
maxima gets intensity only from part of the slit. The central maxima gets intensity from the whole slit (n = 0).
1^st secondary maxima gets its intensity only from 1/3 of slit.
2^nd secondary maxima gets its intensity only from 1/5 of slit and so on.

Question 84.
Why are coherent sources necessary to produce interference in Young’s double slit experiment? Light waves from two coherent sources have intensities in the ratio of 4 : 9. Find the ratio of intensities of maxima and minima in the interference pattern. (Comptt. Delhi 2015)
Answer:
If sources are not coherent, the superposition pattern (intensity pattern) is not stable. It keeps on changing with time and hence it is necessary to have coherent sources to observe interference in Young’s double slit experiment.

Question 85.
State the two features to distinguish between interference and diffraction phenomena. Two wavelengths of light 600 nm and 610 nm are used in turn, to study the diffraction at a single slit of size 2 mm. The distance between the slits and screen is 2 m. Calculate the separation between the positions of the second order maximum of the diffraction pattern obtained in the two cases. (Comptt. All India 2015)
Answer:
For distinction between interference and diffraction :
Interference pattern and Diffraction pattern :
The diagram, given here, shows several fringes, due to double slit interference, ‘contained’ in a broad diffraction peak. When the separation
between the slits is large compared to their width, the diffraction pattern becomes very flat and we observe the two slit interference pattern.

Basic features of distinction between interference and diffraction patterns :
(i) The interference pattern has a number of equally spaced bright and dark bands while diffraction pattern has a central bright maximum which is twice as wide as the other maxima.

(ii) Interference pattern is the superimposition of two waves slits originating from two narrow slits. The diffraction pattern is a superposition of a continuous family of waves originating from each point on a single slit.

(iii) For a single slit of width ‘a’ the first null of diffraction pattern occurs at an angle of . At the same angle of , we get a maxima for two narrow slits separated by a distance ‘a’.
Given : λ₁ = 600 nm = 600 × 10^-9 m,

Wave Optics Class 12 Important Questions Long Short Answer Type

Question 86.
(a) What is plane polarised light? Two polaroids are placed at 90° to each other and the transmitted intensity is zero. What happens when one more polaroid is placed between these two, bisecting the angle between them? How will the intensity of transmitted light vary on further rotating the third polaroid?
(b) If a light beam shows no intensity variation when transmitted through a polaroid which is rotated, does it mean that the light is unpolarised? Explain briefly. (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
(a) Plane polarised light is the light wave in which optical vector (electric vector) oscillates only in a single plane in a direction perpendicular to the direction of propagation of wave.
Obviously, the axis of P₃ is inclined at 45° to the axis of P₁ and P₂.
Let the maximum intensity transmitted by polarised,

Thus the final intensity becomes one-fourth of the maximum intensity transmitted by the first polariod. On further rotating the third polaroid, the intensity of transmitted light decreases till it becomes zero.

(b) Yes, the light beam is unpolarised. The polaroid cuts down the intensity to half due to polarisation of light. When polaroid is rotated, only the plane of polarisation rotates but the intensity of light does not show any change.

Question 87.
(a) What are coherent sources of light? Two slits in Young’s double slit experiment are illuminated by two different sodium lamps emitting light of the same wavelength. Why is no interference pattern observed?
(b) Obtain the condition for getting dark and bright fringes in Young’s experiment. Hence write the expression for the fringe width.
(c) If s is the size of the source and its distance is a from the plane of the two slits, what should be the criterion for the interference fringes to be seen? (All India 2015)
Answer:
(a) Two sources of light having same frequency and a constant or a zero phase difference are said to be coherent.
Light wave emitted from an ordinary source (like a sodium lamp) undergoes abrupt phase changes in times of the order of 10^-10 seconds. Thus two independent sources of light will not have a fixed phase relationship and would be incoherent.

Question 88.
State Huygens’s principle. Show, with the help of a suitable diagram, how this principle is used to obtain the diffraction pattern by a single slit. Draw a plot of intensity distribution and explain clearly why the secondary maxima become weaker with increasing order (n) of the secondary maxima. (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
Huygen’s principle :
“(i) Each point on a wavefront acts as a fresh source of new disturbance called secondary waves or wavelets;
(ii) The secondary wavelets spread out in all directions with the speed of wave in the given medium;
(iii) The new wavefront at any later time is given by the forward envelope (tangential surface in the forward direction) of the secondary wavelets at that time.

The reason is that the intensity of the central maxima is due to the constructive interference of wavelets from all parts of the slit, the first secondary maxima is due to the contribution of wavelets from one third part of the slit (wavelets from remaining two parts interfere destructively), the second secondary maxima is due to the contribution of wavelets from the one fifth part only (the remaining four parts interfere destructively) and so on. Hence, the intensity’ of secondary maxima decreases with the increase in the order n of the maxima.

Question 89.
Explain briefly how the phenomenon of total internal reflection is used in fibre optics. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
Each optical fibre consists of a core and cladding. Refractive index of the material of the core is higher than that of cladding. When a video signal is directed into an optical fibre at a suitable angle, it undergoes internal reflections repeatedly along the length of the optical fibre and comes out of it with almost neglible loss of intensity.

Question 90.
(i) State the importance of coherent sources in the phenomenon of interference.
(ii) In Young’s double slit experiment to produce interference pattern, obtain the conditions for constructive and destructive interference. Hence deduce the expression for the fringe width.
(iii) How does the fringe width get affected, if the entire experimental apparatus of Young is immersed in water? (All India 2010)
Answer:
(i) Importance of coherent source : Coherent sources are necessary to produce sustained interference pattern. Otherwise the phase difference between the two interfering waves will change rapidly and the interference pattern will be lost. .
(ii)
(a) For constructive interference : We will have constructive interference resulting in a bright fringe when path difference is equal to nλ.

Since the separation between the centres of two consecutive bright fringes is called fringe width. It is denoted by β

Hence all bright and dark fringes are of equal width.
Observations :
(i) Fringe width is directly proportional to the wavelength of light i.e. p X.
(ii) Fringe width is inversely proportional to the distance between two sources

(iii) Fringe width is directly proportional to the distance between screen and two sources i.e. .

Suppose at any distance x from the central maximum,

The bright fringes will coincide at the least distance x,


Then fringe width becomes times the original fringe width i.e., it will decrease in water.

Question 91.
(a) State Huygen’s principle. Using this principle explain how a diffraction pattern is obtained on a screen due to a narrow slit on which a narrow beam coming from a monochromatic source of light is incident normally.
(b) Show that the angular width of the first diffraction fringe is half of that of the central fringe.
(c) If a monochromatic source of light is replaced by white light, what change would you observe in the diffraction pattern? (All India 2011)
Answer:
(a)
Huygen’s principle :
“(i) Each point on a wavefront acts as a fresh source of new disturbance called secondary waves or wavelets;
(ii) The secondary wavelets spread out in all directions with the speed of wave in the given medium;
(iii) The new wavefront at any later time is given by the forward envelope (tangential surface in the forward direction) of the secondary wavelets at that time.

The reason is that the intensity of the central maxima is due to the constructive interference of wavelets from all parts of the slit, the first secondary maxima is due to the contribution of wavelets from one third part of the slit (wavelets from remaining two parts interfere destructively), the second secondary maxima is due to the contribution of wavelets from the one fifth part only (the remaining four parts interfere destructively) and so on. Hence, the intensity’ of secondary maxima decreases with the increase in the order n of the maxima.

(c) If monochromatic source of light is replaced by a source of white light, instead of white fringes we obtain few coloured fringes and then uniform illumination.

Question 92.
(a) In Young’s double slit experiment, derive the condition for
(i) constructive interference and
(ii) destructive interference at a point on the screen.
(b) A beam of light consisting of two wavelenths, 800 nm and 600 nm is used to obtain the interference fringes in a Young’s double slit experiment on a screen placed 1.4 m away. If the two slits are separated by 0.28 mm, calculate the least distance from the central bright maximum where the bright fringes of the two wavelengths coincide. (All India 2011)
Answer:
(a) For constructive interference : We will have constructive interference resulting in a bright fringe when path difference is equal to nλ.

Since the separation between the centres of two consecutive bright fringes is called fringe width. It is denoted by β

Hence all bright and dark fringes are of equal width.
Observations :
(i) Fringe width is directly proportional to the wavelength of light i.e. p X.
(ii) Fringe width is inversely proportional to the distance between two sources

(iii) Fringe width is directly proportional to the distance between screen and two sources i.e. .

Suppose at any distance x from the central maximum,

The bright fringes will coincide at the least distance x,

Question 93.
(a) How does an unpolarized light incident on a polaroid get polarized?
Describe briefly, with the help of a necessary diagram, the polarization of light by reflection from a transparent medium.
(b) Two polaroids ‘A’ and ‘B’ are kept in crossed position. How should a third polaroid ‘C’ be placed between them so that the intensity of polarized light transmitted by polaroid B reduces to 1/8* of the intensity of unpolarized ‘ light incident on A? (All India 2010)
Answer:
(a) In a polaroid a long chain of molecules is aligned in a particular direction. The electric vectors (of light waves) along the direction of . aligned molecules gets absorbed.

Diagram of polarization of light by reflection.

Polarisation of light by reflection. The simplest method to produce plane polarised light is by reflection.

When unpolarised light is reflected from a surface, the reflected light may be completely polarised, partially polarised or unpolarised depending on the incident angle.
The angle of incidence at which the reflected light is completely polarised, is called polarising angle. It is represented by i_β.
The value of i_β depends on the wavelength of light used. Therefore, complete polarisation is possible only for monochromatic light. The reflected light along OB is completely plane polarised. The light refracted along OC is unpolarised.
Hence, the reflected light is completely plane polarised in the plane of incidence.(b) Let the intensity of unpolarized light = I₀

Hence, the angle between polaroid A and C should be 45°.

Question 94.
(a) State Huygen’s principle. Using this principle draw a diagram to show how a plane wave front incident at the interface of the two media gets refracted when it propagates from a rarer to a denser medium. Hence verify Snell’s law of refraction.
(b) When monochromatic light travels from a rarer to a denser medium, explain the following, giving reasons :
(i) Is the frequency of reflected and refracted light same as the frequency of incident light?
(ii) Does the decrease in speed imply a reduction in the energy carried by light wave? (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
(a) Huygen’s principle ; Huygen’s principle is based on two assumptions :
(i) Each point on the primary wavefront is a source of a new disturbance called secondary wavelets which travel in all directions with same velocity as that of original waves.
(ii) A surface tangential to the secondary . wavelets gives the position and shape of new wavefront at any instant. This is called secondary wavefront.

The principle leads to the well known laws of reflection and refraction.
Verification of Snell’s Law, From the figure

(b) (i) Yes, frequency is the property of source. Hence, frequency does not change when light is reflected or refracted.
(ii) No, decrease in speed does not imply reduction in energy carried by light wave.

This is because the frequency does not change and according to the formula E = hv, energy will be independent of speed. Energy carried by a wave depends on the amplitude of the wave, not on the speed of wave propagation.

Question 95.
(a) Describe briefly how an unpolarized light gets linearly polarized when it passes through a polaroid.
(b) Three identical polaroid sheets P3, P2 and P3 are oriented so that the pass axis of P₁, P₂ and P₃ are inclined at angles of 60° and 90° respectively with respect to the pass axis of P₁. A monochromatic source S of unpolarized light of intensity I₀ is kept in front of the polaroid sheet P₁ as shown in the figure. Determine the intensities of light as observed by the observers O₁ O₂ and O₃ as shown. (Comptt. Delhi 2010)

Answer:
(a) A polaroid consists of long chain molecules aligned in a particular direction. The electric vectors (associated with the propagating light wave) along the direction of the aligned molecules get absorbed. Thus, if an unpolarised light wave is incident on such a polaroid then the light wave will get linearly polarised with the electric vector oscillating along a direction perpendicular to the aligned molecules.

Question 96.
(a) Use Huygen’s geometrical construction to show how a plane wave-front at t = 0 propagates and produces a wave-front at a later time.
(b) Verify, using Huygen’s principle, Snell’s law of refraction of a plane wave propagating from a denser to a rarer medium.
(c) When monochromatic light is incident on a surface separating two media, the reflected and refracted light both have the same frequency. Explain why. (Comptt. Delhi)
Answer:
(a) Huygens’ geometrical construction for a plane wave propagation.
Huygens’ geometrical construction for a plane wave propagation. Let AB be a section of primary wavefront at any instant t. Take points 1, 2, 3, 4, … on the wavefront AB. Taking each point as centre, draw spheres of radius r = ct, where c is the velocity of light in the medium.
Draw a surface A₁B₁ touching tangentially at the secondary wavelets in the forward direction. The surface A₁B₁ is the secondary wavefront after time t.

A surface A₂B₂ touching tangentially all the secondary wavelets in the backward direction can be drawn to give a backward secondary wavefront.
Laws of refraction using Huygen’s principle. Let XY be the refracting surface separating two mediums 1^st and 2^nd. Let c₁ and c₂ be the velocities of light in these mediums.

Let AB be a plane wavefront moving through the surface XY meeting at the point B.
The time taken ‘t’ of A to reach at A’B then

To obtain new front, draw a circle with point B as centre and BD as radius in 2nd medium. Draw a tangent A’D from point A’. Then A’D represents the refracted wavefront.
Since PB be incident ray and BD be refracted ray

This constant V is called the refractive index of material which proves Snell’s law of refraction.

(b) Laws of refraction using Huygen’s principle.
Huygens’ geometrical construction for a plane wave propagation. Let AB be a section of primary wavefront at any instant t. Take points 1, 2, 3, 4, … on the wavefront AB. Taking each point as centre, draw spheres of radius r = ct, where c is the velocity of light in the medium.
Draw a surface A₁B₁ touching tangentially at the secondary wavelets in the forward direction. The surface A₁B₁ is the secondary wavefront after time t.

A surface A₂B₂ touching tangentially all the secondary wavelets in the backward direction can be drawn to give a backward secondary wavefront.
Laws of refraction using Huygen’s principle. Let XY be the refracting surface separating two mediums 1^st and 2^nd. Let c₁ and c₂ be the velocities of light in these mediums.

Let AB be a plane wavefront moving through the surface XY meeting at the point B.
The time taken ‘t’ of A to reach at A’B then

To obtain new front, draw a circle with point B as centre and BD as radius in 2nd medium. Draw a tangent A’D from point A’. Then A’D represents the refracted wavefront.
Since PB be incident ray and BD be refracted ray

This constant V is called the refractive index of material which proves Snell’s law of refraction.

(c) When monochromatic light is incident on a surface separating two media, the redacted and refracted lights both have the same frequency.
In case of refraction, due to change in medium, only wavelength changes by λ/µ factor.
In case of reflection, both wavelength and frequency remain unchanged.

Question 97.
(a) (i) “Two independent monochromatic sources of light cannot produce a sustained interference pattern”. Give reason.
(ii) Light waves each of amplitude “a” and frequency “ω”, emanating from two coherent light sources superpose at a point. If the displacements due to these waves is given by y₁ = a cos ωt and y₂ = a cos(ωt + ϕ ) where ϕ is the phase difference between the two, obtain the expression for the resultant intensity at the point.
(b) In Young’s double slit experiment, using monochromatic light of wavelength λ, the intensity of light at a point on the screen where path difference is λ, is K units. Find out the intensity of light at a point where path difference is λ/3. (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
(a) (i) Two independent monochromatic
sources of light cannot produce a sustained interference pattern. The phase difference between these two sources will continuously vary; and the positions of maxima and minima will change with time.

Question 98.
(a) How does one demonstrate, using a suitable diagram, that unpolarised light when passed through a Polaroid gets polarised?
(b) A beam of unpolarised light is incident on a glass-air interface. Show, using a suitable ray diagram, that light reflected from the interface is totally polarised, when μ = tan i_B, where μ is the refractive index of glass with respect to air and i_B is the Brewster’s angle. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
(a) Polarisation of light. Ordinary light is unpolarised light having vibrations distributed in all directions in a plane perpendicular to direction of propagation of light.
Therefore, the phenomenon of restricting the vibrations of light in a particular direction is called polarisation of light. The tourmaline crystal acts as a polariser.

When unpolarised light (ordinary light) is passed through a tourmaline crystal, only those vibrations of light pass through the crystal which are parallel to crystallographic axis AB. All other vibrations are obstructed. The entering light from the crystal is said to be plane polarised light.

(b) When unpolarised light is reflected from a surface, the reflected light may be completely polarised, partially polarised or unpolarised depending on the incident angle.

The angle of incidence at which the reflected light is completely polarised, is called polarising angle. It is represented by i_β.
The value of i_β depends on the wavelength of light used. Therefore, complete polarisation is possible only for monochromatic light. The reflected light along OB is completely plane polarised. The light refracted along OC is unpolarised.
Hence, the reflected light is completely plane polarised in the plane of incidence. Brewster’s law. It states that “when light is incident at polarising angle, the reflected and refracted rays are perpendicular to each other”. When light is incident at polarising angle, the reflected component along OB and refracted components along OC are mutually perpendicular.

Hence, the tangent of the polarising angle is equal to the refractive index of a medium

Question 99.
(a) In Young’s double slit experiment, describe briefly how bright and dark fringes are obtained on the screen kept in front of a double slit. Hence obtain the expression for the fringe width.
(b) The ratio of the intensities at minima to the maxima in the Young’s double slit experiment is 9 : 25. Find the ratio of the widths of the two slits. (All India 2014)
Answer:
(a) Young’s double slit experiment. The path difference between two rays coming from holes S₁ and S₂ is (S₂P – S₁P). If point P corresponds to a maximum,

If x, d << D, then negligible error will be introduced if (S₂P + S₁P) in the denominator is replaced by 2D.

Thus, bright and dark bands appear on the screen. Such bands are called ‘fringes’.
These dark and bright fringes are equally spaced.

Question 100.
(a) Describe briefly how a diffraction pattern is obtained on a screen due to a single narrow slit illuminated by a monochromatic source of light. Hence obtain the conditions for the angular width of secondary maxima and secondary minima.
(b) Two wavelengths of sodium light of 590 nm and 596 nm are used in turn to study the diffraction taking place at a single slit of aperture 2 × 10^-6 m. The distance between the slit and the screen is 1.5 m. Calculate the separation between the positions of first maxima of the diffraction pattern obtained in the two cases. (All India 2014)
Answer:
(a) Diffraction at a single slit. Suppose a parallel beam of monochromatic light of wavelength X falls normally on a slit AB of width d (of the order of the wavelength of light). The diffraction occurs on passing through the slit. The diffraction pattern is focussed on to the screen by a convex lens. The diffraction pattern consists of a central bright fringe (or band), having alternate dark and bright fringes of decreasing intensity on both sides.
1. Position of central maximum. Let C be the centre of the slit AB. According to Huygen’s principle, “when.light falls on the slit, it becomes a source of secondary wavelets.” All the wavelets originating from slit AB are in same phase. These secondary waves reinforce each other resulting the central maximum intensity at O.

2. Position of secondary maxima and minima. Consider a point P on the screen. All the secondary waves travelling in a direction making angle θ with CO, reach at a point P. The intensity at P depends on the path difference between secondary waves.
∴ Path difference between the secondary waves reaching P from points A and B is, BN = d sin θ
(i) The point P will be the position of n^th secondary maxima

(ii) The point P will be the position of n^th secondary minima,

Hence, the diffraction pattern due to single slit consists of a centre bright maximum at O alongwith secondary maxima and minima on either side. Intensity distribution curve. The intensity distribution on the screen.is represented as shown in the figure.

Width of central maximum. If D is the distance between slit and screen and yn is the distance of nth minimum from point O,

Question 101.
(a) Distinguish between linearly polarized and unpolarized light.
(b) Show that the light waves are transverse in nature.
(c) Why does light from a clear blue portion of the sky show a rise and fall of intensity when viewed through a polaroid which is rotated? Explain by drawing the necessary diagram. (Comptt. Delhi 2014)
Answer:
(a) Unpolarized light : A light wave, in which the electric vector oscillates in all possible directions in a plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation is known as unpolarized light.
Linearly polarized light : If the oscillations of the electric vectors are restricted to just one direction, in a plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation, the corresponding light is known as linearly polarized light.

Unpolarized light passing through polaroid P₁ gets linearly polarized.
[As the electric field vector components parallel to the pass axis of P₁ are transmitted whereas the others are blocked.]
When this polarized light is incident on a polaroid P₂, kept crossed with respect to P₁, then these components also get blocked and no light is transmitted beyond P₂ .

(c) It is due to scattering of light by molecules of earth’s atmosphere.

Under the influence of the electric field of the incident (unpolarized) wave, the electrons in the molecules acquire components of motion in both these directions. Charges, accelerating parallel to the double arrows, do not radiate energy towards the observer since their acceleration has no transverse component.
The radiation scattered by the molecules is therefore represented by dots, i.e., it is polarized perpendicular to plane of figure.

Question 102.
(a) Using Huygen’s construction of secondary wavelets explain how a diffraction pattern is obtained on a screen due to a narrow slit on which a monochromatic beam of light is incident normally.
(b) Show that the angular width of the first diffraction fringe is half that of the central fringe.
(c) Explain why the maxima at become weaker and weaker with increasing n. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
(a) Diffraction Pattern : We can regard the total contribution of the wavefront LN at some point P on the screen, as the resultant effect of the superposition of its wavelets like LM, MM₂, M₂N. These have to be superposed taking into account their proper phase differences. We, therefore, get maxima and minima, i.e. a diffraction pattern, on the screen.

Hence angular width of first fringe is half of the angular width of central fringe.
(c) Maxima become weaker and weaker with increasing n. This is because the effective part of the wavefront, contributing to the maxima, becomes smaller and smaller, with increasing n.

Question 103.
(a) A point object ‘O’ is kept in a medium of refractive index n₁ in front of a convex spherical surface of radius of curvature R which separates the second medium of refractive index n₂ from the first one, as show in the figure.

Draw the ray diagram showing the image formation and deduce the relationship between the object distance and the image distance in terms of n₁, n₂ and R.
(b) When the image formed above acts as a virtual object for a concave spherical surface separating the medium n₂ from n₂ (n₂ > n₁), draw this ray diagram and write the similar [similar to (a)] relation. Hence obtain the expression for the lens maker’s formula. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:


This equation gives us a relation between object and image distance in terms of refractive index of the medium and the radius of the curvature of the curved spherical surface. It holds for any curved spherical surface.

(b) Lens maker’s formula : Consider a thin double convex lens of refractive index n2 placed in a medium of refractive index n₂ Here n₁ < n₂. Let B and D be the poles, C₁ and C₂ be the centres of curvature and R₁ and R₂ be the radii of curvature of the two lens surfaces ABC and ADC, respectively. For refraction at surface ABC, we can write the relation between the object distance v₁, image distance v and radius of curvature R₁ as

Question 104.
(a) Consider two coherent sources S₁ and S₂ producing monochromatic waves to produce interference pattern. Let the displacement of the wave produced by S₁ be given by
Y₁ = a cos ωt
and the displacement by S₂ be Y₂ = a cos (ωt + ϕ )
Find out the expression for the amplitude of the resultant displacement at a point and show that the intensity at that point will be

Hence establish the conditions for constructive and destructive interference,
(b) What is the effect on the interference fringes in Young’s double slit experiment when
(i) the width of the source slit is increased;
(ii) the monochromatic source is replaced by a source of white light? (All India 2014)
Answer:

(b) (i) When width of the source slit is increased, then the angular fringe width remains unchanged, but fringes become less and less sharp, so visibility of fringes decreases. If the condition, is not satisfied, the interference pattern disappears.

(ii) When the monochromatic source is replaced by a source of white light, the interference pattern due to different component colours of white light overlap (incoherently). The central bright fringes for different colours are at the same position. Therefore, the central fringe is

Thus, the fringe closest on either side of the central white fringe is red and the farthest will appear blue. After a few fringes, no clear fringe pattern is seen.

Question 105.
(a) Define a wavefront. How is it different from a ray?
(b) Depict the shape of a wavefront in each of the following cases.
(i) Light diverging from point source.
(ii) Light emerging out of a convex lens when a point source is placed at its focus.
(iii) Using Huygen’s construction of secondary wavelets, draw a diagram showing the passage of a plane wavefront from a denser into a rarer medium. (Comptt. All India 2014)
Answer:
(a) Wavefront is the locus of all points, which oscillate in phase or it is the surface of constant phase.
A ray is defined as the path of energy propagation in the limit of wavelength tending to zero.
(b) Shapes of wave-front

Question 106.
(i) In Young’s double slit experiment, deduce the condition for
(a) constructive,’ and
(b) destructive interference at a point on the screen. Draw a graph showing variation of intensity in the interference pattern against position ‘x’ on the screen.
(ii) Compare the interference pattern observed in Young’s double slit experiment with single slit diffraction pattern, pointing out three distinguishing features. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
(i)
(a) For constructive interference : We will have constructive interference resulting in a bright fringe when path difference is equal to nλ.

Since the separation between the centres of two consecutive bright fringes is called fringe width. It is denoted by β

Hence all bright and dark fringes are of equal width.
Observations :
(i) Fringe width is directly proportional to the wavelength of light i.e. p X.
(ii) Fringe width is inversely proportional to the distance between two sources

(iii) Fringe width is directly proportional to the distance between screen and two sources i.e. .

Suppose at any distance x from the central maximum,

The bright fringes will coincide at the least distance x,


(ii)
Interference pattern and Diffraction pattern :
The diagram, given here, shows several fringes, due to double slit interference, ‘contained’ in a broad diffraction peak. When the separation
between the slits is large compared to their width, the diffraction pattern becomes very flat and we observe the two slit interference pattern.

Basic features of distinction between interference and diffraction patterns :
(i) The interference pattern has a number of equally spaced bright and dark bands while diffraction pattern has a central bright maximum which is twice as wide as the other maxima.
(ii) Interference pattern is the superimposition of two waves slits originating from two narrow slits. The diffraction pattern is a superposition of a continuous family of waves originating from each point on a single slit.
(iii) For a single slit of width ‘a’ the first null of diffraction pattern occurs at an angle of . At the same angle of , we get a maxima for two narrow slits separated by a distance ‘a’.

Question 107.
(a) Draw a diagram showing the ‘Young’s arrangement’ for producing ‘a sustained interference pattern’. Hence obtain the expression for the width of the interference fringes obtained in this pattern.
(b) If the principal source point S were to be moved a little upwards, towards the slit S₁ from its usual symmetrical position, with respect to the two slits S₁ and S₂, discuss how the interference pattern, obtained on the screen, would get affected. (Compt. Delhi 2016)
Answer:
(a)
Consider two coherent sources S₁ and S₂ separated by a distance d. Let D be the distance between the screen and the plane of slits S₁ and S₂.
Light waves emitted from S₁ and S₂ reach point O on the screen after travelling equal distances. So path difference and hence phase difference between these waves is zero. Therefore, they meet at O in phase and hence constructive interference

takes place at O. Thus O is the position of the central bright fringe.
Let the waves emitted by S₁ and S₂ meet at point P and the screen at a distance y from the central bright fringe.
The path difference between these waves at P is given by


For constructive interference/maxima:
If path difference is an integral multiple of λ, then bright fringe will be formed at P

…where [m = 1, 2, 3 …
which is the position of mth bright fringe from the central bright fringe.
Fringe width (β) : The distance between any two successive bright fringes (or successive fringes) is called fringe width.

Destructive interferencelMinima: If path difference is odd multiple of , then dark fringe is formed at P

Which is position of m^th dark fringe from the central bright fringe.
β(fringe width) = y₁ – y₀

(b) On shifting principal source point ‘S’ little upwards i.e. towards Sv the position of the central maximum on the screen will shift downwards on the screen, i.e. below its previous position. Hence, whole interference pattern will get shifted little downwards but fringe width will remain the same as that of . the initial arrangement.

Question 108.
Based on Huygen’s construction, draw the shape of a plane wavefront as it gets refracted on passing through a convex lens. (Comptt. All India 2016)
Answer:
The required shape of the wavefront is as shown

Question 109.
When a plane wave front, of light, of wavelength X, is incident on a narrow slit, an intensity distribution pattern, of the form shown is observed on a screen, suitably kept behind the slit. Name the phenomenon observed.

(a) Obtain the conditions for the formation of central maximum and secondary maxima and the minima.
(b) Why is there significant fall in intensity of the secondary maxima compared to the central maximum, where as in double slit experiment all the bright fringes are of the same intensity?
(c) When the width of the slit is made double the original width, how is the size of the central band affected? (Comptt. All India 2016)
Answer:
The phenomenon observed is the phenomenon of ‘diffraction’.
(a) At the central maximum : The contributions due to the secondary wavelets, from all parts of the wave front (at the slit), arrive in phase at the central maxima, At the central maxima θ = 0.
At the secondary maxima : It is only the contributions from (nearly) 1/3 (or 1/5, or 1/ 7, …) of the incident wavefront that do not get cancelled at the locations of the secondary maxima. These occur at points for which

At the secondary minima : The contributions, from ‘corresponding pairs’, of the sub-parts of the incident wavefront, cancel each other and the net contribution, at the location of the minima, is zero. The minima occur at points for which

(b) There is a significant fall in intensity at the secondary maxima because the intensity there, is only due to the contribution of (nearly) (1/3 or 1/5 or 1/7, …) of the incident wavefronts.

(c) The size of the central maximum would get halved when width of the slit is doubled.

Question 110.
(a) Distinguish between unpolarised light and linearly polarised light. How does one get linearly polarised light with the help of a Polaroid?
(b) A narrow beam of unpolarised light of intensity I₀ is incident on a polaroid P₁. The light transmitted by it is then incident on a second polaroid P₂ with its pass axis making angle of 60° relative to the pass axis of P₁. Find the intensity of the light transmitted by P₂. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
(a) Distinction between unpolarised and polarised light: In an unpolarised light, the oscillations of the electric field, are in random directions, in planes perpendicular to the direction of propagation. For a polarised light, the oscillations are aligned along one particular direction.

Alternatively, Polarised light can be distinguished, from unpolarised light, when it is allowed to pass through a polaroid. Polarised light can show change in its intensity, on passing through a polaroid:
while intensity of transmitted light will remain unchanged in case of unpolarised light.

Polarised light with the help of a polaroid : When unpolarised light wave is incident on a polaroid, the electric vectors along the, direction of its aligned molecules get absorbed; the electric vector, oscillating along a direction perpendicular to the aligned molecules, pass through. This light is called linearly polarised light.

Question 111.
(a) Explain two features to distinguish between the interference pattern in Young’s double slit experiment with the diffraction pattern obtained due to a single slit.
(b) A monochromatic light of wavelength 500 nm is incident normally on a single slit of width 0.2 mm to produce a diffraction pattern. Find the angular width of the central maximum obtained on the screen.
Estimate the number of fringes obtained in Young’s double slit experiment with fringe width 0.5 mm, which can be accommodated within the region of total angular spread of the central maximum due to single slit. (Delhi. 2016)
Answer:
(a) Interference pattern and Diffraction pattern :
The diagram, given here, shows several fringes, due to double slit interference, ‘contained’ in a broad diffraction peak. When the separation between the slits is large compared to their width, the diffraction pattern becomes very flat and we observe the two slit interference pattern.

Basic features of distinction between interference and diffraction patterns :
(i) The interference pattern has a number of equally spaced bright and dark bands while diffraction pattern has a central bright maximum which is twice as wide as the other maxima.
(ii) Interference pattern is the superimposition of two waves slits originating from two narrow slits. The diffraction pattern is a superposition of a continuous family of waves originating from each point on a single slit.
(iii) For a single slit of width ‘a’ the first null of diffraction pattern occurs at an angle of . At the same angle of , we get a maxima for two narrow slits separated by a distance ‘a’.

Question 112.
(a) Define wavefront. Use Huygens’ principle to verify the laws of refraction.
(b) How is linearly polarised light obtained by the process of scattering of light? Find the Brewster angle for air—glass interface, when the refractive index of glass = 1.5. (All India 2016)
Answer:
(a) Wavefront : The wavefront is the common locus of all points which are in phase (surface of constant phase)
Huygens’ principle to verify laws of refraction :
Huygens’ geometrical construction for a plane wave propagation. Let AB be a section of primary wavefront at any instant t. Take points 1, 2, 3, 4, … on the wavefront AB. Taking each point as centre, draw spheres of radius r = ct, where c is the velocity of light in the medium.
Draw a surface A₁B₁ touching tangentially at the secondary wavelets in the forward direction. The surface A₁B₁ is the secondary wavefront after time t.

A surface A₂B₂ touching tangentially all the secondary wavelets in the backward direction can be drawn to give a backward secondary wavefront.
Laws of refraction using Huygen’s principle. Let XY be the refracting surface separating two mediums 1^st and 2^nd. Let c₁ and c₂ be the velocities of light in these mediums.

Let AB be a plane wavefront moving through the surface XY meeting at the point B.
The time taken ‘t’ of A to reach at A’B then

To obtain new front, draw a circle with point B as centre and BD as radius in 2nd medium. Draw a tangent A’D from point A’. Then A’D represents the refracted wavefront.
Since PB be incident ray and BD be refracted ray

This constant V is called the refractive index of material which proves Snell’s law of refraction.

(b) When unpolarised light gets scattered by molecules of earth’s atmosphere, the scattered light has only one of its two components in it and hence linearly polarised, as shown in the diagram :

Question 113.
Explain with diagram, how plane polarized light can be produced by scattering of sunlight. An incident beam of light of intensity IG is made to fall on a polaroid A. Another polaroid B is so oriented with respect to A that there is no light emerging out of B. A third polaroid C is now introduced mid-way between A and B and is so oriented that its axis bisects the angle between the axes of A and B. Calculate the intensity of light transmitted by A, B and C. (Comptt. Delhi 2016)
Answer:
(i) (c) It is due to scattering of light by molecules of earth’s atmosphere.

Under the influence of the electric field of the incident (unpolarized) wave, the electrons in the molecules acquire components of motion in both these directions. Charges, accelerating parallel to the double arrows, do not radiate energy towards the observer since their acceleration has no transverse component.
The radiation scattered by the molecules is therefore represented by dots, i.e., it is polarized perpendicular to plane of figure.

Question 114.
(a) In Young’s double slit experiment a monochromatic source of light S is kept equidistant from the slits S2 and S2. Explain the formation of dark and bright fringes on the screen.
(b) A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths, 650 nm and 520 nm, is used to obtain interference fringes in Young’s double-slit experiment.
(i) Find the distance of the third bright fringe on the screen from the central maximum for wavelength 650 nm?
(ii) What is the least distance from the central maximum where the bright fringes due to both the wavelengths coincide?
Given : the separation between the slits is 4 mm and the distance between the screen and plane of the slits is 1.2 m. (Comptt. Delhi 2016)
Answer:
(a) Young’s double slit experiment. The path difference between two rays coming from holes S₁ and S₂ is (S₂P – S₁P). If point P corresponds to a maximum,

If x, d << D, then negligible error will be introduced if (S₂P + S₁P) in the denominator is replaced by 2D.

Thus, bright and dark bands appear on the screen. Such bands are called ‘fringes’.
These dark and bright fringes are equally spaced.

Important Questions for Class 12 Physics

The post Important Questions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 10 Wave Optics Class 12 Important Questions appeared first on Learn CBSE.

NTSE Jammu and Kashmir 2019-20: Jammu and Kashmir Board of Secondary Education (JKBOSE) will conduct NTSE J and K Stage 1. NTSE J&K will be conducted on 17th November 2019. The application process will start in the first week of August 2019. Class 10th regular students can apply for NTSE J&K till the last week of September 2019. Candidates who submit the application on or before the due date will be able to get the admit card. The admit card can be collected from the schools in the last week of October 2019. The NTSE J&K shortlisted candidates are only invited to appear for the Stage 2 exam to be held on May 2020. The final merit list will be prepared and published on the official website of NCERT.

NCERT offers scholarships every year to deserving candidates until the doctorate level of their studies. Candidates should read the complete article to know information related to NTSE J&K 2019-20. Information including exam dates, application, eligibility, pattern, and syllabus, etc.

NTSE Jammu and Kashmir Exam Dates

State-level National Talent Search Exam

NTSE Jammu and Kashmir Eligibility Criteria

The following are the eligibility conditions to appear for NTSE J&K 2019-20.

• Candidates from any recognized schools of J&K including Kendriya Vidyalaya, Navodaya Vidyalaya, Sainik School or any Top Schools are eligible.
• Age limit for NTSE J&K must be less than 18 years as on 1st July 2019.
• Reserved category candidates must secure at least 40% marks in 9th class.
• General category candidates must secure at least 55% marks in 9th class.
• Candidates of open schooling or distance learning within the age limit can appear NTSE J&K.
• Jammu and Kashmir candidates who are employed in any job are not eligible.
• NMMS Scholarship holders could also be eligible for NTSE Jammu and Kashmir.

NTSE Jammu and Kashmir Application Form

NTSE J&K application form will be released on the official website of JKBOSE in the first week of August 2019. Candidates can collect an application from the school authorities or the state liaison officer. J and K students can fill and submit the application until the last week of September 2019.  Candidates can check the below-mentioned steps to apply for the NTSE J&K 2019-20.

• Candidates should visit the official website jkbose.ac.in.
• Click on the online application link to download the application.
• Fill all the required details properly. Recheck the filled details thoroughly to avoid rejection of the application.
• Two passport size photos and mark sheet copies of 9th standard must be included.
• Reserved category candidates can attach a photocopy of the Caste Certificate if required.
• Physically Challenged candidates can attach a photocopy of the Disability Certificate if required.
• Attach the Pay in slip in the state liaison officer name and get the form attested from the Principal.
• Submit the filled application along with the required documents to your school Principal.
• Then the application will be further submitted to the state liaison officer on or before the due date.

NTSE Jammu and Kashmir Application Fee

Candidates make sure to pay the application fee of Rs. 110/- in favor of the state liaison officer, Jammu and Kashmir.

NTSE Jammu and Kashmir Admit Card

Candidates must collect the admit card from their school authorities in the last week of October 2019. Admit card contains the candidate name, roll number and exam center details. Mobile phones or any other instruments are not allowed in the exam. Candidate must bring the admit card on the exam day. Without admit card candidates will not be entered into the examination hall.

NTSE Jammu and Kashmir Question Pattern

The NTSE J&K stage 1 contains two parts i.e, Mental Ability Test (MAT) and Scholastic Ability Test (SAT). The NTSE J&K pattern contains exam details, number of questions asked and the duration of each paper. Each paper consists of 100 multiple choice and objective type of questions.  Refer to the table below to know the details of the exam pattern for NTSE Jammu and Kashmir

• Each right answer carries 1 mark and no negative marking for wrong answers.
• The questions will be asked from the various topics of the 9th and 10th standard syllabus.
• MAT questions are asked to test the candidate’s ability in thinking and reasoning.
• MAT contains a total of 100 multiple and objective type questions with a duration of 120 minutes.
• SAT questions are asked to test the candidate’s knowledge on each subject of their academics.
•  SAT contains a total of 100 multiple and objective type questions with a duration of 120 minutes.

NTSE Jammu and Kashmir Answer Key

The official answer keys will not be released by JKBOSE. Some coaching institutes will release the answer keys in the third week of November 2019. Answer keys help the candidates to estimate the scores before the result declaration. So, candidates can find the answer keys from the websites of the coaching institutes. Refer to the below points to know more about the NTSE J&K answer keys:

1. NTSE J&K answer keys will provide the answers to all questions asked in each paper.
2. Candidates must check the answer keys to get an idea of eligibility for NTSE Stage 2.
3. Candidates should follow the correct approach for marking.

NTSE Jammu and Kashmir Exam Result

NTSE J&K result will be released online in the first week of February 2020. JKBOSE will declare the result as a merit list of shortlisted candidates for the NTSE stage 2. The following points contain some information about the NTSE J&K Stage 1 results:

• Visit the official website of JKBOSE to check the result.
• Click on the result, enter roll number and date of birth and download the result sheet.
• In the result sheet, students can check their name, roll number, date of birth and marks obtained in each paper.
• Keep a photocopy of the result sheet for future reference.

Details Mentioned on NTSE Jammu and Kashmir Result

Candidates can check the result on the official website of JKBOSE. The NTSE J&K result sheet contains the following information of the candidates.

• Candidates Name, School and Roll number
• Candidates gender, category, date of birth and disability status
• Candidates Rank and Total marks
• Candidates section-wise scores

NTSE Jammu and Kashmir Cut-off

The minimum scores a candidate required to qualify for the NTSE stage 2 exam is the cut-off. Candidates can expect the cut-off to be declared after one week of the result announcement. NTSE J&K cut-off will be announced along with the result by JKBOSE on February 2020. The below mentioned are the various factors of cut-off

• Total number of students from each category
• Previous year’s cut-off
• The difficulty level of the exam pattern
• Highest marks obtained by candidates
• Lowest marks obtained by candidates

The following table shows the previous year’s category-wise cut-off to get an idea of trends.

The following table shows the cut-off percentage for NTSE J&K category candidates

NTSE Jammu and Kashmir Reservation Criteria

Total 64 scholarships are reserved for Jammu and Kashmir state. These scholarships will be awarded as mentioned below:

NTSE Jammu and Kashmir Stage 1 Syllabus

After submitting the application candidates must concentrate on the preparation of the examination. Since there is no particular syllabus for the NTSE Jammu and Kashmir. So, candidates have to prepare from the syllabus of class IX and X to clear the J&K Stage 1 exam. The below-given table shows some important topics for NTSE J&K Stage 1 2019-20.

NTSE Scholarships Amount 2019-20

The HRD Ministry, Government of India has sponsored the NTSE scholarship 2019-20. Jammu and Kashmir candidates have to qualify in both the stages of NTSE. Then only they can be awarded the scholarship amount every month. NTSE deserving candidates only can avail approximately 2000 scholarships offered by NCERT.

Hope this article will help you to get more information about NTSE Jammu and Kashmir 2019-20. Don’t forget to add your comment for any information/queries.

The post NTSE Jammu and Kashmir 2019-20 for Class X | Exam Dates, Pattern, Syllabus and Answer Key appeared first on Learn CBSE.

Letter Writing Class 12 Format, Topics, Samples

The most common form of written communication is the letter. Letters should have a format that goes with the latest conventions.

Types of Letters include:

• Informal letters—These are letters written to close associates.
• Formal letters — These are:
  • Business or official letters (for making enquiries, registering complaints, asking for and giving information, placing orders and sending replies).
  • Letters to the Editor (giving suggestions on an issue).
  • Application for job.

Important points to remember while drafting letters:

•  Write the letter in full block format (i.e., to the left).
• State your reason for writing in the first paragraph and stay on track.
• Always include specifics that will help ease the recipient’s task. For instance, if you are writing to a bank, mention your account number.
• If you refer to other correspondence, quote date of the letter(s), reference numbers, file numbers, order numbers, cheque number with date. Include copies, whenever possible.
• Gently and respectfully direct the recipient’s course of action.
• It may be strongly worded, but always be courteous and use polite language and pleasant tone.
• Self-introduction should be avoided.
• Informal expressions, greetings or contracted forms of words should not be used.
• The language should be simple, straight forward and to the point.
• Leave a line/additional space between paragraphs since no indentation is followed.
• Open punctuation to be followed (no punctuation marks to be used).
• Do not mix up the old format and the new format.
• In letters to the Editor:
  • Do not ask the editor to solve the problems.
• Inob application Letters:
  • Curriculum Vitae (CV)/Bio-data/Resume should be written.
  • It should not be included in the body of the letter but after the complimentary close, as an enclosure.
• In the letter to the Editor:
  • use ‘yours truly’ or ‘yours sincerely’, as the complimentary

Format of the Letter:

Previous Years’ CBSE Examination Questions

Long Answer Type Questions-II

Question 1.
SAF Public School, Chandigarh is planning to take a group of 40 senior students to Shimla on an excursion during the summer vacation. Mr. Mohan Das, the teacher-in-charge of ‘Excursions & Field Trips’, writes a letter to Tours & Travels, Chandigarh asking them to organize the tour. Write this letter giving details of preference such as dates of journey, transport, accommodation, etc. (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
SAF Public School
Chandigarh
18th April, 20xx
The Manager
jj Tours & Travels
Sector 40-C
Chandigarh

Subject: To organise an excursion to Shimla for 40 students

Sir
We are a group of 40 senior students and 5 teachers who are planning a five-day excursion to Shimla during our summer vacations. We would like your travel company to organise this trip for us. Our preferred dates for this trip are between the 20th and 30th of May. We would like to travel by the toy train to Shimla and rely upon your company’s expertise to book decent accommodation for us on a twin-sharing basis in a hotel on the main Mall Road. The cost of the trip should not exceed? 8,000 per student with boarding and lodging. I would appreciate a fast response from your end giving us the details and an itinerary for our trip.

Looking forward to your early response.

Yours sincerely
Mohan Das

Question 2.
You are Navneet of 65, P.H. Road, Mangalore. Recently you bought a mobile phone from ‘The Phone Point’, 83, Mount Road, Mangalore. The phone instrument developed a problem within a month of purchase. Write a letter to the dealer giving details of the nature of the problem and asking him/her to rectify the defect or replace the set. (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
65, P.H. Road
Mangalore
17th January, 20xx
The Phone Point
83, Mount Road
Mangalore

Subject: Rectify/Replace Defective Mobile Phone

Sir
I had purchased a mobile phone Nokia E-63 from your showroom vide Bill No. 4020 on 22nd December. I was using it to my satisfaction since I bought it but for the past few days I have noticed that I now need to charge my phone after every 4-5 hours, unlike earlier when I used to charge my phone after almost 24 hours. Despite the fact that I am using the phone for the same duration as before the battery life has reduced drastically. It is my request to you to rectify this defect with the battery, or replace the handset that comes with a one-year warranty. The Phone Point enjoys a good reputation and goodwill, so I expect you to look into the matter at the earliest so as to enable me to use my mobile phone as conveniently as I. was using it before.

Yours sincerely
Navneet

Question 3.
Read the advertisement given below and write a letter applying for the job. Also give your detailed resume to be sent along with the letter. You are Praveen Kumar of 95 HAL Colony, Bengaluru. (Delhi 2009)

Answer:
95, HAL Colony
M.G. Road
Bengaluru
11th june, 20xx
The Advertiser
Box No. 178
C/ o The Deccan Herald
Bengaluru 500 015

Subject: Application for the Post of P.G. Teacher in English

Sir
This is in response to your advertisement in ‘The Deccan Herald’ dated 9thune, 20xx for the post of PGT in English for your institution. I wish to apply for the same.

Attached herewith is my brief resume and I would be too happy if I am considered for the above-mentioned post in your school.

Yours sincerely
Praveen Kumar

If my particulars suit your requirement, I will be happy to come for a personal interview as per your schedule.
Praveen Kumar

Question 4.
You are jolly of Class XII. You are interested in pursuing a course in visual communication. You have seen an advertisement issued by the National Institute of Communication, Pune, offering courses in Media and Communication. Write a letter to the Director seeking information about their courses, fee structure, placement opportunities, etc. (All India 2009)
Answer:
D-4020 ABC Lane
XYZ City
14th April, 20xx
The Director
National Institute of Communication
Pune

Subject: Seeking information about the Course in Visual Communication

Sir
This is in response to your advertisement in ‘The Daily’ dated 12th April, 20xx regarding courses offered by your institute in Media and Communication. I have just appeared for my class XII examination and am interested in pursuing a course in Visual Communication. As very little information is available about this course, I would be extremely grateful if you could send me detailed information about it so as to enable me to move on to the next step and try to seek admission in your reputed institute. Please forward the following details at the earliest:

1. Procedure for Admission
2. Duration of the Course
3. Eligibility Criteria
4. Course fee (instalment for each term)
5. Placement opportunities available after course completion
6. Any other relevant information related to this course

I am extremely keen to join the above- mentioned course and would be obliged if you mail me a Prospectus for the same in the self- addressed stamped envelope enclosed herewith.

Awaiting your early response.

Yours sincerely
jolly

Question 5.
Write a letter to the Manager, Furniture World, Chennai, complaining about the poor quality of office furniture you recently purchased from them. Give details of the nature of complaint, date of purchase, details of an invoice, etc. and seek immediate repair/ replacement. You are Mr. S.Reddy, Principal, P.S. Public School, Chennai. (All India 2009)
Answer:
P.S. Public School
Chennai
7th March, 20xx
The Manager
Furniture World
Chennai

Subject: Letter of Complaint against poor quality of office furniture

Sir
We had purchased office furniture from your showroom on 17thanuary vide Invoice No. FWC/2051.1 am sorry to say that most of these items sent by you are of poor quality and very non-durable. Not even two months have passed and the chairs are already creaking as the springs used in them are of inferior quality. The wood on the tables too has started chipping off at different places. Four of the seven wooden almirahs are defective as their handles are loose and they are not even stable. It is most disgusting that a reputed shop like yours has been unable to maintain the quality of its products. I would request you to have this faulty lot replaced by a new one, with the best quality at the earliest and would appreciate if you initiated action in this matter fast.

Yours sincerely
S. Reddy
(Principal)

Question 6.
You are Indu, a student of Class XII living at 131, Hans Apartments, Agra. You are interested in pursuing a course in journalism. Write a letter in response to an advertisement issued by the Asian Institute of journalism, Delhi in a national daily, seeking information about suitable courses, eligibility, fee structure and placement opportunities. (All India 2009)
Answer:
131, Hans Apartment
Agra
14th April, 20xx
The administrative Officer
Asian Institute of journalism
Delhi

Subject: Seeking information about Course in journalism

Sir
This is in reference to your advertisement in ‘The Dainik Bhaskar’ dated 12th April, 20xx. I have just appeared for my Class XII examination and am now interested in pursuing course journalism from your reputed institute. I would like to get complete information about the Degree Courses journalism, especially including the following details:

1. Procedure for Admission
2. Duration of Course
3. Criteria for Admission
4. Fee structure (instalment for each term)
5. Placement opportunities available after course completion

I am very keen to pursue the journalism Course from your esteemed institute and would be obliged if you could mail a prospectus in the self-addressed stamped envelope that I have enclosed along with this letter.

Awaiting an early response from your end.

Yours sincerely
Indu

Question 7.
Write a letter to the Manager, Book World, Chennai, complaining about the delay in the supply of Class VII textbooks for the current academic year giving necessary details. Highlight the inconvenience caused due to it and seek an immediate supply of books. You are Rajini/Rajan, Manager, Book Store, Good Shepherd High School, Trichy. (All India 2009)
Answer:
Book Store
Good Shepherd High School
Trichy
5thuly, 20xx
The Manager
Book World
Chennai

Subject: Delay in the supply of Class VII textbooks

Dear Sir
It is hereby brought to your notice that the order we had placed for the class VII textbooks for our school for the current academic session, has not been received by us despite the fact that it has been almost two months since we placed the order. We had placed the order for these books in the first week of May and have not received them yet. The new academic session has begun and now the school is going to
conduct the first round of Unit Tests. The absence of textbooks is bound to hamper their preparations. We request you to make immediate arrangements to despatch the books within this week failing which we will not only be forced to cancel this order but will also be forced to reconsider placing any future order for books with you.

I hope you will look into this matter personally and take instant action.

Yours sincerely Rajan
Manager, Book Store

Question 8.
You are Sruthi/Shira staying at R.K.Puram, Secunderabad. Your locality being away from [ the main city, the poor bus service adversely: affects the life of residents. Write a letter to; the Editor, Deccan Chronicle, highlighting the < problems faced and also giving a few possible solutions. (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Be really Apartments
M.G. Road
Secunderabad
25th February, 20xx
The Editor
Deccan Chronicle
Secunderabad

Subject: Poor Bus Service on M.G. Road

Sir
On behalf of the residents of Berpally Apartments, I wish to draw the attention of the concerned authorities about the poor bus service in our area which is adversely affecting the lives of the residents who are commuting by bus.

Our locality lies on the outskirts of the main city, so a majority of our residents resort to use of public transport to commute to and from the | city. But the poor bus-service which has also I led to the buses being over-crowded is becoming a major problem for residents. Despite our repeated pleas the concerned authorities have turned a deaf ear to our problem which we now have been facing for the past almost two years. Our only request is that a few additional buses be assigned for our i locality so that commuting to the city is not a nightmare for us.

T hope you will publish my letter in your esteemed daily so that our plea is heard and action is taken to lessen our woes.

Yours sincerely
Shiraj

Question 9.
Write a letter to the Editor, ‘The Hindu’, Chennai about rash and reckless driving by the people in your city, suggesting preventive measures. You are Kamal/Kanwar of 10, Mount Road, Velacherry. (All India 2009)
Answer:
10, Mount Road
Velacherry
31st October, 20xx
The Editor
The Hindu
Chennai

Subject: Rash and reckless driving

Sir
Through the medium of your esteemed newspaper, I wish to express my concern about the rash and reckless driving by our city drivers which has led to an unprecedented rise in the number of road accidents.

One now feels rather scared of these reckless drivers who it seems are all geared to drive over people and collide with other vehicles. Serious thinking and stern measures need to be taken up by the traffic police to prevent this problem. Heavy fines should be levied on overspeeding drivers and those who do not follow the traffic rules. After three consecutive fines the licence of reckless drivers should be confiscated for a minimum period of six months. The traffic police needs to deal very strictly with these careless citizens who indulge in such dangerous driving.

Through the column of your newspaper, I would like to appeal to the concerned authorities to give this problem their immediate attention.

Yours sincerely
Kanwar

Question 10.
Write a letter to the Editor, ‘The Hindu’ about the mosquito menace due to stagnant water in your locality. Give suggestions to improve the situation. You are Raman/Renu, living in Rajaji Nagar, Tirunelveli. (All India 2009)
Answer:
Rajaji Nagar
Tirunelveli
16th August, 20xx
The Editor
The Hindu

Subject: Mosquito Menace due to Stagnant Water

Sir
Through the medium of your esteemed newspaper, I wish to draw the attention of the concerned authorities towards the mosquito menace due to stagnant water in our locality.

It is most unfortunate that despite the level of awareness created by the media and the municipal department itself not much has been done to improve the potholes in the roads of our locality. They have not been repaired and this leads to water stagnation at various places during the monsoon season which, in turn, provides an ideal breeding place for mosquitoes. Despite our repeated complaints to the municipal authorities nothing has been ! done to improve the pathetic condition of the roads. These mosquitoes lead to the spread of a: variety of deadly diseases like dengue, malaria | etc. The authorities need to look into this matter! urgently by making arrangements to pump out; the stagnant water or by spraying repellents or kerosene oil to check the breeding of this disease-causing mosquitoes.

Since the only permanent solution to this problem is repairing the road, I would be grateful if the concerned authorities pay heed to our problem and necessary action on this is taken at the earliest.

Yours sincerely
Raman

Question 11.
There is a flood of advertisements on television channels these days. Useless commodities and even superstitious beliefs are promoted through glamorous and exaggerated presentations. Write a letter to the Editor, ‘New Indian Express’ about the negative influence such advertisements have on the minds of the people. You are Radha/ Ramesh of Mayur Vihar, Lucknow. (All India 2009)
Answer:
Mayur Vihar Lucknow
22nd September, 20xx
The Editor
New Indian Express
Lucknow
Subject: Adverse Effect of Advertisements

Sir
Through the medium of your esteemed newspaper, I wish to enlighten the public about the negative influence of advertisements that promote useless commodities and superstitious beliefs through glamorous and exaggerated presentations.

The advertisers present a superficial scenario that is far removed from reality and has a lasting effect on the minds of the people. These advertisements, which can be seen, heard and read almost everywhere on televisions, radio, newspapers etc., are more pervasive and less recognizable as a sales pitch. In order to capture the minds of the prospective buyers, advertisement companies are constantly seeking new ways to target their audience and resort to all kinds of means to present their products attractively. We can rightly say that advertisers these days have lost their moral scruples and have no qualms in resorting to even lies and deceit to sell their product.

I hope you will publish my letter in your newspaper so as to make the general public aware about the negative and harmful effects of advertising and thus enable them not to take their exaggerated and glamorous presentations seriously.

Yours sincerely
Radha

Question 12.
You have shifted your residence from 10, Lajpat Road to House No. 232, Aurobindo Marg, Delhi. Write a letter to the General Manager, MTNL requesting him for an early transfer of your telephone line. You are Rohit/ Radhika of 15, The Mall, Amritsar. (All India 2009)
Answer:
House No. 232
Aurobindo Marg
Delhi
25th February, 20xx
The General Manager
MTNL, New Delhi
Subject: Transfer of Telephone Line

Sir
Through the medium of this letter I would like to request you for an early transfer of my telephone line from my old address to my new address. I am a customer of the MTNL and my present phone number is 011-26134252. I was residing in 10, Lajpat Road, Delhi and have now shifted to House No. 232, Aurobindo Marg, Delhi. So I would request you to transfer my telephone line with immediate effect as MTNL is also my internet service provider and without a telephone and an internet connection it will not be possible for me to pursue my official work. So I look forward to early action from your department and will be extremely grateful for your help.

Yours sincerely
Rohit

Question 13.
Write a letter to the Manager, Haldirams, Nagpur requesting him to supply 60 lunch packets for your excursion party which would be travelling by G.T.Express from Delhi to Chennai. Your train would reach Nagpur at 12.15 p.m. Mention your coach number and the other relevant details. You are Priti/ Pritam, Co-ordinator of the Excursion Party of Sriram Vidya Niketan, Delhi. (All India 2009)
Answer:
Sriram Vidya Niketan
Delhi
1st December, 20xx
The Manager
Haldirams
Nagpur

Subject: Request for supply of sixty lunch packets

Dear Sir
We are a group of fifty students and six teachers going on an excursion to Chennai. We will be travelling by G.T. Express and will leave Delhi on the 13th of December at 10.30 p.m. Our train will be reaching Nagpur on the 14th of December at 12.15 p.m. We would like to request you to have sixty lunch packets delivered at Nagpur station at 12.15 p.m. on the 14th of December. Our coach number is SI and our bogie number is A2. I am enclosing herewith a Demand Draft of? 5,000 as advance payment and will make the final payment on delivery of the lunch packets. I request you to be punctual as the train halts at Nagpur station for fifteen minutes only. I would be grateful if you confirm acceptance of our order at the earliest.
Awaiting your early response.

Yours sincerely
Pritam (Co-ordinator, Excursion Party)

Question 14.
Dog owners walking their dogs along the colony streets is a common sight. These pets relieve themselves on the pavements and dirty them. It is unseemly and unhygienic. Write a letter to the Municipal Commissioner of your city highlighting the situation and suggesting measures to keep the pavements clean. You are jyoti/Parmesh, 15 Mall Road, Delhi. (Comptt. All India 2009)
Answer:
15 Mall Road Delhi
18th April, 20xx
The Municipal Commissioner
Municipal Corporation
Delhi

Subject: Pet Dogs making city unclean and unhygienic

Sir
I wish to bring to your notice a matter which concerns each and every one of us who lives in this city and is anxious about keeping it clean and hygienic.
Dog owners walking their dogs in the streets and parks has been a common sight. These pet dogs relieve themselves along the streets, pavements and in the parks and thus make them dirty and unhygienic. Urgent measures need to be taken up to prohibit this practise so that we can keep our city clean. Heavy fines needs to be levied on these dog owners who take their pet dogs for relieving on the streets and parks. Certain open areas should be specified where these pet dogs can relieve themselves. People in countries like USA, UK etc. also keep pet dogs but ensure that they relieve themselves without contaminating their cities. So dog lovers in our country should also be made to adhere to certain rules to keep our city clean and hygienic.

I hope you will look into this matter urgently and seriously to ensure the cleanliness of our city.

Yours sincerely
Jyoti

Question 15. A new advertising firm. Prime Ads Ltd., 2 Tolstoy Marg, Kolkata, needs office space at a prime location in Delhi. Write a letter to the Manager offering first floor of your building on rent. Give details of the premises, terms and conditions etc. You are Paramjit Singh, Manager Planwell Builders, Nehru Place, New Delhi. (Comptt. All India 2009)
Answer:
Plainwell Builders
Nehru Place
New Delhi
25th Feb., 20xx
The Manager
Prime Ads Ltd.
2, Tolstoy Marg
Kolkata

Subject: Office space in Delhi available

Sir
We got to know through your advertisement on the internet that you are looking for office space for your new advertising firm at a prime location in Delhi. We, at Planwell Builders have a place that will be most suitable for your office at Karol Bagh in West Delhi. It is barely 2 kms from the Metro Station, in a prime commercial area and has three spacious interconnected rooms. We are willing to sign a registered extendable lease for two years at a rent of? 75,000 per month. We will require a deposit of three lakhs (refundable) and three months rent in advance. If these terms and conditions suit you we would be happy to sign an agreement with you at the earliest.

Looking forward to hearing from you.

Yours sincerely
Paramjit Singh
Manager

Question 16.
Write a letter to the Editor, ‘Deccan Times’, Bengaluru about the inadequate parking facilities in Commercial Street, M.G. Road, which is causing a lot of inconvenience to the people. Offer your suggestions. You are Anoop/Ritu, 24 Hennus Road, Bengaluru. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
24, Hennus Road
Bengaluru
26th November, 20xx
The Editor Deccan
Times Bengaluru

Subject: Inadequate Parking on M.G. Road

Sir
Through the medium of your esteemed newspaper, I wish to bring to notice the problem that many people are facing due to inadequate parking facilities in Commercial Street at M.G. Road.

This is causing a lot of inconvenience to the people who are forced to remain stuck in long traffic jams due to heavy congestion of vehicles, especially during peak traffic hours. Many times accidents occur due to overcrowding of vehicles and cause further chaos. It is my earnest request to the concerned authorities to take-up immediate steps to remedy this problem. This road leading to Commercial Street should be made a one-way road during the peak traffic hours, i.e., between 8 am to 11 am and 5 pm to 8 pm respectively. Heavy fines should be levied on people who wait inside their vehicles in the ‘No Waiting’ area. If these steps are strictly implemented it is sure to bring some respite to the daily commuters.

I hope you will publish my letter in your newspaper so that the concerned authorities take up immediate action to solve this problem.

Yours sincerely
Anoop

Question 17.
Write a letter to the Dean, D.P.I. School of Management, Mumbai, requesting him to apprise you of the details such as eligibility criteria, fees, hostel facility, prospects of placement etc. for admission to P.G. Diploma in HRM. You are Ram/Romola of 21 Civil Lines, Bareily. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
21, Civil Lines Bareily
14th March, 20xx
The Dean
D.P.I. School of Management
Mumbai

Subject: Information about admission to HRM

Sir
I would be grateful if you could apprise me of the details for admissions to the P.G. Diploma in HRM. I haveust completed my graduation in Commerce and am interested in pursuing this course from your reputed institute.

Please forward the following details about the course.

1. Details for Admission
2. Eligibility Criteria
3. Fee Structure
4. Hostel Facility
5. Prospects for Placement
6. Scholarships Available (if any)

I would appreciate an early response from your end so as to enable me to decide my future course of action. I am sending herewith a self- addressed and duly stamped envelope so that you can send me a prospectus regarding this course at the earliest.

Yours sincerely
Ram

Question 18.
You are Rohit/Yasmin, a resident of 10, Civil Lines, Saharanpur. During your college life, you participated in various curricular and co-curricular activities with meritorious performance. Write a letter to the Principal of your College, i.e., Guru Nanak College, Ambala requesting him to issue you a testimonial including the details of your performance. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
10, Civil Lines
Saharanpur
5thuly, 20xx
The Principal
Gurunanak College
Ambala
Subject: Request for issue of testimonial

Sir
I had the privilege of being a student of this esteemed institution during the academic years 2007-2010. During these years I was extremely fortunate to participate in various curricular and co-curricular activities and bring great laurels to our college. Given below are my personal details for your ready reference.

I am sure the college records contains a detailed account of all my achievements. It is my request to you to issue me a testimonial that includes details of my performance and achievements as this will be extremely useful for my future prospects. Awaiting an early response from your end.

Yours sincerely
Yasmin

Question 19.
Judith Public School, Pune has recently introduced Diploma Course in Lab Technology under vocational stream. The prospectus of this course are not clear to your mind. Write a letter to the Principal of the school inquiring about the future prospects of this course and requesting him to send a prospectus, if any. You are Chaman/Chanchal, 25 Ashirwad Apartment, Kolhapur. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
25, Ashirwad Apartments
Kolhapur
26th April, 20xx
The Principal
Judith Public School,
Pune

Subject: Information regarding Lab Techno-logy Course

Sir
I would like to get information about the newly introduced Diploma Course in Lab Technology under the vocational stream. I have just appeared for my class XII examination and am interested in pursuing this course but am not very clear about the future prospects of this course.

I would be grateful if you could send me the following information regarding this course:

1. Eligibility Criteria
2. Duration of the Course
3. Fee Structure
4. Scholarships available (if any)
5. Placement opportunities

I would be obliged if you could send me a prospectus, if it is available, for this course. I am enclosing a duly stamped self-addressed envelop so as to enable you to send me all the relevant details about this course. Awaiting an early response from your end.

Yours sincerely
Chaman

Question 20.
Write a letter to the Municipal Chairman of New Town, North Arcot District about the dilapidated condition of a public monument requesting him to take urgent steps for the preservation of this valuable heritage. You are Anarkali/Akbar, 10, Pudupet, New Town. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
10, Pudupet
New Town
22nd December, 20xx
The Municipal
Chairman (New Town)
North Arcot District

Subject: Request for Urgent Steps to Preserve Valuable Heritage

Sir
Through the medium of this letter I would like to draw the attention of the concerned authorities towards the dilapidated condition of the public monument in the North Arcot district.

This valuable heritage needs urgent attention failing which it is bound to be ruined in the very near future. It is my sincere appeal to the authorities to help in the restoration and preservation of this valuable heritage. All the ancient monuments in our country are an integral part of our rich cultural heritage and so we need to take care of them. They serve as important reminders of past events and cultures and are a tangible representation of the civilization in which they were constructed.

I am sure you too are equally concerned about the preservation of this moment and will definitely take up steps to ensure its restoration at the earliest.

Yours sincerely
Akbar

Question 21.
You are Raman/Rama, a member of the Parent-Teacher Association of Little Valley Senior Secondary School, Hyderabad. Write a letter to the Principal of the school asking him to introduce vocational stream in the school providing facility of teaching such subjects as computers, insurance etc. so that the students may not needlessly continue academic studies. You are residing at 15, Anand Colony, Hyderabad. (All India 2011)
Answer:
15, An and Colony
Hyderabad
17th March, 20xx
The Principal
Little Valley Sr. Sec. School
Hyderabad

Subject: Introduction of Vocational Stream

Sir
I am a member of the Parent-Teacher Association of our school and on behalf of the Association it is my earnest request to you to introduce vocational stream in our school to provide the facility of teaching subjects like computers, insurance etc. I am sure that the introduction of these subjects will prove extremely beneficial to many students who may not needlessly continue other academic subjects if their interest lies in vocational courses. The scope for these vocational courses has now increased like never before and so the introduction of this stream at the school level itself will prove to be very helpful for the students in planning their futures. Keeping the interest of the students in mind, we await a positive response from your end at the earliest.

Yours sincerely
Rama
Member, Parent-Teacher Association

Question 22.
Write a letter to the Manager (Publications) of Little Flower Company, Hyderabad, placing an order for 4 books on Management and Administration recently published by them. You are Roni^Rohini, Librarian, H.P. Engineering College, Tirupathi. (All India 2011)
Answer:
H.P. Engineering
College Tirupathi
1st April, 20xx
The Manager (Publications)
Little Flower Company
Hyderabad

Subject: Order for Books

Sir
On behalf of our college, I would like to place an order for the four books on Management and Administration that have recently been published by your publishing house. We require three copies each of all the four books. Payment for these books will be made by an Account Payee cheque on receipt of books. Please send along with the books the bill for these books, mentioning the discount offered to our Institute. We will be grateful for early delivery of these books as the new academic session has already begun and students are keen and pressing for issuing these books. Looking forward to a fast delivery from your end.

Yours sincerely
Ronit
Librarian

Question 23.
Write a letter to the Commissioner of Delhi Municipal Corporation, complaining about the mosquito-menace in your locality. Suggest urgent measures to cope with the problem. You are Lalita/Lalit, F-131, Nirvana Complex, Delhi. (Comptt. Delhi 2011)
Answer:
F-131, Nirvana
Complex Delhi
26th August, 20xx
The Commissioner
Delhi
Municipal Corporation
New Delhi

Subject: Mosquito-menace in our locality

Sir
Through the medium of this letter I would like to bring to your notice the major problem of mosquito menace in our locality which has become a major cause of concern for all residents.

These days, particularly due to the rains, many sewages and lanes in our locality are full of stagnant water. This stagnant water is proving to be an ideal place for breeding of mosquitoes. The Municipal Corporation seems to have forgotten that sewages need to be cleaned and water-logging needs to be inspected on a regular basis during the monsoon season. The mosquito-menace has thus become a major health hazard for the residents of our colony. The incessant and uncontrolled breeding of mosquitoes is a very serious cause of concern and your department needs to take up immediate steps to clean our area and de-silt the sewages.

We hope you will look into our problem on an urgent basis and take immediate action to ensure that your department takes up effective steps to remedy the mosquito menace that we are facing.

Yours sincerely
Lalita

Question 24.
There are many students who do not have the opportunity to get guidance about their future career or for the selection of subjects at the school or college level. Write a letter to the Director, Doordarshan requesting him to introduce a regular programme on ‘Career Counselling’ for students of the country. (Conrptt. All India 2011)
Answer:
ABC Lane
XYZ City
14th April, 20xx
The Director
Doordarshan
New Delhi

Subject: Request to introduce ‘Career Counselling’ Programme

Sir
Through the medium of this letter, it is my earnest request to you to introduce a regular programme on ‘Career Counselling’ for the students of our country.

Many students are deprived of any opportunity to get a medium for guidance about their future career or even for the selection of subjects at the school or college level. This makes them totally confused and quite unsure about the future prospects of the subjects that they opt for. By introducing a programme on Career Counselling on your widely viewed channel, you will be helping many worthy students to take the right decisions to shape their future. Professional career counselling addresses a person’s interests, skills and educational background in a strategic way. Experienced and trained counsellors can be invited on this programme to facilitate the process of selecting. a particular career option.

Doordarshan as a channel has a mass appeal and thus 1 hope you will consider my request seriously and introduce this programme which will prove to be extremely beneficial to numerous students all over the country.

Yours sincerely
XYZ

Question 25.
You are Anu/Arun, 13 W.E.A. Karol Bagh, New Delhi. You feel very strongly about the ill-treatment meted out to stray dogs at the hands of callous and indifferent people. Write a letter to the editor of a national daily giving your views on why some people behave in such a manner and how these dogs should be treated. (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
13, W.E.A. Karol Bagh
New Delhi
17thanuary, 20xx
The Editor
The Hindustan Times
New Delhi

Subject: Ill-treatment meted out to stray dogs

Sir
Through the medium of this letter I would like to voice my strong thoughts against the ill-treatment meted out to stray dogs at the hands of callous and indifferent people.

It is indeed pathetic to see how these stray dogs are not even accorded the basic dignity and protection that we believe must be accorded to all life on our planet. The stray dogs are more than often denied the protection of the very laws enacted by the lawmakers, the provision for animal rights, animal welfare and the prevention of cruelty against animals. These dogs who have lived in our midst for more than 14,000 years have to be treated humanely. But unfortunately, most of these dogs live in a miserable state, suffering from ill-treatment and atrocities meted out to them by callous people. It is high time that the concerned authorities for animal welfare ensure proper implementation of laws relating to Animal Rights that can be the most effective weapon against the exploitation of these helpless animals.

I hope you will publish my letter in your esteemed newspaper so as to make people aware about the need to ‘be human’ with stray dogs who are also living beings.

Yours sincerely
Anu

Question 26.
You are Keshav/Karuna, living at 1, MG Road, Bengaluru. You are very much concerned about the bad state of roads in the city. Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper expressing your concern over the problem faced by the commuters and giving suitable suggestions to solve the problem. (Comptt. D 2012)
Answer:
1 M.G. Road
Bengaluru
1st july, 20xx
The Editor
The Daily News
Bengaluru

Subject: Bad state of city roads

Sir
Through the medium of this letter I wish to bring to the notice of the concerned authorities the bad state of roads in the city due too which the commuters are facing a lot of problems. Due to poor maintenance, the condition of roads in the city is rather bad as they are full of potholes and cracks which lead to traffic jams and even damage the suspension of the commuters’ vehicles. It seems like the authorities are actually waiting for something untoward to happen before they wakeup and remedy this situation. Sources from Bengaluru Municipal corporation say the maintenance work of the city roads has been divided among agencies like Public Works Department and Bengaluru Development Authority which is the main problem as each agency gets a chance to pass on their responsibility.

It is now high time that a policy is made wherein all the busy and important roads should be developed by increasing their thickness every two years. By following this policy, the authorities can help to relieve the commuters’ problems.

I hope you will publish my letter in your esteemed newspaper so that the concerned authorities can look into this matter urgently.

Yours sincerely
Keshav

Question 27.
You are Keshav/Karuna, living at 1, MG Road, Perambalur. You are very much concerned about the frequent and inadequate supply of electricity in the town, which has never happened so badly in the past. Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper throwing light on the gravity of the situation, expressing your concern over the problems faced by the people and giving suitable suggestions to solve the problem. (Comptt. Delhi 2012)
Answer:
1 M.G. Road
Perambalu
11th June, 20xx
The Editor
The Daily News
Perambalur

Subject: Inadequate Electricity Supply

Sir
Through the medium of this letter I wish to bring to the notice of the Electricity Department the problems that we are facing due to the inadequate electricity supply in our town. Though we have been facing power cuts for a long time the situation has never been as bad as it has been in the recent past. Despite repeated complaints to the consumer service centre, there has been no respite to people who are facing a lot of problems every day. Power cuts disrupt the studies of children and also cause great inconvenience to the elderly who stay home all day. The soaring temperature makes it difficult to bear the heat as fans, coolers, air- conditioners are rendered useless with no electricity.

It is my suggestion to the Electricity Board to allot power cut timings to different areas based on a schedule so that people of that area are prepared to face a power cut during that time period. Moreover, notices can also be issued to commercial complexes to close down at least one hour before their closing time so that power can be saved.

It is my request to you to publish this grievance so that the authorities realize our difficulty, take note of the suggestions and do the needful.

Yours sincerely
Kanina

Question 28.
You are Pritam/Priti, 27, W.E.A. Karol Bagh, Delhi. You have decided to shift your residence to Faridabad and hence decided to discontinue your membership of Brain Trust Library, Karol Bagh. Write a letter to the Librarian, requesting him to cancel your membership and refund your security deposit of Wive thousand explaining your inability to continue your membership. (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
27, W.E.A. Karol Bagh
Delhi
1st October, 20xx
The Librarian Brain
Trust Library
Karol Bagh

Subject: Application of Discontinuation of Membership and Refund of Deposit

Sir
I have been a member of your library since the past five years. Now I have decided to shift my residence to Faridabad so it will not be possible for me to continue using your library facilities because of the distance factor between Karol Bagh and Faridabad. Hence I have decided to discontinue my membership. It is my request to you to cancel my membership and refund my security deposit of Wive thousand at the earliest.
I have returned all the books that I had issued earlier this month and all my accounts are clear. I would appreciate an early initiative
from your end as I am planning to shift within two weeks.

Yours sincerely
Pritam

Question 29. Write a letter to the Station Master, Anand, informing him about the loss of your suitcase which you realized only on alighting at Anand. You travelled by Navjivan Express from Chennai to Anand. You are Priya/Prasad of 12, Kasturi Bai Street, Chennai-20. (All India 2012)
Answer:
12, Kasturi Bai Street
Chennai 20
18th April, 20xx
The Station Master
Anand
Subject: Reporting loss of Suitcase

Sir
I boarded the Navjivan Express from Chennai to Anand on 16th April, 20xx. On alighting at Anand I realized that I had lost my suitcase on board the train. 1 do not recall where exactly I misplaced it but I am sure I had boarded the train from Chennai with my suitcase. It is a grey coloured V.I.P. trolley and has a sticker with my name and address on it. I would be grateful for your cooperation in helping me to find my suitcase as it contains some very important documents, besides my clothes and toiletries. I do realise the inconvenience I am putting you through but I would appreciate prompt action from your end. Hoping to hear from you soon.

Yours sincerely
Prasad

Question 30.
As a parent, write a letter to the Principal, ABC School, Delhi, requesting him/her to grant your ward Akhil/Asha Arora, permission to attend the school two hours late for a month as he/she has to attend the coaching classes arranged by Sports Authority of India, on being selected for participation in National Swimming Championship. (All India 2012)
Answer:
XYZ Colony Delhi
5th july, 20xx
The Principal ABC School Delhi
Subject: Request to permit Asha Arora to attend school late
Ma’ am,
My ward Asha Arora is a student of your school in class XII-A. I would like to request you to grant her permission to attend the school two hours late for one month from 7th july to 7th August, 20xx.

She has been selected to participate in the National Swimming Championship to be held in Delhi on 12th August, 20xx so she will have to attend the coaching classes arranged by the Sports Authority of India to prepare for this championship.

I am sure you will support her in her endeavour to do her State and school proud. I will ensure she is in school by 10.00 am during this period. We will be extremely grateful to you for your cooperation.

Yours sincerely
Mrs. Arora

Question 31.
You are Keshav/Karuna, living at 1, MG Road, Mysore. You wish to pursue your graduation course in engineering in USA. Write a letter to Sure Future Ltd., 3, Shahjahan Road, New Delhi, seeking the brochures on different universities in USA for various courses you can pursue and the qualifying examinations for admission in those universities. Mention your own qualifications and preferences for the course. (Comptt. Delhi 2012)
Answer:
1 M.G. Road
Mysore
20th May, 20xx
Sure Future Ltd.
3, Shahjahan Road
New Delhi

Subject: Seeking brochures on different universities in USA

Sir
I have appeared for my Sr. Sec. School examination in the science stream through the Central Board of Secondary Education. I now wish to pursue my graduation course in engineering in USA. So I am seeking the brochures of different universities in USA for various courses I can pursue and the qualifying examination that I need to clear for admission in those universities. Your agency has the reputation of guiding students who want to pursue higher studies in USA and I am sure through your invaluable and accurate guidance I will be able to get the desired information.

I would be extremely grateful for an early response from your end and hope to receive the brochures on different American Universities I am sending herewith a self-addressed and duly stamped envelope so that you can send me the brochures at the earliest.

Yours sincerely
Karuna

Question 32.
You areay/Jaya, living at 1, MG Road, Krishna Nagar, Udupi. Though your locality is a decade old, drinking water supply and sewage connection have not been provided in your locality as yet. Write a letter to the Executive Engineer, Karnataka Water and Drainage Board, Division V, Udupi, about the problems faced by the residents seeking immediate action. (Comptt. All India 2012)
Answer:
1 M.G. Road
Krishna Nagar
Udupi
25th February, 20xx
The Executive Engineer
Karnataka Water and Drainage Board
Division V, Udipi
Subject: No drinking water and sewage connection to the decade-old locality

Sir
Through the medium of this letter I once again wish to bring to the notice of your department the problems faced by the residents of Krishna Nagar.
Our locality, Krishna Nagar on M.G. Road, is, as you must be aware a decade old colony and yet there is no drinking water supply and sewage connection in our locality. This is causing a lot of problem to all the residents who have been living in the most insanitary conditions for the past ten years. We are also spending thousands of rupees every month to buy drinking water from the market. Despite repeated pleas your department has turned a deaf ear to our woes.

This is yet another attempt to bring our problem to your notice and we sincerely hope that your department will take immediate action to solve our problem.

Yours sincerely
Jay

Question 33.
As a regular commuter by bus from Noida to Delhi, you have been witnessing rash driving by the bus drivers daily without an exception. Write a letter to the Editor, ‘The Times of India’ drawing the attention of the General Manager, Delhi Transport Corporation to this problem. You are Priti/Prakash, 15, Udyog Vihar, Noida. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
15, Udyog Vihar
Noida
1st October, 20xx
The Editor
The Times of India
Delhi

Subject: Rash driving by bus drivers

Sir
Through the medium of the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I wish to draw the attention of the General Manager of the Delhi Transport Corporation towards the rash driving of bus drivers from Noida to Delhi.

I am a regular commuter from Noida to Delhi and have been witnessing rash driving by the bus drivers without an exception. These reckless drivers carelessly endanger the lives of so many people on a daily basis. They flout all traffic rules, ump red lights, do not adhere to speed limits etc. They need to be issued very stern warnings with immediate effect. The Delhi Transport Corporation needs to take stringent action against these drivers. Despite repeated pleas and warnings by various passengers, these drivers have turned a deaf ear to the passengers’ pleas and continue with their rash driving. The General Manager of the Delhi Transport Corporation needs to take immediate action and if required cancel the driving licences of non-compliant drivers.

I hope you will publish my letter in your esteemed newspaper so that this matter is brought to the attention of the concerned authority.

Yours sincerely
Prakash

Question 34.
You are Kamini/Kamal of 10 Civil Lines Extension, Chanakyapuri, Agra. The main road leading to your locality has three open manholes causing frequent accidents at night, especially during the rainy season. Write a letter to the Editor, The Times of India drawing attention of the Municipal Commissioner to this problem of the residents. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
10, Civil Lines Extension
Chanakyapuri
Agra
29thuly, 20xx
The Editor
The Times of India
Agra

Subject: The dangerous open manholes

Sir
Through the medium of the column of your esteemed newspaper, I wish to draw the attention of the Municipal Commissioner to the problem the residents of our locality are facing due to three open manholes on the road leading to our locality.

These three manholes are hazardous for pedestrians Since they are on the main road leading to our locality, they cause frequent mishaps at night, especially during the ongoing rainy season. During the rainy season, waterlogging takes place on the road and then it becomes difficult to see an open manhole and the chances of life-threatening accidents are very high. Our request to the Municipal Commissioner is to ensure that the concerned authorities put a proper cover on the manholes to ensure safety of the residents.

I sincerely hope that you will publish this letter in your esteemed newspaper so that the attention of the Municipal Commissioner is drawn to our problem and he can ensure speedy action.

Yours sincerely
Kamal

Question 35.
You have noticed many stray animals on the road during the busy hours of the day. These animals cause traffic jams as well as accidents. You have already written to the concerned authorities but no action has been taken so far. Write a letter to the Editor, The Hindu, drawing attention of the Municipal Commissioner, Chennai. You are Shantha/ Suresh, 12 M.G. Road, Chennai. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
12, M.G. Road
Chennai
1st October, 20xx
The Editor
The Hindu Chennai

Subject: Nuisance of stray animals on the road during busy hours

Sir
Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I wish to express my concern over the increasing number of stray animals on the road during busy hours of the day.

I have already written to the concerned authorities but no action has been taken so far. So, through your newspaper, I now wish to draw the attention of the Municipal Commissioner of Chennai to this problem. These stray animals cause traffic jams as well as accidents. The problem, specially of stray cattle on the road, has become a menace as they bring to a standstill the flow of traffic on the busy roads. They can be seen taking a nap anywhere, even in the middle of the road. Keeping in view the inconvenience being caused to commuters, I hope the Municipal Commissioner will not turn a deaf ear to this problem.

I also hope that you will publish my letter in your newspaper, so that this problem is dealt with urgently.

Yours sincerely
Suresh

Question 36.
Recently you travelled from Bengaluru city to Vasco in Vasco Express. To your dismay, you found that the coach was infested with cockroaches. Write a letter to the Editor, ‘The Hindu’ drawing the attention of the General Manager, Southern Railways, to the prevailing unhygienic conditions and asking for remedial action. You are Saroj/Saran, 5/31 Bengaluru Cantt., Bengaluru. (All India)
Answer:
5/31, Bengaluru Cantt
Bengaluru
16th August, 20xx
The Editor
The Hindu Bengaluru

Subject: Complaint against a cockroach-infested coach in Vasco Express

Sir
Through the medium of the esteemed columns of your newspaper, I wish to draw the attention of the General Manager, Southern Railways to the prevailing unhygienic conditions in a coach of Vasco Express.

Recently, while I was travelling from Bengaluru city to Vasco in the Vasco Express, I found, to my utter dismay, that the coach was infested with cockroaches. I am sure you will understand that not only how unhygienic but also how disgusting and creepy the sight of so many cockroaches can be. Some of my co-passengers, especially children, were frightened out of their wits. The unclean toilets, stained bedsheets and blankets and garbage strewn everywhere -only added to our horror. I sincerely hope that after reading this the Railway authorities will take immediate remedial action so that passengers do not have to undergo this horrific nightmare every time they board the train.

I hope you will publish my letter in your esteemed newspaper so that the concerned personnel can instruct and ensure immediate corrective action.

Yours sincerely
Saran

Question 37.
Recently you travelled in a State Transport bus from Chennai to Thiruvallavur and to your shock air-conditioning in this coach was not working properly. The quality of the maintenance of the bus was also not good. All the way you spent time in unbearable heat. Write a letter to the Editor, ‘The Hindu’, drawing the attention of the General Manager (Maintenance) for taking action in this matter. You are Hema/Ganesh, 25, Avadi, Chennai. (All India 2013)
Answer:
25, Avadi Chennai
11th june, 20xx
The Editor
The Hindu Chennai

Subject: Pathetic condition of State Transport buses

Sir
Through the medium of the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I wish to draw the attention of the General Manager (Maintenance), State Transport, at the poor maintenance of the State Transport buses.

Last week I travelled in a State Transport bus from Chennai to Thiruvallavur and I was in for a shock as the air-conditioning of this so-called air-conditioned bus was not working.

Moreover, the quality of the maintenance of the bus was also rather poor. I had to spend my entire journey of about eight hours in unbearable heat. It is most unfair on the part of the Transport Department to charge high fares for air-conditioned buses and then to make passengers take journey which is an ordeal. Regular inspection of the buses must take place and a strict warning should be issued to the bus drivers and owners by the transport department. Immediate action should be initiated to ensure good maintenance of these buses.

I hope you will publish my letter in your esteemed newspaper so that the concerned personnel take remedial action to ensure the convenience of the bus passengers.

Yours sincerely
Ganesh

Question 38.
Games and Sports are not given so much importance in the country as is given to academics. As a result of this our achievements in the international arena are not very spectacular. Write a letter to the editor of a national daily on the importance of sport and games and on the need to create awareness about it. You are Sunita/Sameer, 8/ 35, M.G. Road, Bengaluru. (All India 2013)
Answer:
8/35, M.G. Road
Bengaluru
22nd September, 20xx
The Editor
The Times
Bengaluru

Subject: Games & Sports not given their due importance

Sir
Through the medium of the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I wish to bring to the notice of the concerned authorities the need to give games and sports their due importance.

It is rather unfortunate that games and sports are not given as much importance in our country as academics by schools, colleges, parents and society in general. As a result of this, our sports achievements in the international arena are also not very spectacular. Our sportspersons always put up a poor performance in the major international sports events. In our country, we lay a lot of importance on academics and children are so stressed out because of this that they cannot pursue their passion for sports beyond a certain stage. Sports and games are extremely important for the physical, mental and emotional well being of an individual. Sports inculcate the values of team spirit, leadership, cooperation and perseverance.

We need to review our education system and create awareness about the importance of sports and games. The government should allocate resources for the development of quality sports infrastructure and also provide incentives and special quotas to sportspersons to encourage people to take up sports as a profession.

I hope you will publish my letter in your esteemed newspaper so that this issue is brought to the notice of all people.

Yours sincerely
Sameer

Question 39.
After passing the secondary school examination, a candidate has to make a very difficult choice from a number of streams available to him for, further study at the senior school level. There is no valid mechanism to assess the suitability of a candidate for a particular stream. Write a letter to the editor of a national daily emphasizing the need of educational counsellors for guidance in this matter in each school. You are Vinita/Vinay, 48, Agra Fort, Agra. (All India 2013)
Answer:
48, Agra Fort Agra
18th March, 20xx
The Editor
The Times of India
Agra

Subject: Need to have educational counsellors for guidance of students

Sir
Through the medium of the column of your esteemed newspaper, I wish to emphasize the need of having educational counsellors in each school for students who pass the secondary school examination.

After passing the secondary school examination, a candidate has to make a very difficult choice from a number of streams available to him at the senior school level. There is no valid mechanism to assess the candidate’s suitability for a particular stream. So the candidate gets extremely confused and feels rather unsure of the stream that he should choose. Often students make wrong choices due to parental, societal and peer pressure.
If it is made mandatory for all schools to appoint educational counsellors it will prove very beneficial for the students and their parents. It will be easy for them to choose the stream they want to pursue at the senior school level.

I hope you will publish my letter in your newspaper so that the matter is brought to the notice of the concerned authorities and they can initiate immediate action to help the students.

Yours sincerely
Vinay

Question 40.
You are Nalini/Vishal, Hostel Warden, Zenith Public School, Kosikalan. Write a letter to the Sales Manager, Bharat Electronics and Domestic Appliances Limited, New Delhi, placing an order for a few fans, microwave ovens and geysers that you wish to purchase for the hostel. Also ask for the discount permissible on the purchase. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
Zenith Public School
Kosikalan
31st October, 20xx
Sales Manager
Bharat Electronics & Domestic Appliances Ltd.
New Delhi

Subject: Placing Order for electrical appliances

Sir
We are glad to inform you that your offer to supply electrical appliances has been accepted by our school management. We are herewith placing our first order and request you to deliver the following appliances at the earliest. Payment for these will be made by an Account Payee Cheque within a week of delivery. Please ensure that the appliances are as per our specifications.

We hope that you will adhere to the discount that you had mentioned in the quotation letter.

Yours sincerely
Nalini
Hostel warden

Question 41.
Due to insanitary conditions in the colony, the population of rodents has been multiplying exposing the residents to multiple diseases. Write a letter to the Municipal Commissioner bringing the problem to his notice and urging him to take urgent action in the matter. You are Suraj/ Supriya, 12 M.G. Road, Chennai. (All India 2013)
Answer:
12, M.G. Road
Chennai
26th April, 20xx
The Municipal Commissioner
Chennai

Subject: Rodent menace due to insanitary conditions in ABC Colony

Sir
Through the medium of this letter I wish to bring to your notice the insanitary conditions prevailing in ABC Colony due to which the rodent population has been on a rise.

In the absence of proper management, the sanitation in our colony has become a storehouse of filth and dirt. The streets remain unswept for days together and rubbish is gathered in heaps at street corners. Drains too remain unclean for quite a long time. Due to these insanitary conditions the population of rodents has been multiplying thus exposing the residents to multiple diseases.

On behalf of the residents of our colony, I would like to request you to take urgent action in the matter before these insanitary conditions combined with an increased rodent population becomes a serious health hazard for the residents. A better monitoring system is urgently required wherein routine inspection of the sanitary conditions in various colonies is carried by the municipal committee.

We would be grateful if you would look into this matter personally and initiate the necessary sanitary arrangements immediately.

Yours sincerely
Supriya

Question 42.
You are the librarian of Amla Public School. You had placed an order for textbooks with Dhanpati & Sons. Since the books did not arrive on time, you have decided to cancel the order. Write a letter to the Manager, Dhanpati & Sons, Chennai, cancelling the order. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Amla Public School Delhi
29thuly, 20xx
The Manager Dhanpati & Sons
Chennai

Subject: Cancellation of the order for books.

Sir
It is hereby once again brought to your notice that the order our school had placed, for the supply of class X and XII textbooks and reference books for the current academic session, has not been received. It has been almost two months since we placed the order and have been repeatedly sending reminders to your publishing house. Now, since the delivery of the books has been delayed to a point where it is bound to hamper students who require these books, we are forced to cancel our order with immediate effect. It is rather unfortunate but we are left with no choice in this matter. Kindly refund the amount we had remitted to you as advance payment for the books.

Yours sincerely
ABC (Librarian)

Question43.
You are interested in doing a short-term course in computer graphics during your holidays. Write a letter to the Director, Easy Computers, enquiring about their short-term courses and asking for all the necessary details. You are Naresh/Nandini. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
ABC Lane
XYZ City
20th May, 20xx
The Director Easy Computers
Subject:

Sir
I am a student of class XI and am interested in pursuing a short-term course in computer graphics during the upcoming summer holidays. As very little information is available about this course, I would be grateful if you could send me brochures/pamphlets with information about your short-term computer graphics course.

Please forward to me the following details regarding this course at the earliest:

1. Duration of the course
2. Commencement Date
3. Course Fee
4. Any other relevant information related to the course.

Awaiting an early response from your end.

Yours sincerely
Nandini

Question 44.
You are the Physical Education Instructor of All Saints School. You had placed an order for sports goods with Bat and Ball Enterprises. When the items arrived you found that some of them were defective. Write a letter to the Manager, Bat and Ball Enterprises, asking him to replace the defective items. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
All Saints School Delhi
5thuly, 20xx
The Manager Bat and Ball Enterprises

Subject: Letter of complaint against defective sports items.

Sir
It is hereby brought to your knowledge that in the last lot of sports items sent by your company to our school, received on the 3rd ofuly, some of the items were defective. The Packaging Department of your company has done a rather irresponsible on due to which five of the bats are broken, seven badminton and six lawn tennis rackets have been found as damaged. Since the cause of damage is negligent packaging at your end, you will need to replace the defective items at the earliest. It is my request to you to send the replacement for the above-mentioned sports items without delay. We have been dealing with your company for the past five years and would like to continue our association for a long time. So we await prompt replacement of the defective sports items from your end.

Yours sincerely
ABC
(Physical Education Instructor)

Question 45.
You live in a crowded area in Mumbai. Unauthorized parking of vehicles in your area is causing a lot of inconvenience to the locals. Write a letter to the Police Commissioner of the District complaining against this practice. You are Rohan/Rohini of Sakinaka, Mumbai. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Sakinaka
Mumbai
1st October, 20xx
The Police Commissioner
Sakinaka District
Mumbai

Subject: Inconvenience caused by unauthorized parking.

Sir
Through the medium of this letter I would like to bring to your notice a problem that is causing a lot of inconvenience to the locals. Unauthorized parking of vehicles in the Sakinaka area is a source of major inconvenience to the locals. Due to this there is no parking space for the residents. Besides there are major traffic congestions Adams which many a time lead to fights and even accidents. Despite our repeated complaints to the local police authorities, there has been no respite for the residents. It is our request to you now to take immediate action in this regard so that we are able to get a reprieve from this daily inconvenience. We sincerely hope you will look into this matter urgently and take up steps to decongest our area.
Looking forward to prompting action from your end.

Yours sincerely
Rohan

Question 46.
You are Ananc Arti of 14, Model Town, Delhi. You have seen an advertisement in The Hindu for the post of Chief Chef in a 5-Star Hotel. Apply for the job with complete biodata. Write in 125-150 words. (All India 2014)
Answer:
14, Model Town
Delhi
22nd September, 20xx
The Advertiser
The Hindu

Subject: Application for the post of Chief Chef

Sir
This is in response to your advertisement in ‘The Hindu’ dated 20th September, 20xx for the post of Chief Chef in your 5-Star Hotel.

I wish to apply for this post.

Attached herewith is my brief resume. I would be grateful if I am considered for the above-mentioned post in your reputed hotel.

Known

If the above-mentioned particulars suit your requirement, I would be too happy to appear for a personal interview.

Yours sincerely
Anand

Question 47.
You are Prem/Parul of 16, TT Nagar, Bhopal. You would like to apply for the post of Marketing Manager in a reputed firm in Mumbai. Write a letter to the Public Relations Officer, Chantal Enterprises, Mumbai, applying for the job. Write the letter in 125150 words giving your biodata. (All India 2014)
Answer:
16, TT Nagar
Bhopal
7th March, 20xx
The Public Relations Officer
Chantal Enterprises
Mumbai

Subject: Application for the post of Marketing Manager

Sir
Through the medium of this letter I would like to apply for the post of Marketing Manager of your reputed firm.

Attached herewith is my brief bio-data and I would be too happy if I am considered for the above-mentioned post in your firm.

Your sincerely
Prem

Question 48.
You are Arman/Arpita of 14, MG Road, Pune. You had bought the textbook, ‘Vistas’ for Class XII from a neighbourhood bookstore. After browsing through the book, you realized that a few pages were missing and the print overlapped on a few pages. Write a complaint letter in 125-150 words to the Manager, Dawn Books, Lawrence Road, Chennai requesting him for a replacement or refund. (All India 2014)
Answer:
14, MG Road
Pune
22nd April, 20xx
The Manager
Dawn Books
Lawrence Road
Chennai

Subject: Letter of complaint over missing pages in book.

Sir
I had bought the text book ‘Vistas’ for class XII from a neighbourhood book store last week. After browsing through the book, I realized that a few pages (numbered 61-76) were missing from the book and the print overlapped on a few pages. It will not be possible for me to retain this book. So it is my request to you to either replace the book that I am enclosing with this letter or to send me a refund for the book. I hope to receive a reply from your end soon as my academic session has already started and I need this text book urgently. Awaiting prompt action so that I am not inconvenienced any further.

Thank you
Yours sincerely
Arman

Question 49.
You had bought an expensive wrist watch last week. Now you realize that it is not functioning properly. Write a letter in 125-150 words to the Manager, Edison Watch Works, New Delhi, complaining about it and requesting him to repair or replace it immediately. You are Gobind/Gopa of 68, Park Street, Kolkata. (All India 2014)
Answer:
68, Park Street
Kolkata
29thuly, 20xx
The Manager Edison
Watch Works New Delhi

Subject: Letter of complaint regarding wristwatch.

Sir
I had bought a wristwatch from your showroom on 5thuly 20xx vide bill no.

1234 I had paid? 10,800 for this ‘Guess’ wristwatch. But to my utter dismay, I have realized that it is not functioning properly. Despite my setting the time it slows down and does not keep the correct time. Since the watch is very much in its warranty period, it is my request to you to repair or replace it immediately. I am sure that a reputed showroom like yours would take prompt action in ensuring to do whatever is best in the interest of the customers. Awaiting an early response from your end.

Yours sincerely
Gobind

Question 50.
Recently you went to your native village to visit your grandparents. You saw that some of the children in the age group 5-14 (the age at which they should have been at school) remained at home, were working in the fields or simply loitering in the streets.

Write a letter in 120-150 words to the editor of a national daily analyzing the problem and offering solutions to it. You are Navtej/ Navita, M-114 Mount Kailash, Kanpur. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
M-114 Mount Kailash
Kanpur
18th April, 20xx
The Editor
The Daily Times
Kanpur

Subject: Problem of child illiteracy

Sir
Through the medium of your esteemed newspaper I would like to express my concern over the problem of child illiteracy in rural India.

Recently on my visit to my native village I saw that some of the children in the age group of 514 years were either working in the fields or simply loitering in the streets. These children are missing out on valuable formal education. It is most unfortunate that despite various incentives by the government to provide education to children they are still not encouraged to go to school. The general attitude of parents, elders and children in the villages is one of indifference and disinterest. There is no motivation for rural child to go to school.

The government, NGOs and all citizens, in general, need to put in combined efforts to ensure that more children are formally educated in rural areas. There is no single solution to this problem. It needs to be addressed in multiple steps and at various levels.

Emphasis should be laid on skill development and children should be provided free meals, books and uniforms as an incentive to go to school. It is easy to sit in the comforts of our homes and crib about the lack of literacy among children and how our government is inefficient. Maybe if we all actually start making efforts, things can really change for the better.

I hope you will publish my letter in your newspaper so that the citizens of India can take more concrete efforts to ensure that children of rural India are educated.

Yours sincerely
Navtej

Question 51.
When cricket teams go abroad the members are allowed to take their wives, even friends along with them. Does this fact distract them or help them to focus on their game in a better way? If it is good, why don’t we allow our athletes to enjoy the same privilege?

Write a letter to the editor of a national daily in 120-150 words giving your views on the issue. You are Navtej/Navita, M-114 Mount Kailash, Kanpur. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
M-114 Mount Kailash
Kanpur
1st October, 20xx
The Editor
The National Daily
Kanpur

Subject: Should players be allowed to take their wives on tours
Sir

Through the medium of this letter I would like to reflect on the cricket board’s compliance that the players can take their wives, even friends along with them when they go abroad for a tournament. Does this fact distract the players or help them focus on their game in a better way?

The cricket board does not think this affects the performance of the player. It may be argued that wives and friends act as distractions and players may lose focus. However, having a spouse along is a source of emotional support. Presence of family helps in over-coming homesickness and keeps the players stress-free in pressure matches.

It all depends on the player. Once he is playing for the country, he has to give his 100 per cent. If the cricket board thinks this is good why are our athletes not allowed to enjoy the same privilege? All our players are mature enough; and till now we have seen good performance by the players who have been accompanied by their spouses. A few incidences cannot overview the past brilliant games won with the spouse attending the game in the spectator’s row. Expenditure on the travel and stay of their spouse is again a winning strategy to boost-up the spirit of the players. It is now high time we allow this privilege to our athletes as well.

I hope you will publish my letter in your newspaper so that it draws the attention of the Athletics Federation of India and they too consider to allow the athletes this privilege.

Yours sincerely
Navita

Question 52.
You are Navtej/Navita, Secretary, Environment Club, Akash Public School, Agra. You, along with a group of students, went on a 3-day tour through Corbett National Park. You found how the tourists abuse the available facilities and thus endanger the environment. Write a letter in 120-150 words to the editor of a national daily! highlighting the situation.

Suggest ways through which the environment) of the Park can be saved. (All India 2014)
Answer:
Akash Public School Agra
23rd March, 20xx
The Editor
The Daily Times
Agra

Subject: Endangering of the environment by tourists in National Parks

Sir
Through the medium of your esteemed newspaper I would like to express my concern on how the tourists are abusing the available facilities and thus endangering the environment of the Corbett National Park.

Our group of about 40 students had gone on a 3-day tour through Corbett National Park. On our visit we saw the tourists, callous attitude towards the available facilities in the park. It was most unfortunate to see that tourists do not adhere to the rules of carrying a litter bag and leave their non-biodegradable garbage like plastic bottles, metal foils etc. inside the park. Moreover, actions such as trampling vegetation, parking in areas that are not designed for parking add to the destruction of the land. All these things are likely to endanger the environment.

I strongly feel that the authorities should take stringent action against the defaulters who display such a casual attitude towards the environment. Heavy fines and even penalties should be imposed on them so that these act as major deterrents for all tourists to use and not misuse the available facilities. Educating tourists on this sensitive issue and limiting the number of tourists and vehicles in these national parks may help in preventing further degradation of such parks.

I hope you will publish my letter in your newspaper so that tourists as will as the concerned authorities change their attitude and work along to conserve the National Parks of our country.

Yours sincerely
Navtej

Question 53.
On Teacher’s Day, you read in a newspaper that privately owned and managed schools in small towns or even in the suburbs of metropolitan cities exploit their teachers by paying themust a fraction of their authorised salaries. This affects their performance in the classroom and thus the lives of their students. Write a letter in 120-150 words to the editor of a national daily raising your voice against such exploitation. Suggest ways to solve this problem. You are Navtej/Navita, 112 Ta Road, Agra. (All India 2014)
Answer:
1.12 Ta Road
Agra
18th April, 20xx
The Editor
The Daily Times
Agra

Subject: Exploitation of teachers by giving them less than authorised salaries

Sir
Through the medium of your esteemed newspaper I would like to raise my voice against exploitation of teachers who are paid a mere fraction of their authorised salaries. Recently I read in a newspaper that privately owned and managed schools in small towns or even in the suburbs of metropolitan cities exploit their teachers by paying them meagerly. This to . a very large extent affects their efficiency and performance in the classroom and thus also affects the lives of the students. Underpaid teachers are usually demotivated and lose interest in their jobs. Low salaries result incompetent teachers leaving their jobs in search of better pays.

Pay structure is potentially a very important incentive tool in the hands of the education policymakers and this needs to be implemented fairly in all schools. The policymakers need to view this problem with grave concern and find ways to solve it. Schools which do not pay the teachers according to the scales should have their accreditation cancelled by the CBSE and their recognition cancelled by the government. By implementing these suggestions with precision and strictness, exploitation of teachers can surely be dealt with in a very positive way and the injustice against them can be tackled.

I hope you will publish my letter in your newspaper so that the concerned authorities can take up steps to remedy this exploitation against teachers.

Yours sincerely
Navita

Question 54.
You are Ketan Panday of 63, Civil Lines, Delhi. You saw an advertisement in The Hindu for the post of accountant in a reputed firm. Write an application in 120-150 words to the area manager of Gayatri Consultants, 2, Barakhamba Road, New Delhi, giving your detailed biodata. (Comptt. Delhi 2014)
Answer:
63, Civil Lines
Delhi
17thanuary, 20xx
The Area Manager
Gayatri Consultants
2, Barakhamba Road,
New Delhi

Subject: Application for the post of accountant.

Sir
This is in response to your advertisement in ‘The Hindu’ dated 16thanuary, 20xx for the post of accountant in your consultancy firm. I wish to apply for the same.

Attached herewith is my ‘Biodata’ and I would be too happy if I am considered for the above- mentioned post in your esteemed and reputed organisation.

Yours sincerely
Ketan Pandey

Question 55.
You are Ravikant, sports teacher of Sunshine Public School, Karol Bagh, Delhi. A month ago you placed an order for the supply of a few sports goods. So far you have not received the goods. Write a letter in 120-150 words to the Sales Manager, Olympic Sports, F-12, Darya Ganj, Delhi requesting a speedy delivery of the goods. (Comptt. Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Sunshine Public School
Karol Bagh,
Delhi
1st October, 20xx
Sales Manager
Olympic Sports
F-12, Darya Ganj,
Delhi

Subject: Delay in delivery of sports goods.

Sir
It is hereby brought to your notice that we had placed an order for the supply of a few sports items for our school vide order no. 1229/2015 on 5th September, 20xx. Your company had assured us the delivery of the same within two weeks. Now it is more than three weeks and we have not received the sports items. We request you to now ensure a speedy delivery of the goods failing which we will be forced to cancel our order with your firm. Hoping for a positive response from your end at the earliest in keeping with the good reputation your firm has earned over the years.

Yours sincerely
Ravikant
Sports Teacher

Question 56.
You are Ramesh Kumar, librarian of Aryamba Public School, Fort Road, Kochi. Write a letter in 120-150 words to Academic Book Centre, Mount Road, Chennai, placing an order for books you need for the library. Ask for a discount and a quick delivery of the books. (Comptt. Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Aryamba Public School Fort Road,
Kochi
7th August, 20xx
Academic Book Centre
Mount Road, Chennai

Sir
We would like to inform you that your offer to supply books to our library has been accepted by the Management of our school. We are herewith placing our first order and request you to deliver these books at the earliest as we require them urgently. The payment for these books will be made by an account payee cheque immediately after we receive the books. Please mention the discounts available on the purchase.

Awaiting an early delivery of the above books.

Yours sincerely
Ramesh Kumar
Librarian

Question 57.
You are Arun/Arti 12, Raja Road, Kanpur. You had ordered Ram Book Depot, 4 Mall Road, Delhi for the supply of two books. You wanted to give them as a gift to a friend of yours. On receiving them you were disappointed to find that the books were damaged. Write a complaint letter in 120-150 words to the Manager, about your problem. (Comptt. All India 2014)
Answer:
12, Raja Road
Kanpur
26th April, 20xx
The Manager
Ram Book Depot
4, Mall Road, Delhi

Subject: Complaint against receiving damaged books.

Sir
Through the medium of this letter I would like to bring to your notice my complaint of receiving damaged books. I had ordered two books from you from the Harry Potter series on 18th April, 20xx, the payment for which I had made by a Demand Draft. I wanted to gift these books to my friend on her birthday. On receiving the books yesterday I was extremely disappointed to see their pathetic condition.

The cover pages of the books were damaged and the pages too were turned and untidy. My friend’s birthday is on the 30th of April and I cannot present these damaged books to her. So I request you to send me new packs of both the books at the earliest. I am also sending back the damaged books to you. Awaiting a favourable response and prompt delivery of the new books.

Yours sincerely
Arti

Question 58.
You are interested in doing a course in fashion design. For this you want to join NIFT. NIFT holds a competitive examination for admission. Sapphire Academy, Dadar, Mumbai gives coaching for the admission test. Write a letter in 120-150 words to the Director, Sapphire Academy requesting him to provide you with all the necessary information. You are Karan/Kirti, 48 Fort Apartments, Pune. (Comptt. All India 2014)
Answer:
48, Fort Apartments
Pune
18th March, 20xx
The Director
Sapphire Academy
Dadar, Mumbai

Subject: Information about coaching for admission to NIFT.

Sir
I have just appeared for my Class XII CBSE Examination after which I want to join NIFT. I would like to join the coaching classes offered by your academy for the NIFT competitive examination for admission. I would be grateful if you could provide me the following information for admission:
(i) Courses offered by NIFT
(ii) Procedure for admission and Eligibility Criteria
(iii) Duration of Coaching classes offered by your academy
(iv) Course fee (both for NIFT and your academy)
(v) Any other relevant information

I am extremely keen to join NIFT and would appreciate if you could forward me all the necessary information related to the institute and your academy. Awaiting an early response from your end.

Yours sincerely
Kirti

Question 59.
The drinking water supplied to your locality Anandlok Colony, Kanpur has a dirty colour 84 and foul smell. As secretary of the Residents Welfare Association, write a letter in 120-150 words to the Chief Engineer, Water Authority, Kanpur complaining about the problem and requesting him to take necessary action at the earliest. (Comptt. All India 2014)
Answer:
Anand Lok Colony
Kanpur
29th july, 20xx
Chief Engineer Water Authority,
Kanpur

Subject: Complaint against dirty colour and foul smell of drinking water.

Sir
In the capacity of the Secretary of the Residents’ Welfare Association, I would like to draw your attention to the dirty colour and foul smell of drinking water that is being supplied to our locality, Anandlok Colony.

Since the past three weeks the drinking water that is being supplied to our colony is very dirty and has a foul smell. It is not even suitable for cleaning and washing purpose. We have been buying drinking water and paying water tankers to supply water to us for three weeks now. Despite repeated complaints to the Water Authority no action has been taken so far. This problem has become a serious issue which is bound to take a toll on our health and our pockets. I hope you will consider this problem seriously and give it top priority.

We request you to take strict and immediate action in this matter and hope to get a favourable response from your end at the earliest.

Yours sincerely
ABC

Secretary, Residents Welfare Association

Question 60.
You would like to join NDA coaching classes. Write a letter in 120-150 words to the Director Model Coaching Centre, Andheri, Mumbai to enquire about the coaching classes for the next examination. Ask for all necessary details. You are Sunita/Suraj, 4 Grant Road, Dadar. (Comptt. All India 2014)
Answer:
4, Grant Road,
Dadar
26th April, 20xx
The Director
Model Coaching Centre,
Andheri

Subject: Enquiry about coaching classes for the next examination.

Sir
I have just appeared for my class XII CBSE Examination and am now interested in joining the NDA. For that I would like to enrol in the NDA coaching classes offered by your institute. So I request you to forward me the following details regarding the course and the coaching classes:

1. Procedure of admission to NDA.
2. Eligibility Criteria.
3. Date of commencement of coaching classes.
4. Duration of coaching classes.
5. Fees charged by your institute.
6. Any other relevant information.

I am extremely keen to join the NDA and would appreciate if you could forward me all the relevant information related to your institute. Awaiting an early response from your end.

Yours sincerely
Suraj

Question 61.
Lack ofob opportunities in the rural areas is forcing people to migrate to cities. Every big city thus has a number of slums in it. Life in these slums is miserable. Write a letter in 120150 words to the editor of a national newspaper on how we can improve the living conditions in these slums. You are Karan/ Karuna, M 114, Mall Road, Delhi. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
M 114, Mall Road Delhi
18th April, 20xx
The Editor
The Times of India
Delhi

Subject: Suggestions to improve the living conditions in slums

Sir
Through the medium of the column of your esteemed newspaper I would like to express my concern over the miserable condition of slums which have come up in every big city and give suggestions to improve the living conditions in these slums.

Lack ofob opportunities in the rural areas has forced people to migrate to cities. Every big city has a number of slums wherein the living conditions are most pathetic and unhygienic. Slums lack basic sanitation services, supply of clean water, reliable electricity, schools, dispensaries and other basic services. The Municipal Corporations seem to have turned a blind eye towards the improvement of slums.

Urgent steps need to be initiated to better the living conditions in the slums. The government needs to strengthen the capacity of NGOs to engage with local authorities and other service providers for the sustainable provision of basic services in slums whereby slum dwellers are provided access to clean water, improved sanitation and waste management services. Moreover income-generation activities should be supported and community-managed schemes should be developed to enable slum dwellers to secure funds for the improvement of physical facilities.

I sincerely hope you will publish my letter in your newspaper so that the concerned authorities awaken to improving the lives of the lakhs of people living in the slums.

Yours sincerely
Karuna

Question 62.
Along with air and water pollution, our cities are also under an attack of noise pollution. Marriage processions, DJs during wedding receptions, loud music from neighbourhood flats etc. are all sources of noise which is not good for the old, the ailing and students. Write a letter in 120-150 words to the editor of a local newspaper describing the problem and making a request to the concerned authorities to solve it. You are Karan/Karuna, M114, Mall Road, Delhi. (All India 2016)
Answer:
M 114, Mall Road
Delhi
7th March, 20xx
The Editor
The Times of India
New Delhi

Subject: Problem of noise pollution

Sir
Through the medium of the columns of your esteemed newspaper I would like to express my concern over the problem of noise pollution causing havoc in our daily lives.

Besides air and water pollution, our cities are also under an attack of noise pollution. Marriage processions, DJs during weddings, loud music are all sources of noise especially troublesome for senior citizens, ailing people and students. Another major source of loud and unwanted sounds nowadays is unplanned urban development and construction. The increasing levels of noise pollution have created the urgent need of general awareness about its sources, effects and preventive measures. Noise pollution has adverse effects on human health and behaviour.

Increased levels of noise may cause damage to psychological health, hypertension and stress, hearing loss, disturbed sleep, etc. Some stringent measures need to be adopted by the concerned authorities to solve the problem of noise pollution. Public awareness needs to be created and people should be made to realize its harmful consequences. Proper regulations need to be enforced on the use of loudspeakers beyond a certain volume and time. The concerned authorities need to take up adequate measures to ensure that noise-related restrictions are not violated.

I hope you will publish my letter in your newspaper so that the concerned authorities take stringent measures to curb the problem of noise pollution without further delay.

Yours sincerely
Karuna

Question 63.
It gives you a good feeling when you read in the newspapers how patients from abroad come to hospitals in India and get themselves treated at a fraction of expenses they will have incurred elsewhere. Write a letter in 120150 words to the editor of a national daily describing the importance of medical tourism for India. You are Karan/Karuna M 114, Mall Road, Kanpur. (All India 2016)
Answer:
M 114, Mall Road
Kanpur
22nd September, 20xx
The Editor
The National Daily
Kanpur

Subject: Importance of Medical Tourism for India

Sir
Through the medium of the columns of your esteemed newspaper I would like to describe the importance of medical tourism for India.

It gives us pleasure when we read in the newspapers how patients from abroad come to hospitals in India and get themselves treated at a fraction of expenses they would have incurred elsewhere. All Indian hospitals have skilled physicians and nursing practitioners. The medical facilities provided in Indian hospitals are at par with the international standards but still cost less, not because of any compromises in quality but due to the favourable currency conversion rates and lower operating costs in India.

. The Indian Government is taking steps to address infrastructure issues that might hinder the country’s growth in medical tourism. Hospitals have hired language translators for the comfort of patients from countries like Russia and Africa. The boom in medical tourism is helping the Indian economy in earning foreign exchange and has also improved relations with other countries. Acknowledging the significance of medical tourism in India, the Government is trying to increase the international tourist traffic by offering medical visas.

It is not a wonder that India is being promoted as a healthcare destination in ‘Incredible India campaign’ being run by the tourism industry. I hope you will publish my letter in your newspaper.

Your sincerely
Karuna

Question 64.
Yesterday you went to Sunrise Hospital, Market Road, New Delhi taking with you the victim of a hit and run accident. There were chaotic conditions in the casualty department. The injured was attended to after a lot of precious time had been lost.

Write a letter of complaint in 120-150 words to the Medical Superintendent. You are Karan/ Karuna, M 114, Mall Road, Delhi. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
M 114, Mall Road
Delhi
18th March, 20xx
Medical Superintendent Sunrise Hospital,
Market Road
New Delhi

Subject: Letter of complaint against chaotic conditions in casualty department

Sir
Through the medium of this letter I would like to bring to your notice the chaotic conditions prevailing in the casualty and emergency department of your hospital.

Yesterday, I had taken a victim of a hit and run accident who required immediate medical attention to the casualty and trauma ward of your hospital. To my horror, the conditions in the casualty department were extremely chaotic and disorganised. None of the on-call nurses and doctors seemed to know what to do. The injured person I had accompanied was writhing away in pain as his broken arm was left unattended for an agonising one hour. He was finally attended to but only after precious time had been lost. This delay in receiving the required medical help could have proved fatal for the victim.

This matter is of grave concern and requires the urgent attention of the hospital authorities as the casualty department cannot afford to show such incompetence with medical and other emergency cases coming in at any time.

I hope you will look into this matter immediately and ensure a smooth functioning of the casualty department.

Yours sincerely
Karan

Question 65.
Park Lane, Chanakyapuram, Mysore is proud of having four reputed public schools in close proximity to each other. In the morning and afternoon there is heavy traffic along the road and hundreds of students are put to a lot of inconveniences.

Write a letter in 120-150 words to the Deputy Commissioner of Police (Traffic) describing the problem. Suggest a few measures to regulate the traffic. You are Karuna Shetty / Karan Kumar, Principal, Sunrise Global School. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
Sunrise Global School
Park Lane, Chanakyapuri
Mysore
7th March, 20xx
The Deputy Commissioner of Police (Traffic)
Mysore

Subject: Heavy traffic congestion around schools in Park Lane.

Sir
As you are aware Park Lane, Chanakyapuram has four public schools in close proximity to each other. Through the medium of this letter I would like to bring your attention to the traffic situation that the children, staff and parents of these schools have been facing for the past two years.

In the morning and afternoon there is heavy traffic along the roads and hundreds of students are put through a lot of inconveniences. Commuting to and from school is extremely troublesome for the students and their parents who come to drop and pick them up. Despite our repeated complaints the authorities have turned a blind eye to our woes.

It is my earnest request and hope that you will take up immediate measures to regulate the flow of traffic in this area. Please ensure the presence of a traffic policeman in the morning and afternoon. The traffic light on this road also does not function properly making the situation worse. Heavy fines should be imposed on people who park their vehicles wrongly. A little initiative from your end can help to remedy this problem and save us from unnecessary inconvenience.

Awaiting a favourable response from your end at the earliest.

Yours sincerely
Karan Kumar

Question 66.
Write an application (including a resume’) in 120-150 words for the post of receptionist advertised in a national newspaper byKL Publishers, Peshwa Road, Pune. You are Karuna, M 114, Mall Road, Pune, a graduate from SNDT University and have done a Secretarial Practice Course from YWCA, Mumbai. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
M 114, Mall Road Pune
17th March, 20xx
KL Publishers
Peshwa Road
Pune

Subject: Application for the post of Receptionist

Sir
This is in response to your advertisement published in ‘The National Daily’ dated 15th March, 20xx for the post of receptionist in your publishing house.

I wish to put forth my application for the same. Attached herewith is my resume and I would be too happy if I am considered for the above-mentioned position in your company.

Thanking You

Yours sincerely
Karuna

Enclosed: Resume for your reference.

Question 67.
In all big cities road rage has become a serious problem. A minor scratch, a little push, or a small brushing past can lead to a scuffle sometimes resulting even in murder. Write a letter in 120-150 words to the Police Commissioner giving your views on the problem and its solutions. You are Karuna/ Karan, M 114, Mall Road, Delhi. (All India 2016)
Answer:
M 114, Mall Road Delhi
29thuly, 20xx
The Police Commissioner
Delhi Police
New Delhi

Subject: Road rage has become a serious problem

Sir
Through the medium of this letter I would like to draw your attention and express my concern on the problem of road rage which has come to assume alarming proportions in big cities and has become a serious problem. Road rage is a grave issue on which there is need to concentrate and take necessary action. The increasing number of incidents of road rage should serve as a warning to the city’s administrators. People do not realize that aggressive driving is a traffic violation whereas road rage is a criminal offence.

A person who is not able to control his emotions and bullies another on the road does not deserve any leniency so merely imposing a fine is not enough. There must be fear of the consequences. Aggressive physical and verbal behaviour on the roads sometimes even ends up in murder in extreme cases. So, harsher implementation of law and stricter punishments are necessary to instil fear in people. Effective intervention by law enforcement agencies and more policing can help to bring the number of road rage cases down.

On the social front the public can be educated and encouraged to become polite drivers, follow traffic rules and regulations, avoid confrontations and keep the driving environment calm to avoid incidents of road rage.

I hope you will take a serious note of this grave problem and implement stringent and immediate measures to ensure its control.

Yours sincerely
Karan

Question 68.
You bought a flat from PQR Builders, Sector 55, NOIDA. Within a period of two months you have started facing a lot of problems like seepage in the walls and ceilings, wall paint peeling off, leaking sanitary fittings, lift getting stalled etc. Write a letter of complaint in 120-150 words to the Works Manager. You are Karuna/Karan, A9D Apoorva Apts., NOIDA. (All India 2016)
Answer:
A9D, Apoorva Apts.
Sector 55, Noida
16th january, 20xx
The Works Manager
PQR Builders
Noida

Subject: Letter of complaint for problems in new flat

Sir
I moved into my flat that I had bought from your company in Apoorva Apartments, Sector. 55, Noida two months back. It is most unfortunate that within two months of moving into this brand new flat we have started facing a lot of problems.

There is problem of seepage in the walls and ceilings. The wall paint has started peeling off, there is leakage in the sanitary fittings and the lift gets stalled to name a few. Keeping in mind the reputation that your company enjoys in the market I had never imagined that a flat built by your reputed company would have such poor construction. The least you could do now is to rectify the faults at the earliest to avoid us further inconvenience.
I hope to hear from your end soon and also hope repair work is initiated at the earliest.

Yours sincerely
Karan

Question 69.
You are Shekhar/Shweta of 4, Balaji Road Kurnool, You bought LED lights (2 wall lights, 4 mirror lights and a panel light) from Indigo Lights a month ago. Many of the lights got fused within a month though the guarantee period is a year. Write a letter of complaint in 120-150 words to the Manager, Indigo Lights, Kurnool about your grievance asking him to do the needful immediately. (Comptt. Delhi 2016)
Answer:
4, Balaji Road
Kurnool
17th January, 20xx
The Manager
Indigo Lights
Kurnool

Subject: Complaint against faulty LED lights

Sir
I had bought LED lights which include 2 wall lights, 4 mirror lights and a panel light from your showroom vide bill no. 1229 on 22nd December, 20xx. These lights were working satisfactorily till the last week after which one by one five of the lights got fused, that too within a month of buying them. The guarantee period for each light is one year as mentioned on the Bill. It is my request to you to replace these faulty lights at the earliest.

‘Indigo Lights’ enjoys a good reputation and has earned goodwill in the market, so I expect you to do the needful, keeping in mind the reputation of your showroom.

Yours sincerely
Shekhar

Question 70.
You are Deepak/Dhanya 14, Mall Road Kochi. You saw an advertisement put up by Excellent Coaching Centre which provides coaching for Medical Entrance Exam. As you are interested in enrolling yourself, write a letter in 120-150 words to the Director, Excellent Coaching Centre, Chennai requesting him to inform you about the necessary details. (Comptt. D 2016)
Answer:
114, Mall Road
Kochi
30thuly, 20xx
The Director
Excellent Coaching Centre
Chennai

Subject: Information regarding enrolment for coaching of Medical Entrance Exam

Sir
This is in response to your advertisement in ‘The Daily News’ dated 29thuly, 20xx regarding coaching classes for Medical Entrance Exam.
I am appearing for my XIIth standard CBSE board papers next year and thereafter would like to appear for the Medical Entrance Exam. I am interested in enrolling myself for the medical entrance exam coaching classes given by your Centre.

I would be grateful if you could forward me the following information:
(i) Date of commencement of classes
(ii) Days and timings of classes
(iii) Course fee
(iv) Batch size
(v) Hostel facility
(vi) Any other relevant information

I am very keen tooin your coaching classes and will appreciate an early response from your end.

Yours sincerely
Dhanya

Question 71.
As owner of a stationery shop you received 20,000 notebooks of poor quality. Write a letter of complaint in 120-150 words to Mr. Khanna, proprietor of Green Glades Books Ambala rejecting the supply. Give reasons as to why you are returning the books. Ask him to take away the notebooks at his own cost. You are Ram Kumar, Sunrise Book Store, Patiala. (Comptt, All India 2016)
Answer:
Sunrise Book Store
Patiala
22nd December, 20xx
Mr. Khanna,
Proprietor Green Glades Books
Ambala

Subject: Letter of complaint against poor quality of notebooks

Sir
I am the owner of Sunrise Book Store, a stationery shop in Patiala. We have received a supply of 20,000 notebooks from your end on 21st December against our Order no. 2051.

I regret to state that the notebooks received by us are of very poor quality. The pages are rough and tom and the quality of printing is also very poor. We are rejecting the supply of these notebooks and returning them. The freight for return of these notebooks will also be borne by you.

We hope you will arrange for the notebooks to be taken away latest within a week of receiving this letter to ensure that our future business relations with you are not adversely affected. Hoping to receive a positive response from your end at the earliest.

Yours sincerely
Ram Kumar

Question 72.
You are Rema, Head girl of Pragathi School, Trichur. Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper in 120-150 words protesting against too many advertisements during television serials. (Comptt. All India 2016)
Answer:
Pragathi School
Trichur
17thanuary, 20xx
The Editor
The Daily News
Trichur

Subject: Too many advertisements during television serials

Sir
Through the medium of the columns of your esteemed newspaper I wish to protest against the growing number of advertisements during television serials.

There are many good programmes that one wants to watch on T.V. but the interruption caused due to too many advertisements leads to loss of interest of the viewer, irritation and anger that finally leads to poor TRPs.

It is a known fact that advertising revenue is the life-blood of the media but there must be consideration for the viewers who are mainly responsible for low and high TRPs of a programme. A highly commercial attitude of the channel will certainly not go in its favour as far as viewership is concerned. It is my suggestion that only a limited number of advertisements should be telecast during serials and other programmes.

I hope you will publish my letter in your newspaper so as to enable the television channel management to take a serious note of this matter.

Yours sincerely
Rema,
Head Girl Pragathi School

Question 73.
You are Aneya. 10, Station Road, Puri. Write a letter in 120-150 words to the editor of a local newspaper, complaining about the lack of street lights in your locality. Mention the problems faced by the people, especially ladies, as a result of poor lighting. (Comptt. All India 2016)
Answer:
10, Station Road Puri
1st December, 20xx
The Editor
The Daily News
Puri

Subject: Complaint about lack of street lights on Station Road

Sir
Through the medium of the columns of your esteemed newspaper I would like to complain about the lack of street lights in our locality at Station Road.

I would like to apprise that our locality is inhabited by thousands of residents living in more than 1,000 flats on either side of the road. The electricity board has installed poles on the road to supply light but these poles have never been lit. During these days of winter, when it turns dark early, there is always an apprehension of an accident taking place because there is heavy traffic on the road round the clock.

Moreover, it is extremely risky for children, ladies and old people to venture out in the dark. It is a convenient invitation to miscreants. It is our request to the concerned authorities to ensure that the street lights are fixed and lit up without further delay so that the residents can carry out their daily activities without fear even during the evening.

I am sure if my letter is published in your esteemed newspaper, the authorities concerned will awaken from their slumber and our problem will be solved.

Yours sincerely
Aneya

Question 74.
You are Ashu/Asha Arora, parent of a child studying in class V. Write a letter in 120-150 words to Principal Moonlight School, Bijapur sharing your concern regarding cases of ragging in the school. Give examples of children being ragged and suggest what could be done to prevent it. (Comptt. All India 2016)
Answer:
ABC Lane Bijapur
26th April, 20xx
The Principal Moonlight School
Bijapur

Subject: Reporting cases of ragging in the school

Sir
My ward, Aakash Arora, is a student of your school studying in class V-B. I would like to bring to your notice and express my concern over cases of ragging occurring in the school, as one day Aakash came back with tom uniform as a result of ragging by some seniors.

I am very anxious and worried ever since and have recently heard about more such incidents from other parents. There is fear among the children and it is my request to you to take strict action against this problem. The harassed children need to be given moral support and the miscreants need to be dealt with strictly. The school should also arrange for their counselling and may I also suggest that the school authorities take the help of parents in tackling this problem at its root level.

Such cases need to be stopped to maintain the healthy environment of the school and I am sure you will deal with this problem with immediate effect.

Yours sincerely
Ashu Arora

Question 75.
In our society we do not give to our women the respect and status that they deserve. Women are stared at, stalked and even molested. We need to change the male mindset about women. Write a letter in 120-150 words to the editor of a national newspaper giving your views on the problem. You are Omar/Amna, A114 Mall Road, Delhi. (Delhi 2017)
Answer:
A 114, Mall Road
Delhi
25th February, 20xx
The Editor
The Times of India
New Delhi

Subject: Need to change male mindset about women

Sir
Through the medium of the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I wish to draw the attention of our society towards not giving women the respect and status that is long overdue to them.

It is rather unfortunate that women are stared at, stalked and even molested. Crimes against women such as rape, molestation, eve-teasing have been steadily on the rise reflecting the need for greater gender sensitization. Women have been constantly fighting to assert their rights and against their gender disparity. Sadly, they have not been able to overcome this issue as they are fighting against males, some of whom do not want to change their dirty and perverted mindset. Offences against women are acts of regression to establish that they are considered secondary citizens. Empowerment of women is an irritant to the mindset of a patriarchal society.

So, we as a society, need to fight against this decadent patriarchal culture that is shaming our society. Laws are redundant if we as a society do not take the social responsibility towards safety and security of women.

I sincerely hope you will publish my letter in your newspaper so that our society awakens to give women the respect and status they deserve.

Yours sincerely
Amna

Question 76.
You want to spend a week-long holiday at Shimla in the month of October. You have decided to stay at Hotel Snow view. Write a letter in 120-150 words to the manager to book a room. Mention the dates, facilities in the room, food, sight-seeing facilities etc. you will need. You are Amar/Amrita M 114, Lake Road, Karnal. (Delhi 2017)
Answer:
M 114, Lake Road
Karnal
26th August, 20xx
The Manager
Hotel Snowview Mall Road
Shimla

Subject: Booking for a week-long holiday from October 1st to 8th

Sir
We are a group of 18 boys and girls who want to spend a week-long holiday at Shimla in your hotel from 1st to 8th October, 20xx.

We would require 9 rooms on a twin-sharing basis inclusive of two meals, breakfast and dinner. We also require three deluxe AC cabs to take us to the various sight-seeing spots and the services of a tourist guide. I would be grateful if you could let us know the total cost of our stay along with all the facilities and services mentioned above so that we can confirm our booking in your hotel by sending an advance.

Awaiting an early response from your end.

Yours sincerely
Amar

Question 77.
Last month you purchased a TV set from Ram Electronics, Pushp Vihar, Ambala. It is not working properly (imagine a few defects). Write a letter of complaint in 120-150 words to the Manager asking for repair or replacement. You are Amar/Amrita, M 114 Model Town, Ambala. (Delhi 2017)
Answer:
M 114, Model Town
Ambala
16thanuary, 20xx
The Manager
Ram Electronics
Pushp Vihar
Ambala

Subject: Complaint against the faulty TV set

Sir
I had purchased a TV set from your showroom vide Bill no. 2743 on 22nd December, 20xx. Not even a month has passed that it has started giving us trouble and is not working properly. While purchasing this LED TV which has the code 406 75 MT 42, I was assured it was the latest and the best model. But I have discovered that this is not true. The picture quality is blurred and the buttons on the remote control are also not working properly. I hereby request you to either ensure that these defects are rectified to our satisfaction or otherwise please replace this faulty TV set.

Ram Electronics enjoys a good reputation in the market, so I hope you will attend to my complaint at the earliest so that I am not further inconvenienced.

Your sincerely
Amar

Question 78.
You are living in a village along a national highway. The state roadways bus does not stop near your village. Write a letter in 120150 words to the General Manager, State Roadways requesting a bus stop for your village. Give all the reasons why you need a bus stop there. You are Omar/Amna, Gopalpur, Dist. Ramnagar. (Delhi 2017)
Answer:
Gopalpur
Dist. Ramnagar
25th February, 20xx
The General Manager
State Roadways

Subject: Request for a state roadways bus stop for our village

Sir
Our village Gopalpur is along National Highway No. 12 in district Ramnagar. The state roadways buses pass our village but do not stop here.

On behalf of the residents of our village it is my request to you that our village be provided with a bus stop. Many people from our village are daily commuters who work in district Ramnagar. It would be very convenient for them to have a bus stop in our village. As for now the nearest bus stop for state roadways buses is about five kilometres away from our village and it is rather difficult to get any public transport to reach our village. Moreover, safety of our villagers, is a major concern. As there are no streetlights, people have to walk back 5 kms in the dark to get back to the village.

Keeping these problems in mind, I sincerely hope that you will ensure our village gets a bus stop. Since our village is along the highway there will be no diversion of route for the state roadways buses. Awaiting an early response from your end.

Yours sincerely
Omar

Question 79.
You are Principal, Kendriya Vidyalaya, Ramnagar, The number of students in the computer class is increasing. Next year starting in April 2017, you will need 25 more computers in your lab. Write a letter in 120150 words to the Commissioner, K.V. Sangathan for funds. (Delhi 2017)
Answer:
Kendriya Vidyalaya
Ram Nagar
22nd December, 20xx
The Commissioner
K.V. Sangathan

Subject: Request for funds to buy 25 computers

Sir
It is heartening to see that the number of students in our computer classes has been on a rapid increase ever since we set-up the computer lab in our school in April, 2015.

For our next academic session, starting from April 2017 we need 25 more computers in our lab to cater to all the students who have opted for computer science.

It is my request to you to grant our school funds for the same to enable us to buy the required number of computers before the next session commences. I am sure you will understand our urgency to buy the computers before April 2017 and release the necessary funds accordingly.

Hoping to hear from your end at the earliest and thanking you in anticipation.

Your sincerely
XYZ
Principal

Question 80.
You are Ashish/Nimmi Dhar B-94 Fort Road,ammu. You have read the advertisement given below. You are qualified for theob. Write an application in 120-150 words along with a resume. (Delhi 2017)

India Chemical Industries, Delhi
Requires
Accounts Officers
Qualification: B.Com
Experience: Minimum of 4 years
Job requirement:
Maintaining books of accounts,
preparation of Balance Sheet etc.
Salary: Best in the industry
Apply to: Managing Director, ICI
B-12, Barakhamba Road, New Delhi.

Answer:
B-94 Fort Road
Jammu
17thanuary, 20xx
The Managing Director, ICI
B-12, Barakhamba Road
New Delhi

Subject: Application for the post of Accounts Officer

Sir
This is in response to your advertisement in the Daily Times dated 15thanuary, 20xx for the post of Accounts Officers in your reputed firm. I wish to apply for the same.

Attached herewith is my brief resume and I would be too happy if I am considered for the above-mentioned position in your esteemed company.

Yours sincerely
Ashish Dhar

If my above particulars suit your job requirement I would be happy to come for a personal interview.

Thank you
Ashish Dhar

Question 81.
Mountview Public School, Kalka is run by an NGO to give quality education to the children of the deprived sections of society. The Principal of the school feels that blackboards in the classrooms need to be replaced. She decides to ask the chairperson of the NGO named ‘Education for All’ for funds. Write her letter in 120-150 words. Her name is Shweta Pandit. (All India)
Answer:
Mountview Public School
Kalka
18th April, 20xx
The Chairperson
‘Education for All’
Kalka Town Centre

Subject: Request for funds to replace classroom blackboards

Respected Madam
As you are aware our school is one of the many schools run by your NGO to provide quality education to the children of the deprived sections of society.

I am writing this letter to you to inform you about the deplorable condition of the blackboards in our classrooms which need to be replaced. They are in a pathetic state as they were installed when our school started, which is almost ten years ago. Now they need urgent replacement and it is my request to you to sanction us the required funds to replace the blackboards in 25 classrooms. I am enclosing herewith two of the best quotations we have received from our local stationery and blackboard vendors.

Hope to here from you at the earliest so that we can initiate the required action.

Yours sincerely
Shweta Pandit
Principal

Question 82.
National Book Trust organised a week-long book fair at Anna Grounds, Chennai. You visited the fair and bought a few books. You were pleased with the arrangements, enthusiasm of the visitors and the fact that books have not yet lost their relevance in the world of the Internet. Write a letter in 120-150 words to the editor of a local newspaper to express your feelings. You are Lalit/Latha, 112, Mount Road, Chennai. (All India 2017)
Answer:
112, Mount Road
Chennai
19th November, 20xx
The Editor
The Daily News
Chennai

Subject: Commendable book fair by National Book Trust

Sir
Through the medium of the columns of your esteemed newspaper I would like to express my feelings and bring to the notice of the public certain facts regarding the recently concluded book fair at Anna Grounds.

National Book Trust had organised a week-long book fair from the 11th to 17th November at Anna Grounds. I visited the fair and even bought a few books. It was indeed a pleasure to see the well-organised book fair and it was evident that the organizers had taken all the required efforts to ensure the meticulous arrangements. It was also heartening to see the enthusiasm of the visitors whose large presence at the book fair was proof enough that despite the dominance of the world of the internet, books have not yet lost their relevance and value. It is commendable how parents were encouraging their children to visit various stalls and explore the different varieties of books on display. Books are still and will always remain the most compact and inexpensive way of gaining knowledge.

I hope you will publish my letter in your newspaper so that the importance of organising and visiting book fairs is reiterated.

Yours sincerely
Latha

Question 83.
There is a senior secondary school running right in the middle of Manu Vihar, a middle class colony full of housing society flats. In the morning as well as in the afternoon the road passing in front of the school is congested with school buses, mini buses, private cars, etc. Write a letter in 120-150 words to the Dy. Commissioner (Traffic) to provide at least two traffic police constables to regulate the traffic. You are Gautam/Gita, A-21, Akashdeep Apartments, Manu Vihar, Delhi. (All India 2017)
Answer:
A-21, Akashdeep Apartments
Manu Vihar
Delhi
5th july, 20xx
The Dy. Commissioner (Traffic)
Delhi Traffic
Headquarters

Subject: Request for traffic police constables in Manu Vihar

Sir
On behalf of the residents of our colony, Manu Vihar, I would like to request you to provide at least two traffic police constables to regulate the traffic in our colony.

Our middle-class colony is full of housing society flats and there is a senior secondary school running right in the middle of our colony. In the morning as well as in the afternoon the road passing in front of the school is congested with school buses, minibuses, private cars etc. This causes majors leading to unnecessary delays and causes a lot of inconvenience to the residents.

So we would like to request you to provide at least two traffic police constables to regulate the traffic, especially in the morning and afternoon.
I hope to get a positive response from your end at the earliest so that this traffic menace and inconvenience being caused to the residents of Manu Vihar is lessened.

Thanking you
in anticipation.

Your sincerely
Gautam

Question 84.
Sunshine Public School, Pune requires two sports coaches (one male and one female). Each should be a degree holder in physical education as well as an SAI certified coach in athletics. You have seen their advertisement and you know that you have these qualifications. Write an application in 120-150 words along with your resume. You are Praveen/ Praveena, M-114, Najafgarh, Delhi. (All India 2017)
Answer:
M-114, Najafgarh
Delhi
18th April, 20xx
The Principal
Sunshine Public School
Pune

Subject: Application for the post of sports coach (female)

Sir
This in response to your advertisement in ‘The Daily Times’ dated 16th April, 20xx for two sports coaches (one male and one female) for your esteemed institution.

I wish to apply as a female sports coach. Attached herewith is my brief resume and I would be too happy if I am considered for the above-mentioned position in your school.

Yours sincerely
Praveena

If my above particulars suit your job requirement I would be happy to come for a personal interview.

Thank you
Praveena

Question 85.
You are Ram/Rajani, a resident of Nagpur. You feel students should use the Internet mostly for gaining knowledge rather than wasting away time merely on entertainment. Write a letter in 120-150 words to the Editor, ‘The Harbinger’, 9, Bund Marg, Hyderabad, pointing out how schools can control students’ net surfing at school and enable them to use internet fruitfully. (Comptt. Delhi 2017)
Answer:
9, Bund Marg
Hyderabad
19 November, 20xx
The Editor
The Harbinger
Hyderabad

Subject: School’s role in ensuring fruitful internet usage among students

Sir
Through the medium of the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I wish to express my concern about students wasting their precious time on the internet merely for entertainment and also point out how school authorities can control students’ netsurfing at school.

With the increasing internet usage in schools across the country it is imperative for schools to consider the responsibility of giving students guidance in becoming productive net-users. As internet services enter the classrooms and students are being exposed to the full range of what is available on the net, it should be in the domain of the school authorities to enable students to manage their capabilities in utilising the net for knowledge, learning skills, gaining information on any and every subject.

students should be counselled to function productively alongside distraction. They should be conditioned to think of this social media not only as escape medium to drown out other essential tasks but as something that can be integrated for gaining information and knowledge. There should be supervision for net-surfing in schools so that students do not waste away time using the internet merely for entertainment.

I hope you will publish my letter in your newspaper so that the school authorities take up measures to ensure fruitful usage of internet among students.

Your sincerely
Rajani

Question 86.
You are Ram/Rajani, living at 1, Rana Pratap Marg, New Delhi. Read the advertisement given below and apply for the job that suits you giving your biodata separately. (Comptt. D 2017)

Answer:
1, Rana Pratap Marg
New Delhi
25th February, 20xx
The Advertiser
Box No. 123
‘The Harbinger’
New Delhi

Subject: Application for post of lecturers in English

Sir/Madam
This is in response to your advertisement in ‘The Harbinger’, New Delhi dated 24th Feb., 20xx for the post of lecturers in English in your esteemed university’s new campus at Panipat.

I wish to apply for the same.

Attached herewith is my brief resume and I will be too happy if I am considered for the above-mentioned position in your institute. If my particulars suit the post requirement, I will be happy to come for a personal interview as per an appointed schedule.

Yours sincerely
Rajani

Question 87.
You are Ram/Rajani, Librarian, Sun Public School, Nagpur. Write a letter in 120-150 words to Blossom Books Ltd., 9, Bund Marg, Hyderabad, placing an order for the books you require for your school library. Also ask about the discount allowed and the mode of payment. Insist on prompt delivery and good packing. (Comptt. All India 2017)
Answer:
Sun Public School
Nagpur
29 july, 20XX
Blossom Books Ltd.
9, Bund Marg
Hyderabad

Subject: Placing order for books for school library

Sir
We would like to inform you that your offer to supply books to our library has been accepted by the Management of our school. We are herewith placing our first order and request you to deliver these books at the earliest as we require them urgently. The payment for these books will be made by an account payee cheque immediately after we receive the books. Please mention the discounts clearly available on the purchase.

Awaiting an early response and delivery of the above books. We request you to ensure prompt delivery and good packing of books so as to avoid any undue hassles later.

Yours sincerely
Ram (Librarian)

Question 88.
You areay/Jaya, living at 1, MG Road, Trichy. You are very much concerned about the irregular supply of drinking water supplied through taps, which indirectly makes even low-income people spend a substantial amount every month on buying drinking water. Write a letter to the municipal authorities about the problem and the financial burden arising out of this issue, seeking immediate corrective measures. (Comptt. All India 2017)
Answer:
1 M.G. Road
Trichy
11th june, 20xx
The Director Municipal
Authority
Trichy

Subject: Irregular Supply of Drinking Water

Sir
Through the medium of this letter I would like to draw the attention of the municipal authority to the problem of irregular drinking water supply which the residents of M.G. Road are facing. Since there is irregular supply of drinking water supplied through taps we are forced to spend a substantial amount of money every month on buying drinking water from the market. This undue but necessary expenditure is hard-hitting for people of the low-income group. They undergo a major financial burden arising out of this expenditure and the municipal authority has turned a blind eye and a deaf ear to their woes. I, once again, would like to request you to ensure immediate corrective measures wherein the residents get a regular supply of drinking water.

I hope you will take a serious view of this matter and implement corrective measures with immediate effect.

Yours sincerely
Jay

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पाठपरिचयः सारांशः च

प्रस्तावना
विद्यालय से सूचनापट्ट पर 15.07.05 को संस्कृतविज्ञानसंघ के सचिव की ओर से एक सूचना संस्कृत में लिखी गई है। यह सूचना मूल रूप से पाठ्यपुस्तक में दी गई है। इस सूचना के अनुसार 21 जुलाई गुरुवार को अर्धावकाश के बाद सभागार में प्राचीन भारतीय विज्ञान विषय पर एक संगोष्ठी होगी। सब छात्र समय पर वहाँ आने की कृपा करें। हमारी बारहवीं कक्षा के छात्रों द्वारा परियोजना के अन्तर्गत जो विशेष अध्ययन किया गया है उसका परिचय हमारे लिए अतीव लाभप्रद होगा।

पाठ-सन्दर्भ
प्रस्तुत पाठ सम्पादक मण्डल की ओर से लिखा गया प्रतीत होता है। इसमें प्राचीन विज्ञान के विषय में विशेष जानकारी प्रदान की गई है।

पाठ-सार
सभागार का दृश्य। सचिव महोदय सभा तथा सभापति सभी का प्रणाम करने के पश्चात् वहाँ उपस्थित उन प्रतिभाशाली छात्रों का उल्लेख करते हैं जिन्होंने ग्रीष्मावकाश की परियोजना कार्य के अन्तर्गत सर्वोत्तम अंक लाभ किया है। करतलध्वनि से सब छात्र उनका अभिनन्दन करते हैं।

सर्वप्रथम अभिनव नाम का छात्र भारद्वाज महर्षि के द्वारा बनाए गए विमानशास्त्र से विचित्र त्रिपुर विमान के विषय में जानकारी देता है। त्रिपुर विमान के तीन भाग थे। एक पृथ्वी पर चलता था। दूसरा जल के अन्दर तथा बाहर चलता था और तीसरा भाग अन्तरिक्ष में संचार करता था। सचिव महोदय ने बताया कि विमानशास्त्र में ऐसे लेप का वर्णन है जिसके प्रयोग से विमान अदृश्य हो जाता था।

शालिनी भारत के प्रमुख चिकित्सक सुश्रुत की शल्यक्रिया के विषय में हमारे ज्ञान की वृद्धि करती है। सुश्रुत विरचित ‘सुश्रुत संहिता’ के पाठ से कोई भी चिकित्सक उत्तम चिकित्सक बन सकता है। सुश्रुत संहिता में आठ प्रकार के शल्य कार्य का वर्णन है – (1) छेद्य (2) भेद्य (3) लेख्य (4) वेध्य (5) एष्य (6) आहार्य (7) विस्राव्य तथा (8) सीव्य। इसमें नासिका के प्रत्यारोपण का विस्तृत वर्णन है।

तत्पश्चात् मिहिर वराहमिहिर की ‘बृहत्संहिता’ से भूमि के नीचे कहाँ जल होता है इसकी सूचना देता है। एक पद्य गाकर उसका अर्थ करके मिहिर बताता है कि जामुन के वृक्ष की पूर्व दिशा में यदि बाम्बी होवे तो वृक्ष की दक्षिण दिशा में दो पुरुष की गहराई में स्वादिष्ट जल होगा।
सचिव महोदय वराहमिहिर के वृक्षायुर्वेद, वास्तुविज्ञान, ज्योतिष, पशुविज्ञान आदि विषयों के ज्ञाता होने का उल्लेख करते हैं। मिहिर के पास अन्य भी बहुत जानकारी है पर समयाभाव के कारण वह आज उसे प्रस्तुत नहीं कर पाएगा।

तत्पश्चात् आचार्य जी के संकेत पर भारती आर्यभट्ट के ‘आर्यभटीय’ ग्रन्थ की विशेषताओं का वर्णन करती है। यदि आर्यभट्ट द्वारा शून्य का आविष्कार न होता तो संगणकभाषा का जन्म ही न होता। संगणक में एक तथा शून्य इन दो ही संख्याओं का विशेष महत्त्व है। भारती कहती है कि सूर्य की ओर पूर्वाभिमुख पृथ्वी 365.25 बार प्रतिवर्ष घूमती है। पाई का मूल्य आर्यभट्ट ने सबसे पहले बताया था। तब नागार्जुन नाम का छात्र सचिव के कहने पर कौटिल्य के ‘अर्थशास्त्र’ से रसायनशास्त्र के विषय में बताकर सबकी ज्ञानवृद्धि करता है।

कौटिल्य ने कहा है कि ‘नातप्तं लोहं लोहेन सन्धत्ते’ अर्थात् बिना तपा लोहा लोहे से नहीं जुड़ता अतः ताप क्रिया से ही रसायन क्रिया सम्भव हो पाती है। यदि सुवर्ण अशुद्ध हो तो उसे चारगुणा सीसे के द्वारा शुद्ध किया जा सकता है। सुषमा ने कहा कि आज भी दिल्ली का मेहरौली लौहस्तम्भ बिना किसी विकार के वैसे का वैसा ही है। अहमदनगर में हिलते हुए स्तम्भ विस्मयकारक है। सुचिन्दर देवालय के संगीतमय स्तम्भ, गोलकुण्डा के किले में गूंज की ध्वनि वाले स्तम्भ हैं, फतेहपुरी सीकरी में ध्वनिवाहक स्तम्भ हैं जो दिग्दिगन्त भारतीय वैज्ञानिकों की गारव गाथाओं का वर्णन कर रहे हैं। अन्त में अग्रिम गोष्ठी में वही छात्र भाग ले सकेंगे जो विशेष उपलब्धियों के आधार पर अध्ययन करेंगे। जिन छात्रों ने आज प्रस्तुति की है उन्हें कल प्राचार्य महोदय पुरस्कृत करेंगे। अन्त में सब शान्तिपाठ करते हैं।

उद्देश्य – प्रस्तुत पाठ का उद्देश्य छात्रों में प्राचीन भारतीय वैज्ञानिकों द्वारा प्राप्त विशिष्ट उपलब्धियों की जानकारी प्रदान कर उन्हें इस क्षेत्र में विशेषज्ञ बनाना है।

मूलपाठः अन्वयः, शब्दार्थः, सरलार्थश्च

(विद्यालयस्य सूचनापट्टे विज्ञप्तिः)
1.

(सभागारस्य दृश्यम्)
सचिवः – नमः सभाभ्यः सभापतिभ्यश्च। अद्य अस्माकं मध्ये ग्रीष्मावकाशपरियोजनाकार्ये सर्वोत्तमान् अङ्कान् लब्धवन्तः प्रतिभाशालिनः छात्राः समुपस्थिताः। एते स्वाध्ययनस्य विशिष्टांशान् अत्र प्रस्तोष्यन्ति। करतलध्वनिना एतेषां स्वागतम् अभिनन्दनं च कुर्वन्तु।
(सर्वे करतलध्वनिना अभिनन्दनं कुर्वन्ति)
सर्वप्रथमम् अभिनवः भरद्वाजविरचितविमानशास्त्रात् विचित्रस्य त्रिपुरविमानस्य विषये सूचयिष्यति।
अभिनवः – श्रूयताम्। विमानशास्त्रे त्रिपुरविमानस्य एवं वर्णनं समुपलभ्यते।

भागत्रयं भवेदस्य त्रिपुरस्य यथाक्रमम्,
तेषु प्रथमभागस्य सञ्चारः पृथिवीतले।
द्वितीयभागस्सञ्चारो जलस्यान्तर्बहिः क्रमात्,
तृतीयभागस्सञ्चारस्त्वन्तरिक्षे भवेत् स्वतः॥

एवं त्रिपुरविमानस्य प्रथमः भागः पृथिव्याः तले सञ्चरति, द्वितीयभागः जलस्य अन्तः बहिः च विहरति, तृतीयः भागः तु स्वतः एव आकाशे सञ्चरति।

शब्दार्थः पर्यायवाचिशब्दाः टिप्पण्यश्चः- विज्ञप्तिः – (वि + ज्ञा + क्तिन् स्त्री०, प्र०, ए०व) सूचना, घोषणा। सभागारे – (सभायाः आगारे, षष्ठी तत्पुरुषः) सभाभवने, सभाभवन में। लब्धवन्तः – (लभ् क्तवतु, प्र०पु०, ब०व०) प्राप्तवन्तः, प्राप्त करने वाले। अन्तर्बहिः – (अन्तः च बहिः च) जलमध्ये जलात् बहिः, पानी के अन्दर तथा बाहर। स्वतः – स्व + तसिल् स्वयमेव, अपने-आप।

सरलार्थः –
(विद्यालय के सूचनापट्ट पर सूचना)

सचिवः – सभासदों तथा सभापतियों को नमस्कार! आज हमारे बीच में गर्मी की छुट्टियों में परियोजना कार्य में सर्वोत्तम अङ्क प्राप्त प्रतिशाली छात्र उपस्थित हैं। ये अपने अध्ययन के विशेष अंशों को यहाँ प्रस्तुत करेंगे। आप करतलध्वनि से इनका स्वागत एवं अभिनन्दन करें। (सब ताली बजाकर अभिनन्दन करते हैं।) सर्वप्रथम अभिनव भारद्वाज मुनि द्वारा रचित ‘विमानशास्त्र’ से विचित्र त्रिपुर विमान के विषय में सूचना देगा।
अभिनवः – विमानशास्त्र में त्रिपुर विमान का वर्णन इस प्रकार उपलब्ध होता है –
क्रमशः इस त्रिपुर (नामक विमान) के तीन भाग होने चाहिए। उनमें प्रथम भाग का सञ्चार पृथिवी तल पर, क्रम से द्वितीय भाग का सञ्चार जल के अन्दर तथा बाहर, (और) तीसरे भाग का सञ्चार तो स्वतः अन्तरिक्ष में होना चाहिए।
इस प्रकार त्रिपुर विमान का प्रथम भाग धरती तल पर चलता है। द्वितीय भाग जल के अन्दर और बाहर चलता है। तीसरा भाग तो अपने आप ही आकाश में चलता है।

2. सचिवः – धन्यवादः। विमानशास्त्रे एतादृशः लेपः अपि वर्णितः यस्य लेपनेन विमानम् अदृश्यतां गच्छति स्म। करतलध्वनिना
अभिनवस्य उत्साहवर्धनं कुर्वन्तु।
(करतलध्वनिना सभागारः गुञ्जति।)
इदानीं शालिनी भारतस्य प्रमुखचिकित्सकस्य सुश्रुतस्य शल्यक्रियामधिकृत्य अस्माकं ज्ञाने वृद्धिं करिष्यति।
शालिनी – प्रियसहपाठिनः! यदि वयम् उत्तमशल्यचिकित्सकाः भवितुम् इच्छामः तर्हि सुश्रुतविरचिता सुश्रुतसंहिता अवश्यमेव पठनीया। तत्र अष्टविधं शल्यकार्य वर्णितम् यथा –
छेद्यम्, भेद्यम्, लेख्यम्, वेध्यम्, एष्यम्, आहार्यम्, विस्राव्यम्, सीव्यम् इति। सुश्रुतसंहितायां नासिकाप्रत्यारोपणं विस्तरशः वर्णितम्। सुश्रुतः प्रथमः त्वक्प्रत्यारोपकः आसीत्।
सचिवः – बहुप्रसिद्धा खलु भगवतः सुश्रुतस्य शल्यक्रिया। धन्यवादः शालिनी। प्रशंसनीया एव भवत्याः प्रस्तुतिः।
(पुनः करतलध्वनिः भवति।)
सम्प्रति मिहिरः वराहमिहिरस्य बृहत्संहितातः भूमेः अधः कुत्र-कुत्र जलं भवति इति विषये सूचनां प्रदास्यति।

शब्दार्थः पर्यायवाचिशब्दाः – टिप्पण्यश्च:- छेद्यम्:-छिद् + यत्, नपुं०, प्र०, ए०व०, कर्तनम्, कृन्त् + ल्युट्, नपुं, प्र०वि०, ए०व० काटना। भेद्यम्-भिद् + यत्, नपुं०, प्र० ए०व०, विभाज्यम्, पृथक् करना। लेख्यम्-लिख् + यत्, नपुं०, प्र० व, ए०व०, आलेखनम्, छुरी से चीरा लगाना। वेध्यम्-विध् + यत्, नपुं०, प्र०, ए०व०, वेधनम्, बींधना। एष्यम्-इष् + यत्, नपुं०, प्र० ए०व०, वाञ्छनीयम्, मनचाहा। आहार्यम्-आ + हृ + णिच् + √यत्, नपुं०, प्र०, ए०व०, निष्कामस्य, बाहर निकालना। विस्त्राव्यम्-वि + सृ + णिच् + यत्, प्र०, ए०व०, पूयस्य निष्कासनम्, पीप निकालना। सीव्यम्-सिव् + ण्यत्, प्र०, ए०व०, सीवनम्, सीलना। त्वक्प्रत्यारोपकः-त्वचः प्रत्यारोपकः, षष्ठी तत्पुरुषः, यः त्वचः प्रत्यारोपणं करोति, खाल का प्रत्यारोपण करने वाला। शरीर के एक भाग से त्वचा लेकर दूसरे भाग पर लगानेवाला।

सरलार्थः –
सचिव – धन्यवाद। विमानशास्त्र में ऐसे लेप का भी वर्णन किया गया है जिसके लेपन से विमान अदृश्य (लोप) ,हो जाता है। ताली बजाकर अभिनव का उत्साह बढ़ाएँ। (ताली की ध्वनि से हॉल गूंजता है) अब शालिनी भारत के प्रमुख चिकित्सक सुश्रुत की शल्यक्रिया के विषय में हमारे ज्ञान में वृद्धि करेगी।
शालिनी – प्रिय सहपाठियो! यदि हम उत्तम शल्यचिकित्सक (सर्जन) बनाना चाहते हैं तो सुश्रुत द्वारा रचित ‘सुश्रुत संहिता’ को अवश्य पढ़ना चाहिए। वहाँ आठ प्रकार की सर्जरी का वर्णन है, जैसे-(1) छेद्य अर्थात् काटना, (2) भेद्य अर्थात् अलग करना, (3) लेख्य अर्थात् चीरा लगाना, (4) वेध्य अर्थात् बींधना, (5) एष्य अर्थात् इच्छानुसार करना, (6) आहार्य अर्थात् बाहर निकालना, (7) विस्राव्य अर्थात् पीप को बाहर निकालना, तथा (8) सीना। सुश्रुतसंहिता में नासिका (नाक) के प्रत्यारोपण का विस्तार से वर्णन है। सुश्रुत खाल का प्रत्यारोपण करनेवाले सर्जन थे।
सचिन – निश्चय ही भगवान् सुश्रुत की शल्यक्रिया अतीव प्रसिद्ध है। धन्यवाद; शालिनी। आपकी प्रस्तुति प्रशंसा के योग्य है। फिर से ताली की आवाज़ होती है। अब मिहिर वराहमिहिर की ‘वृहत्संहिता’ से भूमि के नीचे कहाँ-कहाँ जल है, इस विषय में सूचना देगा।

3. मिहिरः – (सस्वरं गायति)

जम्बूवृक्षस्य प्राग्वल्मीको यदि भवेत् समीपस्थः।
तस्मादक्षिणपार्वे सलिलं पुरुषद्वये स्वादु॥

(शोभनम्, अतिशोभनम् इति ध्वनिः तालिकावादनेन सह सभागारं पूरयति।)
अस्य पद्यस्य अयमर्थः यत् यदि जम्बूवृक्षस्य पूर्वदिशि वल्मीक: भवेत् तर्हि वृक्षस्य दक्षिणदिशि पुरुषद्वये स्वादु सलिलं भविष्यति। (पुरुषः = 7.5 फुट)
सचिव – शोभनं मिहिर! वस्तुतः वराहमिहिरेण स्वग्रन्थे विविधाः विषयाः वर्णिताः यथा वृक्षायुर्वेदः, वास्तुविज्ञानं ज्योतिषं, पशुविज्ञानम् इत्यादयः। मिहिरेण बहुमूल्या सामग्री सङ्कलिता परन्तु समयाभावात् तस्याः सर्वस्याः प्रस्तुतिः अत्र न भविष्यति। इदानीं भारती आर्यभट्टस्य आर्यभटीयम् इति ग्रन्थस्य वैशिष्ट्यं वर्णयिष्यति।
(पुनः करतलध्वनिः। भारती मञ्चम् आरोहति।)।
अन्वयः – यदि जम्बूवृक्षस्य प्राक् समीपस्थः वल्मीकः भवेत् तस्मात् दक्षिणपार्श्वे पुरुषद्वये स्वादु सलिलं (स्यात्)।

शब्दार्थः पर्यायवाचिशब्दाः टिप्पण्यश्चः- प्राक्-प्राच्यां दिशि, पूर्व दिशायाम्, पूर्व दिशा में। समीपस्थ:-समीपे स्थितः, पास में स्थित। दक्षिणपार्वे-दक्षिणभागे, दक्षिण दिशा के पास में। पुरुषद्वये-अधः द्विपुरुषं यावत् अर्थात् 15 फीट, इति दूरं यावत् नीचैः, भूमेरन्तः। वल्मीकः-बांबी, सांप का घर। सर्पनिवासस्थानम्।

सरलार्थ –
मिहिर – (स्वर के साथ गाता है)

जामुन वृक्ष के पूर्व में बांबी यदि हो पास।
दक्षिण दिशा में दो पुरुष नीचे, हो स्वादु सलिल विलास॥

(अच्छा, ‘सुन्दर’, ‘अति सुन्दर’ की ध्वनि ताली बजाने के साथ-साथ हॉल में भर जाती है।)
इस पद्य का यह अर्थ है कि यदि जामुन के वृक्ष की पूर्व दिशा में बांबी हो तो वृक्ष की दक्षिण दिशा में दो पुरुष (15 फुट) पर स्वादिष्ट जल होगा। (पुरुष = 7.5 फुट)
सचिव – अच्छा है, मिहिर! (वस्तुतः वराहमिहिर ने अपने ग्रन्थ में विविध विषयों का वर्णन किया है; जैसे-वृक्षायुर्वेद, वास्तु-विज्ञान, ज्योतिष, पशुविज्ञान इत्यादि) मिहिर के द्वारा बहुमूल्य सामग्री का सङ्कलन किया गया है, परन्तु समय के अभाव में उन सबकी प्रस्तुति यहाँ नहीं होगी। अब भारती आर्यभट्ट के ‘आर्यभटीयम्’ ग्रन्थ की विशेषता का वर्णन करेगी। (फिर से करतलध्वनि होती है। भारती मञ्च पर चढ़ जाती है।)

4. भारती – वयं वर्तमानकाले सङ्गणकस्य प्रयोगं कुर्मः परन्तु यदि आर्यभट्टेन शून्यस्य आविष्कारः न कृतः स्यात् तर्हि सङ्गणकभाषायाः जन्म एव न अभविष्यत् यतः तत्र तु एकं शून्यञ्च द्वे एव संख्ये महत्त्वपूर्णे। अपि च सूर्य प्रति पूर्वाभिमुखा पृथिवी 365.25 वारं प्रतिवर्ष भ्रमति। आधुनिकैः वैज्ञानिकैरपि तथैव मन्यते। अपि च –
यथा नौकायां स्थितः मनुष्यः वृक्षादीन् पृष्ठं प्रति गच्छतः पश्यति, तथैव नक्षत्रादयः भूमध्यरेखास्थितस्य नरस्य कृते पश्चिमं प्रति धावन्तः प्रतीयन्ते।
सचिव: – भगवतः आर्यभटस्य महिमानं वयं जानीमः। ‘पाई’ इत्यस्य मूल्यं तेनैव सर्वप्रथमं स्पष्टीकृतम्। इदानीं नागार्जुनः कौटिल्यस्य अर्थशास्त्रात् रसायनशास्त्रम् अधिकृत्य अस्माकं ज्ञानवृद्धिं करिष्यति।
नागार्जुन: – सर्वेभ्यः नमो नमः। कौटिल्यस्य अर्थशास्त्रं तु अद्भुतः ग्रन्थः यत्र बहवः विषयाः वर्णिताः। अहं केवलं रसायनविषये किञ्चिद् वक्ष्यामि। कौटिल्यः कथयति –
नातप्तं लोहं लोहेन सन्धत्ते। अतः तापनेन एव रसायनक्रिया सम्भवति। यदि स्वर्णम् अशुद्धं भवेत्
तर्हि चतुर्गुणेन सीसेन शोधयेत्। (अर्थशास्त्रम् 2/13/16)

शब्दार्थः पर्यायवाचिशब्दाः टिप्पण्यश्चः- महिमानम्-महिमन्, द्वि०, ए०व०; महत्त्वम्, महिमा को। वक्ष्यामि-√ब्रू (√वच्) लृट्, उ० ए० प०; वदिष्यामि, बताऊँगी। सन्धत्ते-सम् + धा + लट्, प्र०, ए०व०, संयुक्तं भवति, जुड़ता है। चतुर्गुणेन-मात्रायाम् चतुर्गुणम्, चार गुणा (के द्वारा)। सीसेन-सीस, तृ०, ए०व०, सीसम् धातुना, सीसा धातु के द्वारा। पाई-सम्बन्धः वृत्तस्य ज्यापरिधिमध्ये सम्बन्धः। वृत्त (सर्कल) के रेडियस और परिधि का सम्बन्ध दिखानेवाला अनुपात, π = 22/7 = 3.147।

सरलार्थ –
भारती – हम वर्तमान काल में सङ्गणक का प्रयोग करते हैं। पर यदि आर्यभट्ट के द्वारा शून्य का आविष्कार न
किया गया होता तो सङ्गणकभाषा का जन्म ही न होता क्योंकि वहाँ तो ‘एक’ और ‘शून्य’-ये दो ही संख्याएँ महत्त्वपूर्ण हैं और भी, सूर्य के प्रति पूर्व की ओर मुख करके पृथिवी 365.25 बार प्रतिवर्ष भ्रमण करती है। आधुनिक वैज्ञानिक द्वारा भी वैसा ही माना जाता है। और भी जैसे नौका पर बैठकर मानव वृक्ष आदि को पीछे की ओर जाते हुए देखता है, वैसे ही नक्षत्र आदि भूमिरेखा पर स्थित मनुष्य के लिए पश्चिम की ओर दौड़ते हुए प्रतीत होते हैं।
सचिव – भगवान् आर्यभट की महिमा को हम जानते हैं। ‘पाई’ का मूल्य उनके द्वारा ही सबसे पहले स्पष्ट किया गया। अब नागार्जुन कौटिल्य विरचित ‘अर्थशास्त्र’ से रसायनशास्त्र विषय पर हमारे ज्ञान में वृद्धि करेगा।

नागार्जुन – सबको बार-बार नमस्कार। कौटिल्य का ‘अर्थशास्त्र’ तो अद्भुत ग्रन्थ है जहाँ बहुत विषयों का वर्णन
किया गया है। मैं केवल रसायन के विषय में कुछ कहूँगा-तपा हुआ लोहा लोहे से नहीं जुड़ता है। अतः तपाने से ही रसायन क्रिया सम्भव होती है। यदि सोना अशुद्ध हो तो चार गुणा सीसे के साथ उसे शुद्ध करना चाहिए।
(अर्थशास्त्र 2/13/6)

5. सचिवः – सम्यग् वर्णितम्। इदानीं सुषमा भारते उपलब्धानां विचित्रशिल्पकलाकृतीनां परिचयं प्रदास्यति।
सषमा – धन्यवादः। प्रियबान्धवाः! यूयं सर्वे दिल्लीस्थ-लौहस्तम्भेन परिचिताः एव। कोऽपि न अद्ययावत् जानाति कथं सः स्तम्भः विकृति विना तथैव तिष्ठति। अन्ये विस्मयकराः स्तम्भाः सन्ति-अहमदनगरे कम्पमानाः स्तम्भाः, सुचिन्दरं देवालये स्थिताः सङ्गीतमयाः स्तम्भा :, गोलकुण्डादुर्गे प्रतिध्वन्यात्मकाः स्तम्भाः, फतेहपुरसीकरीमध्ये स्थिताः ध्वनिवाहकाः स्तम्भाः अद्ययावत् दिग्दिगन्तेषु अस्माकं भारतीयवैज्ञानिकानां गौरवगाथां वर्णयन्ति।
सचिवः – अनुगृहीताः वयं भवत्याः सुषमायाः ज्ञानपूर्णेन सूचनाप्रदानेन। इदानीम् एषा गोष्ठी समाप्तिं याति। एवं ये छात्राः भारतीयविज्ञानक्षेत्रे विशिष्टाः उपलब्धी: आधृत्य अध्ययनं करिष्यन्ति, ते अग्रिमगोष्ठ्यां च प्रस्तुति करिष्यन्ति। अस्माकं प्राचार्यमहोदयः, अद्य यैः प्रस्तुतिः कृता, तेभ्यः श्वः प्रार्थनासभायां पारितोषिकरूपेण सम्मानपत्राणि प्रदास्यन्ति। सम्प्रति वयं सर्वे मिलित्वा शान्तिपाठं करिष्यामः।
(सर्वे मिलित्वा उच्चरन्ति)
ओ३म् द्यौः शान्तिरन्तरिक्षं शान्तिः, पृथिवी शान्तिरापः शान्तिरोषधयः शान्तिः, वनस्पतयः शान्तिः विश्वे देवाः शान्तिः, ब्रह्म शान्तिः, सर्वं शान्तिः, शान्तिरेव शान्तिः, सामा शान्तिरेधि, ओ३म् शान्तिश्शन्तिश्शांन्तिः ओ३म्।

शब्दार्थः पर्यायवाचिशब्दाः टिप्पण्यश्चः- सम्यक्-सुष्ठु, भली प्रकार। वर्णितम्-वर्ण + क्त, वर्णन किया, वर्णनं कृतम्। उपलब्धानाम्-उप + √लभ् + क्त, षष्ठी, बहुवचनम्, प्राप्तानाम्, प्राप्त की गई (विचित्र शिल्पकलाकृतियों) का। प्रदास्यति-प्र √दा, लुट, प्रथम पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, वितरिष्यति, प्रदान करेगी। परिचिताः-परि + √चि + क्त, प्र०, बहुवचनम्, अवगताः, जानकार। तथैव-तथा + एव, तेनैव प्रकारेण, वैसे ही। विकृतिं विना-विकृति के विना, विना के योग में द्वितीया। उपलब्धीः – उपलब्धि, द्वितीया विभक्ति, बहुवचनम्, उपलब्धियों को। आश्रित्य- आ + √श्रि + ल्यप्, आधृत्य, आश्रित करके। मिलित्वा- मिल् + क्त्वा, संभूय, मिलकर। उच्चरन्ति-उत् + √चर् + लट्, प्र०, बहुवचनम्, उच्चारणं कुर्वन्ति, उच्चारण करते हैं।

सरलार्थ –
सचिव – भली प्रकार से वर्णन किया। अब सुषमा भारत में उपलब्ध विचित्र शिल्प कलाकृतियों का परिचय देगी।
सुषमा – धन्यवाद। प्रिय बन्धुओ! तुम सब दिल्ली के लौहस्तम्भ से परिचित हो ही। कोई आज तक नहीं जानता कि कैसे वह स्तम्भ बिना विकार के वैसे ही स्थित है। अन्य आश्चर्यजनक स्तम्भ ये हैं- (1) अहमदनगर में हिलते हुए स्तम्भ, (2) सुचिन्दर देवालय में स्थित संगीतमय स्तम्भ, (3) गोलकुण्डादुर्ग में गूंजध्वनि वाले स्तम्भ, (4) फतेहपुर सीकरी में स्थित ध्वनिवाहक स्तम्भ, आज तक दिक्-दिगन्त में हमारे भारतीय वैज्ञानिकों की गौरव गाथा का वर्णन कर रहे हैं।
सचिव – हम ज्ञानपूर्ण सूचना प्रदान करने के लिए आप सुषमा के आभारी हैं। अब यह गोष्ठी समाप्त हो रही है। इस प्रकार जो छात्र भारतीय विज्ञान के क्षेत्र में विशेष उपलब्धियों के आधार पर अध्ययन करेंगे वे अगली गोष्ठी में प्रस्तुति करेंगे। हमारे प्राचार्य महोदय आज जिनके द्वारा प्रस्तुति की गई है, उन्हें कल प्रार्थना सभा में पारितोषिक रूप में सम्मान-पत्र प्रदान करेंगे। अब हम सब मिलकर शान्ति-पाठ करेंगे।

(सब मिलकर उच्चारण करते हैं।)
ओ३म् द्यौः शान्तिः इत्यादि
घुलोम में शांन्ति हो, अन्तरिक्ष में शान्ति हो, पृथिवी पर शान्ति हो, जल शान्तिवाले हों, औषधियाँ शान्तिवाली हों, वनस्पतियाँ शान्तिवाली हों, सभी देवता शान्ति प्रदान करें। ब्रह्म धुलोक में शान्ति हो, शान्ति करें। सब तरफ शान्ति ही शान्ति हो, वह शान्ति मुझे प्राप्त हो। ॐ शान्तिः शान्तिः शान्तिः।

अनुप्रयोगः

प्रश्न 1.
(क) उच्चैः पठित्वा पुनः सञ्चिकायां लिखत –
विज्ञप्तिः, भागत्रयम्, त्वन्तरिक्षे, सुश्रुतः, पुरुषद्वये, यथाक्रमम्, सञ्चारः, जलस्यान्तर्बहिः, अदृश्यताम्, लाभप्रदः, विचित्रस्य, दक्षिणपार्वे, वैज्ञानिकैः।
उत्तरः
छात्र स्वयं करें।

(ख) उपर्युक्तान् शब्दान अकारादिक्रमेण लिखत
(कोशक्रमः अं, अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ऋ, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ, अः, कवर्गः, चवर्गः, टवर्गः, तवर्गः, पवर्गः, अन्तः – स्थाः, ऊष्माः।)
उत्तरः
अकारादि-क्रमेण लिखिताः शब्दाः, यथा
(i) अदृश्यताम् – (अ)
(ii) जलस्यान्तर्बहिः – (चवर्गः)
(iii) त्वन्तरिक्षे – (तवर्ग:)
(iv) दक्षिण पार्वे – (तवर्ग:)
(v) पुरुषद्वये – (पवर्गः)
(vi) भागत्रयम् – (पवर्गः)
(vii) यथाक्रमम् – (अन्तःस्थाः , य्)
(viii) लाभप्रदः – (अन्तःस्था:-ल)
(ix) विचित्रस्य – (अन्तःस्था:-व्)
(x) विज्ञप्तिः – (अन्तः स्था:-)
(xi) वैज्ञानिकैः – (अन्तःस्था:-व्)
(xii) सञ्चारः – (ऊष्मा :-स्)
(xiii) सुश्रुतः – (ऊष्माः -स्)

प्रश्न: 2.
अधोलिखितवाक्येषु क्तान्तविशेषणानि पूरयत –
(i) …………….. खलु भगवतः सुश्रुतस्य शल्यक्रिया।
(ii) न …………………….. लोहं लोहेन सन्धत्ते।
(iii) यदि स्वर्णम् ………………. भवेत् तर्हि चतुर्गुणेन सीसेन शोधयितुं शक्यते।
(iv) सुषमा भारते ………………… विचित्रशिल्पकलाकृतीनां परिचयं प्रदास्यति।
(v) फतेहपुरसीकरीमध्ये ………………… ध्वनिवाहकाः स्तम्भाः सन्ति।
उत्तरः
(i) बहुप्रसिद्धा खलु भगवतः सुश्रुतस्य शल्यक्रिया।
(ii). न अतप्तं लोहं लोहेन सन्धत्ते।
(iii) यदि स्वर्णम् अशुद्धं भवेत् तर्हि चतुर्गुणेन सीसेन शोधयितुं शक्यते।
(iv) सुषमा भारते उपलब्धानां विचित्रशिल्पकलाकृतीनां परिचयं प्रदास्यति।
(v) फतेहपुरसीकरीमध्ये स्थिताः ध्वनिवाहकाः स्तम्भाः सन्ति।

प्रश्न: 3.
पाठात् चित्वा रिक्तस्थानेषु कर्तृपदानि क्रियापदानि च योजयत –
(i) त्रिपुरविमानस्य प्रथमः ……………….. पृथिव्याः तले ……………….. ।
(ii) यदि ……………….. उत्त्मशल्यचिकित्सकाः भवितुम् ……………….. तर्हि सुश्रुतसंहिता अवश्यमेव पठनीया।
(iii) ……………….. प्रथमः त्वक्प्रत्यारोपकः ……………….. ।
(iv) भूमेः अधः कुत्र कुत्र ……………….. भवति इति मिहिरः सूचनां ……………….. ।
(v) तर्हि वृक्षस्य दक्षिणदिशि पुरुषद्वये स्वादु ……………….. ।
(vi) ……………….. वर्तमानकाले संगणकस्य प्रयोगं
(vii) इदानीम् एषा ……………….. समाप्तिं ……………….. ।
उत्तरः
(i) त्रिपुरविमानस्य प्रथमः भागः पृथिव्याः तले सञ्चरति।
(ii) यदि वयम् उत्त्मशल्यचिकित्सकाः भवितुम् इच्छामः, तर्हि सुश्रुतसंहिता अवश्यमेव पठनीया।
(iii) सुश्रुतः प्रथमः त्वक्प्रत्यारोपकः आसीत्।
(iv) भूमेः अधः कुत्र कुत्र जलम् भवति इति मिहिरः सूचनां प्रदास्यति।
(v) तर्हि वृक्षस्य दक्षिणदिशि पुरुषद्वये स्वादु जलम भविष्यति।
(vi) वयम् वर्तमानकाले संगणकस्य प्रयोगं कुर्मः।
(vii) इदानीम् एषा गोष्ठी समाप्तिं याति।

प्रश्न: 4.
प्रकृतिप्रत्ययं योजयित्वा पदनिर्माणं कुरुत –

उत्तरः

प्रश्न: 5.
उपपदतत्पुरुषसमस्तपदानां रचनां कुरुत –

उत्तरः

प्रश्न: 6.
अधोलिखितविशेषणैः सह विशेष्यपदानि मेलयत –

उत्तरः


प्रश्न: 7.
यथानिर्देशं पदं रेखाङ्कितं कुर्वन्तु –
(i) नमः सभापतिभ्यः। (नमः योगे चतुर्थ्यन्तपदम्)
(ii) भूमेः अधः जलं वर्तते। (अधः योगे षष्ठ्यन्तपदम्)
(iii) तस्माद् दक्षिणपाइँ सलिलम्। (अपादाने पञ्चम्यन्तपदम्)
(iv) पृथिवी सूर्य प्रति पूर्वाभिमुखा भ्रमति। (प्रति योगे द्वितीयान्तम्)
(v) सा मा शान्तिः एधि। (‘इ’ योगे द्वितीयान्तपदम्)
उत्तरः
(i) नमः सभापतिभ्यः।
(ii) भूमेः अधः जलं वर्तते।
(iii) तस्माद् दक्षिणपाइँ सलिलम्।
(iv) पृथिवी सूर्यं प्रति पूर्वाभिमुखा भ्रमति।
(v) सा मा शान्तिः एधि।

प्रश्नः 8.
रेखाङ्कितसर्वनामपदानि केभ्यः प्रयुक्तानि?
(i) करतलध्वनिना एतेषां स्वागतं कुर्वन्तु। ……………………….
(ii) प्रशंसनीया एव भवत्याः प्रस्तुतिः। …………………………..
(iii) अहं केवलं रसायन विज्ञाने किञ्चिद् वक्ष्यामि। …………………………..
(iv) विचित्राः स्तम्भाः अस्माकं भारतीयवैज्ञानिकानां गौरवगाथां वर्णयन्ति। …………………………..
(v) प्राचार्यमहोदयः तेभ्यः प्रमाणपत्राणि दास्यति। …………………………..
उत्तरः
(i) लब्धवद्भ्यः प्रतिभाशालिभ्यः छात्रेभ्यः
(ii) शालिन्यै.
(iii) नागार्जुनाय
(iv) भारतवासिभ्यः
(v) प्रस्तुतिकारेभ्यः/प्रस्तुतिकृद्भ्यः

प्रश्न 9.
प्रथमस्तम्भे विज्ञानक्षेत्राणि द्वितीयस्तम्भे वैज्ञानिकानां नामानि। एतेषां सम्यक् मेलनं कुरुतविज्ञानक्षेत्राणि

उत्तरः

प्रश्न: 10.
शान्तिपाठे कुत्र कुत्र शान्तिः भवेत्? तालिकां पूरयत
(i) द्यौः
(ii) …………………………..
(iii) पृथिवी
(iv) आपः
(v) …………………………..
(vi) वनस्पतयः
(vii) विश्वे देवाः
(viii) …………………………..
(ix) सर्वम्
(x) माम्
उत्तरः
(ii) अन्तरिक्षं,
(v) ओषधयः,
(viii) ब्रह्म।

पाठ विकासः
1. महर्षि भारद्वाज मुनि द्वारा विरचित ग्रन्थ का नाम ‘बृहद्विमानशास्त्रम्’ है। इसका सम्पादन स्वामी ब्रह्ममुनि परिव्राजक के द्वारा किया गया है। इस ग्रन्थ में 2853 श्लोक, 100 अधिकरण तथा 8 अध्याय हैं।
2. भगवान् सुश्रुत द्वारा विरचित ‘सुश्रुत संहिता’ में विविध (i) शल्य यन्त्रों (ii) शल्यविधियों व आरोग्यशालानिर्माण का विस्तृत विवरण प्राप्त होता है। इस ग्रन्थ में कुशल वैद्य के लक्षण इस प्रकार दिए गए हैं।

शौर्यमाशुक्रिया शस्त्रतैक्ष्ण्यमस्वेदवेपथुः।
असम्मोहश्च वैद्यस्य शस्त्रकर्मणि प्रशस्यते॥

(i) शौर्य (ii) शीघ्र क्रिया (iii) शास्त्रज्ञान में तीखापन (iv) पसीना न आना (v) कम्पन न होना (vi) मोह, भ्रम या संशय ग्रस्त न होना-शल्यचिकित्सक के ये गुण प्रशंसनीय हैं।

शल्यशस्त्रों के लक्षण
(1) सुग्राह्य (अच्छी तरह पकड़ में आने योग्य), (2) सुलोह (अच्छे लोहे से निर्मित), (3) सुधार (अच्छी पैनी धारवाली, (4) सुरूप, देखने में सुन्दर, (5) सुसमाहित-मुखाग्र (सिरे पर अच्छी बनावट), (6) अकराल (भयोत्पादक न हो, सरल)। इसी तरह वक्र, कुण्ठ (खूडे), खण्ड (टूटे), खरधार (तीखीधार), अतिस्थूल, अतिदीर्घ-ये आठ शल्ययन्त्रों के दोष हैं।

आर्यभट – इनका जन्म पटना के पास कुसुमपुर में पाँचवीं शताब्दी में हुआ। इनका महत्त्वपूर्ण ग्रन्थ ‘आर्यभटीयम्’ है। इस ग्रन्थ में 121 श्लोक हैं जिन्हें निम्न चार भागों में बाँटा गया है – (i) दशगीतिका (ii) गणितपाद (iii) कालक्रियापाद (iv) गोलपाद। इस ग्रन्थ में ‘प्रथम बार वर्गमूल, घनमूल, त्रिकोणों का क्षेत्रफल, चक्र की परिधि, व्यास, क्षेत्रफल, नक्षत्रज्ञान, ग्रह परिचय आदि विषयों को स्पष्ट किया गया है।

कौटिल्य – इनका दूसरा नाम चाणक्य भी है। तक्षशिला विश्वविद्यालय में आप राजनीति विषय के आचार्य थे। इनका ग्रन्थ ‘अर्थशास्त्र’ वर्तमान में भी वैसा ही उपयुक्त, सारगर्भित तथा विभिन्न विषयों का विश्वकोष ही है। इसमें 15 अधिकरण, 180 प्रकरण हैं। यहाँ राजनीति, दुष्ट व्यापारियों की भर्त्सना, कृत्रिम मूल्यवृद्धि, मिश्रण, अशुद्ध माप-तोल आदि विषय हैं।

वराहमिहिर – छठी शताब्दी में इनका जन्म हुआ। ये ‘बृहत्संहिता’ के लेखक हैं। इस ग्रन्थ में ज्योतिषशास्त्र का विस्तृत
विवरण हैं। इसकी तीन शाखाएँ बताई गई हैं- (i) तन्त्र गणित (ii) होरा (जन्मपत्री से संबद्ध) (iii) संहिता (प्राकृतिकगणितज्योतिष से संबद्ध)
प्राचीन समय की विस्मयकारक शिल्प कला-कृतियाँ उपलब्ध हैं, पर उनके निर्माताओं के नाम अज्ञात हैं।

अतिरिक्त-अभ्यासः

प्रश्न: 1.
अधोलिखितम् नाट्यांशं पठित्वा तदाधारितानाम् प्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि लिखत – 5
भारती – वयं वर्तमानकाले सङ्गणकस्य प्रयोगं कुर्मः परन्तु यदि आर्यभटेन शून्यस्य आविष्कारः न कृतः स्यात् तर्हि सङ्गणकभाषायाः जन्म एव न अभविष्यत् यतः तत्र तु एकं शून्यञ्च द्वे एव संख्ये महत्त्वपूर्णे। अपि च सूर्यं प्रति पूर्वाभिमुखा पृथिवी 365.25 वारं प्रतिवर्ष भ्रमति। आधुनिकैः वैज्ञानिकैरपि तथैव मन्यते।
अपि च – यथा नौकायां स्थितः मनुष्यः वृक्षादीन् पृष्ठं प्रति गच्छतः पश्यति, तथैव नक्षत्रादयः भूमध्यरेखास्थितस्य नरस्य कृते पश्चिमं प्रति धावन्तः प्रतीयन्ते।
सचिवः – भगवतः आर्यभटस्य महिमानं वयं जानीमः। ‘पाई’ इत्यस्य मूल्यं तेनैव सर्वप्रथम स्पष्टीकृतम।

I. एकपदेन उत्तरत – (1/2 x 4 = 2)
(i) कं प्रति पूर्वाभिमुखा पृथिवी 365.25 वारं प्रतिवर्ष भ्रमति?
(ii) कैः वैज्ञानिकैः अपि तथैव मन्यते?
(iii) शून्याविष्कारं विना कस्याः जन्म एव न अभविष्यत्?
(iv) शून्यस्य आविष्कारः केन कृतः?
उत्तरः
(i) सूर्यम्
(ii) आधुनिकैः
(iii) सङ्गणकस्य
(iv) आर्यभटेन

II. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत – (1 x 2 = 2)
(i) ‘पाई’ इत्यस्य मूल्यं सर्वप्रथमं केन स्पष्टीकृतम्?
(ii) सङ्गणकभाषायै के महत्त्वपूर्णे भवतः?
उत्तरः
(i) ‘पाई’ इत्यस्य मूल्यं सर्वप्रथम आर्यभटेन स्पष्टीकृतम्।
(ii) सङ्गणकभाषायै एकं शून्यं द्वितीयं संख्या च महत्त्वपूर्ण स्तः।

III. निर्देशानुसारम् उत्तरत (1/2 x 2 = 1)
(i) ‘पाई’ इत्यस्य मूल्यं तेनैव’ अत्र ‘तेन’ पदं कस्मै आगतम्?
(ii) ‘प्रतीयन्ते’ इत्यस्याः क्रियायाः कर्तृपदं लिखत?
उत्तरः
(i) आर्यभटाय
(ii) नक्षत्रादयः

प्रश्न: 2.
निम्न गद्यांश पठित्वा तदाधारितानां प्रश्नानामुत्तराणि लिखत –

I. एकपदेन उत्तरत – (1/2 x 4 = 2)
(i) कस्यां तारिकायां सङ्गोष्ठी भविष्यति?
(ii) सङ्गोष्ठी कुत्र भविष्यति?
(iii) कस्याः कक्षायाः छात्राः विशिष्टाहययनं कृतवन्तः?
(iv) कः विज्ञप्तिं अलिखत्:?
उत्तरः
(i) कविंशतिः
(ii) सभागारे
(iii) द्वादशकक्षायाः
(iv) सचिवः

II. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत – (1 x 1 = 1)
सचिवानुसारेण कः अतीव लाभप्रदः भविष्यति?
उत्तरः
सचिवानुसारेण द्वादशकक्षायाः छात्रैः परियोजनारूपेण यद् विशिष्टाध्ययनं कृतं तस्य परिचयः अतीव लाभप्रदः भविष्यति।

III. निर्देशानुसारेण उत्तरत – (1/2 x 4 = 2)
(i) अनुच्छेदे ‘छात्राः’ इति विशेष्य पदस्य विशेषणपदं किम्?
(ii) ‘पठनम्’ इत्यस्य पदस्य कः पर्यायः अनुच्छेदे आगतः?
(iii) ‘आगच्छन्तु’ इति क्रिया पदस्य कर्तृ पदं किम्?
(iv) ‘हानिकरः’ अस्य पदस्य कः विपर्ययः विज्ञप्त्याम् आगतः अस्ति?
उत्तरः
(i) सर्वे
(ii) अध्ययनम्
(iii) छात्राः
(iv) लाभप्रदः

(ख) नागार्जुनः – सर्वेभ्यः नमो नमः। कौटिल्यस्य अर्थशास्त्रं तु अद्भुतः ग्रन्थः यत्र बहवः विषयाः वर्णिताः। अहं केवलं रसायनविषये किञ्चिद् वक्ष्यामि। कौटिल्यः कथयति –
नातप्तं लोहं लोहेन सन्धत्ते। अतः तापनेन एव रसायनक्रिया सम्भवति। यदि स्वर्णम् अशुद्धं भवेत् तर्हि चतुर्गुणेन सीसेन शोधयेत्।

I एकपदेन उत्तरत – (1/2 x 2 = 1)
(i) कः अद्भुतः ग्रन्थः वर्तते?
(ii) कम् चतुर्गुणेन सीसेन शोधयेत्?
उत्तरः
(i) अर्थशास्त्रम्
(ii) स्वर्णम्

II. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत – (1 x 2 = 2)
(i) कौटिल्यस्य अर्थशास्त्रे के वर्णिताः सन्ति?
(ii) तापेन किं सम्भवति?
उत्तरः
(i) कौटिल्यस्य अर्थशास्त्रे बहवः विषयाः वर्णिताः।
(ii) तापेन रसायन क्रिया सम्भवति।

III. निर्देशानुसारेण उत्तरत – (1/2 x 4 = 2)
(i) ‘स्वर्णम् अशुद्धम्’ अनयोः पदयोः विशेषणपदं किम्?
(ii) अनुच्छेदे ‘वर्णिताः’ इति क्रियापदस्य कर्तृपदं किम्?
(iii) ‘वदिष्यामि’ इति अर्थ किं पदं प्रयुक्तम् अस्ति?
(iv) ‘तप्तम्’ पदस्य कः विपचर्यः अत्र आगतः?
उत्तरः
(i) अशुद्धम्
(ii) विषयाः
(iii) वक्ष्यामि
(iv) अतप्तम्

(ग) अभिनवः- एवं त्रिपुरविमानस्य प्रथमः भागः पृथिव्याः तले सञ्चरति, द्वितीयभागः जलस्य अन्तः बहिः च विहरति, तृतीयः भागः तु स्वतः एव आकाशे सञ्चरति।
सचिवः – धन्यवादः। विमानशास्त्रे एतादृशः लेपः अपि वर्णितः यस्य लेपनेन विमानम् अदृश्यतां गच्छति स्म। करतलध्वनिना अभिनवस्य उत्साहवर्धनं कुर्वन्तु।
(करतलध्वनिना सभागारः गुञ्जति।)
इदानीं शालिनी भारतस्य प्रमुखचिकित्सकस्य सुश्रुतस्य शल्यक्रियामधिकृत्य अस्माकं ज्ञाने वृद्धिं करिष्यति।

I. एकपदेन उत्तरत – (1/2 x 4 = 2)
(i) त्रिपुर विमानस्य तृतीयः भागः कुत्र सञ्चरति?
(ii) विमानस्य कः भागः जलस्य अन्तः बहिः च विहरति?
(i) का सुश्रुतस्य शल्य क्रियायाम् प्रवचनं यच्छति?
(ii) छात्राः केन अभिनवस्य उत्साहवृद्धिं कुर्वन्ति?
उत्तरः
(i) आकाशे
(ii) द्वितीय भागः
(iii) शालिनी
(iv) करतलध्वनिना

II. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत (1 x 1 = 1)
विमान शास्त्रानुसारेण कथं विमानम् अदृश्यतां गच्छति?
उत्तरः
विमानशास्त्रे एतादृशः लेपः अपि वर्णितः यस्य लेपनेन विमानम् अदृश्यतां गच्छति।

III. निर्देशानुसारेण उत्तरत (1/2 x 4 = 2)
(i) ‘प्रथमः भागः’ इति कर्तृपदस्य क्रियापदं किम्?
(ii) अनुच्छेदात् ‘अन्तः’ पदस्य विपर्ययं चित्त्वा लिखत?
(iii) ‘एतादृशः लेपः’ इत्यनयोः पदयोः विशेषणपदं किम्?
(iv) ‘भूमेः’ इति पदस्य कः पर्यायः नाट्यांशे प्रयुक्तः?
उत्तरः
(i) सञ्चरति
(ii) वहिः
(iii) एतादृशः
(iv) पृथिव्याः

(ध) शालिनी – प्रियसहपाठिनः! यदि वयम् उत्तमशल्यचिकित्सकाः भवितुम् इच्छामः तर्हि सुश्रुतविरचिता सुश्रुतसंहिता अवश्यमेव पठनीया। तत्र अष्टविधं शल्यकार्यं वर्णितम् यथा –
छेद्यम्, भेद्यम्, लेख्यम्, वेध्यम्, एष्यम्, आहार्यम्, विस्त्राव्यम्, सीव्यम् इति। सुश्रुतसंहितायां नासिकाप्रत्यारोपणं विस्तरशः वर्णतम्। सुश्रुतः प्रथमः त्वक्प्रत्यारोपकः आसीत्।
सचिवः – बहुप्रसिद्धा खलु भगवतः सुश्रुतस्य शल्यक्रिया। धन्यवादः शालिनी। प्रशंसनीया एव भवत्याः प्रस्तुतिः।

I. एकपदेन उत्तरत (1/2 x 2 = 1)
(i) सुश्रुतसंहितायां कतिविधं शिल्पकार्यं वर्णितम्?
(ii) कस्याः प्रस्तुतिः प्रशंसनीया अस्ति?
उत्तरः
(i) अष्ट
(ii) भवत्याः (शालिन्याः)

II. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत (1 x 2 = 2)
(i) सुश्रुतसंहितायां किं विस्तरश: वर्णितम्?
(ii) अष्ट विधं शल्यकार्यं किम्-किम् अस्ति?
उत्तरः
(i) सुश्रुत संहितायां नासिका प्रत्यारोपणं विस्तरशः वर्णितम्।
(ii) अष्ट विधं शल्यकार्यं छेद्यम्, भेद्यम्, लेख्यम्, वेध्यम्, एष्यम्, आहार्यम्, विस्राव्यम् सीव्यम् च इति अस्ति ।

III. निर्देशानुसारेण उत्तरत (1/2 x 4 = 2)
(i) ‘अनुच्छेदे ‘इच्छामः’ इति क्रियापदस्य कर्तृपदं किम्?
(ii) ‘प्रशंसनीया’ इत्यस्य विशेषणस्य विशेष्यपदं किम्?
(iii) ‘संक्षेयतः’ इति पदस्य कः विपर्ययः?
(iv) संवादे ‘भवत्याः ‘ पद कस्यै आगतम्?
उत्तरः
(i) वयम
(ii) प्रस्तुतिः
(iii) विस्तरशः
(iv) शालिन्यै

(ङ) (शोभनम्, अतिशोभनम् इति ध्वनिः तालिका वादनेन सह सभागारं पूरयति।)
अस्य पद्यस्य अयमर्थः यत् यदि जम्बूवृक्षस्य पूर्वदिशि वल्मीकः भवेत् तर्हि वृक्षस्य दक्षिणदिशि पुरुषद्वये स्वादु सलिलं भविष्यति। (पुरुषः = 7.5 फुट)
सचिव – शोभनं मिहिर! वस्तुतः वराहमिहिरेण स्वग्रन्थे विविधाः विषयाः वर्णिताः यथा वृक्षायुर्वेदः, वास्तुविज्ञानं ज्योतिष, पशुविज्ञानम् इत्यादयः। मिहिरेण बहुमूल्या सामग्री सङ्कलिता परन्तु समयाभावात् तस्याः सर्वस्याः प्रस्तुतिः अत्र न भविष्यति। इदानीं भारती आर्यभट्टस्य आर्यभटीयम् इति ग्रन्थस्य वैशिष्ट्यं वर्णयिष्यति।

I. एकपदेन उत्तरत – (1/2 x 4 = 2)
(i) केन स्वग्रन्थे विविधाः विषयाः वर्णिता?
(ii) वृक्षस्य कस्याम् दिशि पुरुषद्वये स्वादुसलिलं भविष्यति?
(iii) भारती कस्य ग्रन्थस्य वैशिष्ट्यं वर्णयिष्यति?
(iv) ‘आर्य भटीयम्’ इति कस्य ग्रन्थः अस्ति
उत्तरः
(i) वराहमिहिरेण
(ii) दक्षिणे
(iii) आर्यभटीयस्य
(iv) आर्यभटस्य

II. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत – (1 x 2 = 2)
वराहमिहिरेण स्वग्रन्थे के विषयाः वर्णिता?
उत्तरः
वराहमिहिरेण स्वग्रन्थे विविधाः विषयाः यथा-वृक्षायुर्वेदः, वास्तुविज्ञानं, ज्योतिष, पशुविज्ञानम् आदयः वर्णिताः।

III. निर्देशानुसारेण उत्तरत – (1/2 x 4 = 2)
(i) ‘सङ्कलिता’ इत्यस्याः क्रियायाः कर्तृपदं किम्?
(ii) ‘स्वादु सलिलम्’ अनयोः पदयोः विशेषण पदं किम्?
(iii) ‘तस्याः सर्वस्याः प्रस्तुतिः’ अत्र ‘तस्याः’ पदं कस्यै प्रयुक्तम्?
(iv) ‘जलम्’ पदस्य कः पर्यायः अत्र नाट्यांशे प्रयुक्तः?
उत्तरः
(i) मिहिरेण
(i) स्वादु
(iii) बहुमूल्यायै सामग्र्यै
(iv) सलिलम्

(च) भारती – वयं वर्तमानकाले सङ्गणकस्य प्रयोगं कुर्मः परन्तु यदि आर्यभटेन शून्यस्य आविष्कारः न कृतः
स्यात् तर्हि सङ्गणकभाषायाः जन्म एव न अभविष्यत् यतः तत्र तु एकं शून्यञ्च द्वे एव संख्ये महत्त्वपूर्णे। अपि च सूर्ये प्रति पूर्वाभिमुखा पृथिवी 365.25 वारं प्रतिवर्ष भ्रमति। आधुनिकैः वैज्ञानिकैरपि तथैव मन्यते। अपि च –
यथा नौकायां स्थितः मनुष्यः वृक्षादीन् पृष्ठं प्रति गच्छतः पश्यति, तथैव नक्षत्रादयः भूमध्यरेखास्थितस्य नरस्य कृते पश्चिमं प्रति धावन्तः प्रतीयन्ते।
सचिवः- भगवतः आर्यभटस्य महिमानं वयं जानीमः। ‘पाई’ इत्यस्य मूल्यं तेनैव सर्वप्रथमं स्पष्टीकृतम्। इदानीं नागार्जुनः कौटिल्य चितात् अर्थशास्त्रात् रसायनशास्त्रम् अधिकृत्य अस्माकं ज्ञानवृद्धिं करिष्यति।

I. एकपदेन उत्तरत – (1/2 x 4 = 2)
(i) कः सर्वप्रथम ‘पाई’ इत्यस्य मूल्यं स्पष्टीकृतम्?
(ii) केन शून्यस्य आविष्कारः कृतः?
(iii) पृथिवी कं प्रति भ्रमति?
(iv) के पश्चिम प्रति धावन्तः प्रतीयन्ते?
उत्तरः
(i) आर्यभटेन
(ii) आर्यभटेन
(iii) सूर्यम्
(iv) नक्षत्रादयः

II. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत – (1 x 2 = 2)
(i) इदानीं नागार्जुनः कथं ज्ञानवृद्धिं करिष्यति?
(ii) सङ्गणकभाषायै के महत्त्वपूर्ण स्तः?
उत्तरः
(i) इदानीं नागार्जुनः कौटिल्यरचितात् अर्थशास्त्रात् रसायनशास्त्रम् अधिकृत्य अस्माकं-ज्ञानवृद्धिं करिष्यति।
(ii) सङ्गणकभाषायै एकं शून्यञ्च द्वे एवं संख्ये महत्वपूर्ण स्तः।

III. निर्देशानुसारेण उत्तरत – (1/2 x 2 = 1)
(i) ‘प्रतीयन्ते’ इत्यस्य क्रियापदस्य कर्तृपदं किम्?
(ii) ‘मृत्युः’ इत्यस्य पदस्य कः विपर्ययः संवादे प्रयुक्तें?
उत्तरः
(i) नक्षत्रादयः
(ii) जन्म

(छ) सचिवः- सम्यग् वर्णितम्। इदानीं सुषमा भारते उपलब्धानां विचित्रशिल्पकलाकृतीनां परिचयं प्रदास्यति।
सुषमा – धन्यवादः। प्रियबान्धवाः! यूयं सर्वे दिल्लीस्थ-लौहस्तम्भेन परिचिताः एव। कोऽपि न अद्ययावत् जानाति कथं सः स्तम्भः विकृतिं विना तथैव तिष्ठति। अन्ये विस्मयकराः स्तम्भाः सन्ति-अहमदनगरे कम्पमानाः स्तम्भाः, सुचिन्दरं देवालये स्थिताः सङ्गीतमयाः स्तम्भा :, गोलकुण्डादुर्गे प्रतिध्वन्यात्मकाः स्तम्भाः, फतेहपुरसीकरीमध्ये स्थिताः ध्वनिवाहकाः स्तम्भाः अद्ययावत् दिग्दिगन्तेषु अस्माकं भारतीयवैज्ञानिकानां गौरवगाथां वर्णयन्ति।
सचिवः – अनुगृहीताः वयं भवत्याः सुषमायाः ज्ञानपूर्णेन सूचनाप्रदानेन। इदानीम् एषा गोष्ठी समाप्तिं याति। एवं ये छात्राः भारतीयविज्ञानक्षेत्रे विशिष्टाः उपलब्धी: आधृत्य अध्ययनं करिष्यन्ति, ते अग्रिमगोष्ठ्यां च प्रस्तुतिं करिष्यन्ति। अस्माकं प्राचार्यमहोदयः, अद्य यैः प्रस्तुतिः कृता, तेभ्यः श्वः प्रार्थनासभायां
पारितोषिकरूपेण सम्मानपत्राणि प्रदास्यन्ति। सम्प्रति वयं सर्वे मिलित्वा शान्तिपाठं करिष्यामः।