चावल की रोटियां – CBSE Notes for Class 5 Hindi

CBSE NotesCBSE Notes Class 5 HindiNCERT Solutions Hindi

The post चावल की रोटियां – CBSE Notes for Class 5 Hindi appeared first on Learn CBSE.

गुरु और चेला – CBSE Notes for Class 5 Hindi

CBSE NotesCBSE Notes Class 5 HindiNCERT Solutions Hindi

The post गुरु और चेला – CBSE Notes for Class 5 Hindi appeared first on Learn CBSE.

स्वामी की दादी – CBSE Notes for Class 5 Hindi

CBSE NotesCBSE Notes Class 5 HindiNCERT Solutions Hindi

The post स्वामी की दादी – CBSE Notes for Class 5 Hindi appeared first on Learn CBSE.

बाघ आया उस रात – CBSE Notes for Class 5 Hindi

CBSE NotesCBSE Notes Class 5 HindiNCERT Solutions Hindi

The post बाघ आया उस रात – CBSE Notes for Class 5 Hindi appeared first on Learn CBSE.

CBSE Biology Class 12 Syllabus

Course Structure for Class XII Biology (2017-18)

Unit VI: Reproduction

Chapter 1: Reproduction in Organisms

Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species; Asexual reproduction Modes of reproduction-Asexual and sexual reproduction; Modes-Binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule, fragmentation; vegetative propagation in plants.

Chapter 2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Flower structure; Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination-types, agencies and examples; Outbreedings devices; Pollen-Pistil interaction; Double fertilization; Post fertilization events-Development of endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit; Special modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed and fruit formation.

Chapter 3: Human Reproduction

Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis & oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilisation embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea); Parturition (Elementary idea); Lactation (Elementary idea).

Chapter 4: Reproductive Health

Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs); Birth control – Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies – IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness).

Unit VII: Genetics and Evolution

Chapter 5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation

Mendelian Inheritance; Deviations from Mendelism-Incomplete dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy; Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Chromosomes and genes; Sex determination – in humans, birds, honey bee; Linkage and crossing over; Sex linked inheritance – Haemophilia, Colour blindness; Mendelian disorder in humans – Thalassemia; chromosomal disorders in humans; Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes.

Chapter 6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma; Transcription, genetic code, translation; Gene expression and regulation – Lac Operon; Genome and human ganeome project; DNA fingerprinting.

Chapter 7: Evolution

Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (Paleontological, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence); Darwin’s contribution, Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution; Mechanism of evolution – Variation (Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy – Weinberg’s principle; Adaptive Radiation; Human evolution.

Unit VIII: Biology and Human Welfare

Chapter 8: Human Health and Diseases

Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis, Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm); Basic concepts of immunology – vaccines; Cancer, HIV and AIDs; Adolescene, drug and alcholol abuse.

Chapter 9: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

Improvement in food production : Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, Biofortification, Apiculature and Animal husbandry.

Chapter 10: Microbes in Human Welfare

In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers. Antibiotics; production and judicious use.

Unit IX: Biotechnology and Its Applications

Chapter 11: Biotechnology – Principles and Processes

Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology).

Chapter 12: Biotechnology and its Application

Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy; Genetically modified organisms-Bt crops; Transgenic Animals; biosafety issues, biopiracy and patents.

Unit X: Ecology and Environment

Chapter 13: Organisms and Populations

Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche, Population and ecological adaptations; Population interactions-mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; Population attributesgrowth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution.

Chapter 14: Ecosystem

Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of number, biomass, energy; nutrient cycles (carbon and phosphorous); ecological succession; ecological services – carbon fixation, pollination, seed dispersal, oxygen release (in brief).

Chapter 15: Biodiversity and its Conservation

Concept of biodiversity; patterns of biodiversity; importance of biodiversity; loss of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation; hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, national parks, sanctuaries and Ramsar sites.

Chapter 16: Environmental Issues

Air pollution and its control; water pollution and its control; agrochemicals and their effects; solid waste management; radioactive waste management; greenhouse effect and climate change; ozone layer depletion; deforestation; any one case study as success story addressing environmental issue(s).

Practicals

Time allowed: 3 Hours
Hours Max. Marks: 30 Marks

A. List of Experiments 

1. Study pollen germination on a slide.
2. Collect and study soft from at least two different sites and study them for texture, moisture content, pH and water holding capacity. Correlate with the kinds of plants found in them.
3. Collect water from two different water bodies around you and study them for pH, clarity and presence of any living organism.
4. Study the presence of suspended particulate matter in air at two widely different sites.
5. Study the plant population density by quadrat method.
6. Study the plant population frequency by quadrat method.
7. Prepare a temporary mount of onion root tip to study mitosis.
8. Study the effect of different temperatures and three different pH on the activity of salivary amylase on starch.
9. Isolate DNA from available plant material such as spinach, green pea seeds, papaya, etc.

B. Study/observation of the following (Spotting)

1. Flowers adapted to pollination by different agencies (wind, insects, birds).
2. Pollen germination on stigma through a permanent slide.
3. Identification of stages of gamete development, i.e., T.S. of testis and T.S. of ovary through permanent slides (from grasshopper! mice)
4. Meiosis in onion bud cell, or grasshopper testis through permanent slides.
5. T.S. of blastula through permanent slides (Mammalian).
6. Mendelian inheritance using seeds of different colour/sizes of any plant.
7. Prepared pedigree charts of any one of the genetic traits such as rolling of tongue, blood groups, ear lobes, widows peak and colour blindness.
8. Controlled pollination – emasculation, tagging and bagging.
9. Common disease causing organisms like Ascaris, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, Roundworm through permanent slides or specimens. Comment on symptoms of diseases that they cause.
10. Two plants and two animals (models/virtual images) found in xeric conditions. Comment upon their morphological adaptations.
11. Two plants and two animals (models/virtual images) found in aquatic conditions. Comment upon their morphological adaptations.

NCERT Solutions

The post CBSE Biology Class 12 Syllabus appeared first on Learn CBSE.

CBSE Business Studies Class 12 Syllabus

Course Structure for Class XII Business Studies (2017-18)

Part A: Principles and Functions of Management

Unit I: Nature and Significance of Management

Unit 2: Principles of Management

Unit 3: Business Environment

Unit 4: Planning

Unit 5: Organising

Unit 6: Staffing

Unit 7: Directing

Unit 8: Controlling

Part B: Business Finance and Marketing

Unit 9: Financial Management

Unit 10: Financial Markets

Unit 11: Marketing Management

Unit 12: Consumer Protection

Unit 13: Project Work

NCERT Solutions

The post CBSE Business Studies Class 12 Syllabus appeared first on Learn CBSE.

CBSE Chemistry Class 12 Syllabus

Course Structure for Class XII Chemistry (2017-18)

Unit I: Solid State

Classification of solids based on different binding forces: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea). Unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, packing efficiency, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties.

Band theory of metals, conductors, semiconductors and insulators and n & p type semiconductors.

Unit II: Solutions

Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties – relative lowering of vapour pressure, Raoult’s law, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass, van’t Hoff factor.

Unit III: Electrochemistry

Redox reactions, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity, variations of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch’s Law, electrolysis and law of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell -electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells, lead accumulator, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells, Relation between Gibbs energy change and emf of a cell, fuel cells, corrosion.

Unit IV: Chemical Kinetics

Rate of a reaction (Average and instantaneous), factors affecting rate of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction, rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half life (only for zero and first order reactions), concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment). Activation energy, Arrhenious equation.

Unit V: Surface Chemistry

Adsorption – physisorption and chemisorption, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids, catalysis, homogenous and heterogenous activity and selectivity; enzyme catalysis colloidal state distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspension; lyophilic , lyophobic multimolecular and macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation, emulsion – types of emulsions.

Unit VI: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

Principles and methods of extraction – concentration, oxidation, reduction – electrolytic method and refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron.

Unit VII: p – Block Elements

Group 15 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties; nitrogen preparation properties & uses ; compounds of nitrogen, preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen (Structure only) ; Phosphorus – allotropic forms, compounds of phosphorus: preparation and properties of phosphine, halides PCl₃ , PCl₅ and oxoacids (elementary idea only).

Group 16 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, dioxygen: Preparation, Properties and uses, classification of oxides, Ozone, Sulphure -allotropic forms; compounds of sulphure: Preparation properties and uses of sulphur-dioxide, sulphuric acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses; oxoacids of sulphur (Structures only).

Group 17 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens, Preparation properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds, oxoacids of halogens (structures only).

Group 18 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses.

Unit VIII: d and f Block Elements

General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals – metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation, preparation and properties of K₂Cr₂O₇ and KMnO₄.

Lanthanoids – Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactvity and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences.

Actinoids – Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids.

Unit IX: Coordination Compounds

Coordination compounds – Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds. Bonding, Werner’s theory, VBT, and CFT; structure and stereo isomerism, importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative inclusion, extraction of metals and biological system).

Unit X: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions, optical rotation.

Haloarenes: Nature of C -X bond, substitution reactions (Directive influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds only.

Uses and environmental effects of – dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform freons, DDT.

Unit XI: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties( of primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration, uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol.

Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophillic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.

Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.

Unit XII: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophillic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes: uses.

Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses.

Unit XIII: Organic compounds containing Nitrogen

Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines.

Cyanides and Isocyanides – will be mentioned at relevant places in context.

Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

Unit XIV: Biomolecules

Carbohydrates – Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccahrides (glucose and fructose), D-L configuration oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen) importance.

Proteins – Elementary idea of α – amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, structure of proteins – primary, secondary, tertiary structure and quaternary structures (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes. Hormones – Elementary idea excluding structure.

Vitamins – Classification and functions.

Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA.

Unit XV: Polymers

Classification – natural and synthetic, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation), copolymerization, some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polythene, nylon polyesters, bakelite, rubber. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers.

Unit XVI: Chemistry in Everyday life

Chemicals in medicines – analgesics, tranquilizers antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines.

Chemicals in food – preservations, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants.

Cleansing agents – soaps and detergents, cleansing action.

Practicals

Practicals Syllabus:
Micro-chemical methods are available for several of the practical experiments.
Wherever possible, such techniques should be used.
A. Surface Chemistry
(a) Preparation of one lyophilic and one lyophobic sol
Lyophilic sol – starch, egg albumin and gum
Lyophobic sol – aluminium hydroxide, ferric hydroxide, arsenous sulphide.
(b) Dialysis of sol-prepared in (a) above.
(c) Study of the rote of emulsifying agents in stabilizing the emulsion of different oils.
B. Chemical Kinetics
(a) Effect of concentration and temperature on the rate of reaction between Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric acid.
(b) Study of reaction rates of any one of the following:

1. Reaction of Iodide ion with Hydrogen Peroxide at room temperature using different concentration of Iodide ions.
2. Reaction between Potassium Iodate, (KIO₃) and Sodium Sulphite: (Na₂SO₃) using starch solution
   as indicator (clock reaction).

C. Thermochemistry
Any one of the following experiments:

1. Enthalpy of dissolution of Copper Sulphate or Potassium Nitrate.
2. Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid (HCl) and strong base (NaOH).
3. Determination of enthaply change during interaction (Hydrogen bond formation) between Acetone and Chloroform.

D. Electrochemistry
Variation of cell potential in Zn/Zn²⁺ || Cu²⁺/Cu with change in concentration of electrolytes (CuSO₄ or ZnSO₄) at room temperature.
E. Chromatography

1. Separation of pigments from extracts of leaves and flowers by paper chromatography and determination of Rf values.
2. Separation of constituents present in an inorganic mixture containing two cations only (constituents having large difference in Rf values to be provided).

F. Preparation of Inorganic Compounds

1. Preparation of double salt of Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate or Potash Alum.
2. Preparation of Potassium Ferric Oxalate.

G. Preparation of Organic Compounds
Preparation of any one of the following compounds:

1. Acetanilide
2. Di -benzal Acetone
3. p-Nitroacetanilide
4. Aniline yellow or 2 – Naphthol Aniline dye.

H. Tests for the functional groups present in organic compounds:
Unsaturation, alcoholic, phenolic, aldehydic, ketonic, carboxylic and amino (Primary) groups.

I. Characteristic tests of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in pure samples and their detection in given food stuffs.

J. Determination of concentration/ molarity of KMnO₄ solution by titrating it against a standard solution of:

1. Oxalic acid,
2. Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate
   (Students will be required to prepare standard solutions by weighing themselves).

K. Qualitative analysis
Determination of one cation and one anion in a given salt.
Cation — Pb²⁺,Cu²⁺, As³⁺, Al³⁺, Fe³⁺, Mn²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺, Mg²⁺, NH₄⁺
Anions – CO₃^2-, S^2-, SO₃^2-, SO₄^2-, NO₂^–, NO₃^–, Cl^–, Br^–, I^–, PO₄^3-, C₂O₄^2-, CH₃COO^–
(Note: Insoluble salts excluded)

Project

Scientific investigations involving laboratory testing and collecting information from other sources.
A few suggested Projects.

• Study of the presence of oxalate ions in guava fruit at different stages of ripening.
• Study of quantity of casein present in different samples of milk.
• Preparation of soyabean milk and its comparison with the natural milk with respect to curd formation, effect of temperature, etc.
• Study of the effect of Potassium Bisulphate as food preservative under various conditions (temperature, concentration, time, etc.)
• Study of digestion of starch by salivary amylase and effect of pi-I and temperature on it.
• Comparative study of the rate of fermentation of following materials: wheat flour, gram flour, potato juice, carrot juice, etc.
• Extraction of essential oils present in Saunf (aniseed), Ajwain (carum), Illaichi (cardamom).
• Study of common food adulterants in fat, oil, butter, sugar, turmeric power, chilli powder and pepper.

Note: Any other investigatory project, which involves about 10 periods of work, can be chosen with the approval of the teacher.

NCERT Solutions

The post CBSE Chemistry Class 12 Syllabus appeared first on Learn CBSE.

CBSE Economics Class 12 Syllabus

Course Structure for Class XII Economics (2017-18)

Part A: Introductory Microeconomics

Unit 1: Introduction

Meaning of microeconomics and macroeconomics; positive and normative economics.

What is an economy? Central problems of an economy : what, how and for whom to produce; concepts of production possibility frontier and opportunity cost.

Unit 2: Consumer Equilibrium and Demand

Consumer’s equilibrium – meaning of utility, marginal utility, law of diminishing marginal utility, conditions of consumer’s equilibrium using marginal utility analysis.

Indifference curve analysis of consumer’s equilibrium-the consumer’s budget (budget set and budget line), preferences of the consumer (indifference curve, indifference map) and conditions of consumer’s equilibrium.

Demand, market demand, determinants of demand, demand schedule, demand curve and its slope, movement along and shifts in the demand curve; price elasticity of demand – factors affecting price elasticity of demand; measurement of price elasticity of demand – (a) percentage-change method and (b) geometric method (linear demand curve); relationship between price elasticity of demand and total expenditure.

Unit 3: Producer Behaviour and Supply

Meaning of Production function – Short-Run and Long-Run

Total Product, Average Product and Marginal Product.

Returns to a Factor.

Cost and Revenue: Short run costs – total cost, total fixed cost, total variable cost; Average cost; Average fixed cost, average variable cost and marginal cost-meaning and their relationship.

Revenue – total, average and marginal revenue – meaning and their relationship.

Producer’s equilibrium-meaning and its conditions in terms of marginal revenue-marginal cost. Supply, market supply, determinants of supply, supply schedule, supply curve and its slope, movements along and shifts in supply curve, price elasticity of supply; measurement of price elasticity of supply –percentage change method.

Unit 4: Forms of Market and Price Determination under Perfect Competition with simple applications.

Perfect competition – Features; Determination of market equilibrium and effects of shifts in demand and supply.

Other Market Forms – monopoly, monopolistic competition, oligopoly – their meaning and features.

Simple Applications of Demand and Supply: Price ceiling, price floor.

Part B: Introductory Macroeconomics

Unit 5: National Income and related aggregates

Some basic concepts: consumption goods, capital goods, final goods, intermediate goods; stocks and flows; gross investment and depreciation.

Circular flow of income; Methods of calculating National Income – Value Added or Product method, Expenditure method, Income method.

Aggregates related to National Income: Gross National Product (GNP), Net National Product (NNP), Gross and Net Domestic Product (GDP and NDP) – at market price, at factor cost; National Disposable Income (gross and net), Private Income, Personal Income and Personal Disposable Income; Real and Nominal GDP.

GDP and Welfare

Unit 6: Money and Banking

Money – meaning and supply of money – Currency held by the public and net demand deposits held by commercial banks.

Money creation by the commercial banking system.

Central bank and its functions (example of the Reserve Bank of India): Bank of issue, Govt. Bank, Banker’s Bank, Controller of Credit through Bank Rate, CRR, SLR, Repo Rate and Reverse Repo Rate, Open Market Operations, Margin requirement.

Unit 7: Determination of Income and Employment

Aggregate demand and its components. Propensity to consume and propensity to save (average and marginal).

Short–run equilibrium output; investment multiplier and its mechanism.

Meaning of full employment and involuntary unemployment.

Problems of excess demand and deficient demand; measures to correct them – change in government spending, taxes and money supply.

Unit 8: Government Budget and the Economy

Government budget – meaning, objectives and components.

Classification of receipts – revenue receipts and capital receipts; classification of expenditure – revenue expenditure and capital expenditure.

Measures of government deficit – revenue deficit, fiscal deficit, primary deficit their meaning.

Unit 9: Balance of Payments

Balance of payments account – meaning and components; balance of payments deficit-meaning.

Foreign exchange rate – meaning of fixed and flexible rates and managed floating.

Determination of exchange rate in a free market.

Prescribed Books

1. Statistics for Economics, Class XI, NCERT
2. Indian Economic Development, Class XI, NCERT
3. Introductory Micro Economics, Class XII, NCERT
4. Macro Economics, Class XII, NCERT
5. Supplementary Reading Material in Economics, Class XII, CBSE

Note: The above publications are also available ¡n Hindi Medium.

NCERT Solutions

The post CBSE Economics Class 12 Syllabus appeared first on Learn CBSE.

CBSE Mathematics Class 12 Syllabus

Course Structure for Class XII Mathematics (2017-18)

Unit I: Relations and Functions

1. Relations and Functions

Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations. One to one and onto functions, composite functions, inverse of a function. Binary operations.

2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Definition, range, domain, principal value branch. Graphs of inverse trigonometric functions. Elementary properties of inverse trigonometric functions.

Unit II: Algebra

1. Matrices

Concept, notation, order, equality, types of matrices, zero and identity matrix, transpose of a matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric matrices. Operation on matrices: Addition and multiplication and multiplication with a scalar. Simple properties of addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication. Noncommutativity of multiplication of matrices and existence of non-zero matrices whose product is the zero matrix (restrict to square matrices of order 2).Concept of elementary row and column operations. Invertible matrices and proof of the uniqueness of inverse, if it exists; (Here all matrices will have real entries).

2. Determinants

Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 x 3 matrices), properties of determinants, minors, co-factors and applications of determinants in finding the area of a triangle. Adjoint and inverse of a square matrix. Consistency, inconsistency and number of solutions of system of linear equations by examples, solving system of linear equations in two or three variables (having unique solution) using inverse of a matrix.

Unit III: Calculus

1. Continuity and Differentiability

Continuity and differentiability, derivative of composite functions, chain rule, derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions, derivative of implicit functions. Concept of exponential and logarithmic functions.

Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential functions. Logarithmic differentiation, derivative of functions expressed in parametric forms. Second order derivatives. Rolle’s and Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorems (without proof) and their geometric interpretation.

2. Applications of Derivatives

Applications of derivatives: rate of change of bodies, increasing/decreasing functions, tangents and normals, use of derivatives in approximation, maxima and minima (first derivative test motivated geometrically and second derivative test given as a provable tool). Simple problems (that illustrate basic principles and understanding of the subject as well as real-life situations).

3. Integrals

Integration as inverse process of differentiation.Integration of a variety of functions by substitution, by partial fractions and by parts, Evaluation of simple integrals of the following types and problems based on them.

Definite integrals as a limit of a sum, Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (without proof). Basic properties of definite integrals and evaluation of definite integrals.

4. Applications of the Integrals

Applications in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines, circles/parabolas/ellipses (in standard form only), Area between any of the two above said curves (the region should be clearly identifiable).

5. Differential Equations

Definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions of a differential equation.Formation of differential equation whose general solution is given.Solution of differential equations by method of separation of variables solutions of homogeneous differential equations of first order and first degree. Solutions of linear differential equation of the type:

dy/dx + py = q, where p and q are functions of x or constants.

dx/dy + px = q, where p and q are functions of y or constants.

Unit IV: Vectors and Three-Dimensional Geometry

1. Vectors

Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a vector.Direction cosines and direction ratios of a vector. Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel and collinear vectors), position vector of a point, negative of a vector, components of a vector, addition of vectors, multiplication of a vector by a scalar, position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio. Definition, Geometrical Interpretation, properties and application of scalar (dot) product of vectors, vector (cross) product of vectors, scalar triple product of vectors.

2. Three – dimensional Geometry

Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line joining two points.Cartesian equation and vector equation of a line, coplanar and skew lines, shortest distance between two lines.Cartesian and vector equation of a plane.Angle between (i) two lines, (ii) two planes, (iii) a line and a plane.Distance of a point from a plane.

Unit V: Linear Programming

1. Linear Programming

Introduction, related terminology such as constraints, objective function, optimization, different types of linear programming (L.P.) problems, mathematical formulation of L.P. problems, graphical method of solution for problems in two variables, feasible and infeasible regions (bounded and unbounded), feasible and infeasible solutions, optimal feasible solutions (up to three non-trivial constraints).

Unit VI: Probability

1. Probability

Conditional probability, multiplication theorem on probability. independent events, total probability, Baye’s theorem, Random variable and its probability distribution, mean and variance of random variable. Repeated independent (Bernoulli) trials and Binomial distribution.

Prescribed Books

1. Mathematics Textbook for Class XI, NCERT Publications
2. Mathematics Part I – Textbook for Class XII, NCERT Publication
3. Mathematics Part II – Textbook for Class XII, NCERT Publication
4. Mathematics Exemplar Problem for Class XI, Published by NCERT
5. Mathematics Exemplar Problem for Class XII, Published by NCERT

NCERT Solutions

The post CBSE Mathematics Class 12 Syllabus appeared first on Learn CBSE.

CBSE Syllabus for Class 12 English Core

Unit-wise Weightage

Section A: Reading Comprehension

Reading Unseen Passages and Note-making

Two unseen passages with a variety of very short answer / short answer or MCQ type questions to test comprehension, interpretation and inference. Vocabulary such as word formation and inference of meaning will also be tested.

The total length of the two passages will be between 1100 and 1200 words. The passage will include two of the following:

1. Factual passages, e.g., instructions, descriptions, reports.
2. Descriptive passages involving opinion, e.g., argumentative, persuasive or interpretative text.
3. Literary passages, e.g., extract from fiction, drama, poetry, essay or biography. A poem could be of 28-35 lines.
   The passages can be literary, factual or discursive to test comprehensions. The length of one passage should be  between 600-700 words.
4. A third passage of 400-500 words for note-making and abstraction.

Section B: Writing Skills

• Short Answer Questions, e.g., advertisement and notices, designing or drafting posters, writing formal and informal invitations and replies.
• Long Answer Questions: Letters based on verbal / visual input.

Letter types include

• Business or official letters (for making enquiries, registering complaints, asking for and giving information, placing orders and sending replies).
• Letters to the editor (giving suggestions or opinion on issues of public interest).
• Application for a job.

Very Long Answer Questions: Two compositions based on visual and/or verbal Input may be descriptive or argumentative in nature such as an article, a debate or a speech or a report.

Section C: Literature Textbooks and Long Reading Text

Flamingo and Vistas

• Very Short Answer Questions – Based on an extract from poetry to test comprehension and appreciation.
• Short Answer Questions – Based on prose / drama / poetry from both the texts.
• Long Answer Question – Based on texts to test global comprehension and extrapolation beyond the texts to bring out the key messages and values.
• Long Answer Question – Based on texts to test global comprehension along with analysis and extrapolation.
• Long Answer Question – Based on theme, plot and incidents from the prescribed novels.
• Long Answer Question – Based on understanding appreciation, analysis and interpretation of the character sketch.

Prescribed Books

1. Flamingo: English Reader published by NCERT
2. Vistas: Supplementary Reader published by NCERT

NCERT Solutions

The post CBSE Syllabus for Class 12 English Core appeared first on Learn CBSE.

CBSE Syllabus for Class 12 English Elective

Unit-wise Weightage

Section A: Reading Skills

Very short answer / Short answer and MCQ type questions:

Two unseen passages (including poems) with a variety of questions including 04 marks for vocabulary such as word formation and inferring meaning. The total range of the two passages including a poem or a stanza, should be around 1000-1100 words to assess comprehension, analysis, inference, evaluation and literary appreciation.

1. 550-600 words in length (for note-making and summarising)
2. 450-500 words in length (to test comprehension)

The passage could be of any one of the following types:

• Factual passages, e.g., illustrations, description, reports
• Discursive passages involving opinion, e.g., argumentative, persuasive
• Literary passages, e.g., poems, extracts from fiction, biography, autobiography, travelogue, etc. In the case of a poem, the text may be shorter than the prescribed word limit.

Section B: Writing Skills and Grammar

Short Answer Question: Notices, advertisements, factual description of people, places and objects, drafting posters, drafting, accepting and declining invitations.

Long Answer Question: Letter of any of the following types based on a verbal or visual input:

1. Official letters for making inquiries, suggesting changes – registering and responding to complaints, asking for and giving information, placing orders and sending replies.
2. Letters to the editor on various social, national and international issues.
3. Application for a job including CV (Curriculum Vitae) / Resume.

Very Long Answer Question: Sustained writing task such as writing a speech, an article for a magazine or a report based on verbal / visual input.

Grammar

A variety of questions, as listed below may be asked, involving the application of grammar items in context (i.e., not in isolated sentences). The grammar syllabus will be sampled each year. Though only modals, determiners, voice and tense forms have been dealt with in class XI, however, other grammar items such as prepositions, verb forms, connectors which have been learnt earlier would also be included.

Very Short Questions and Multiple Choice Questions

• Reordering of words and sentences
• Composing a dialogue based on a given input
• Error correction in sentences
• Drafting questions / questionnaires based on given input

Section C: Literature: Prescribed Books and Long Reading Text (Novel)

Questions to test comprehension at different levels and of different kinds – local, global, interpretative, inferential, evaluative and extrapolatory.

Very Short and Short Answer Questions: Two based on out of three extracts from different poems to test theme, setting and literary devices.

Short Answer Questions: Based on different prose / drama / poetry / pieces from the Literature Reader; to test local and global comprehension of ideas and languages used in the text.

Long Answer Question: Extended questions based on one of the prose texts or play in the Literature Reader to test global comprehension and for extrapolation beyond the text.

Long Answer Questions: To test understanding, appreciation, analysis, inference in a plot and writing a character sketch.

Note: Values based questions for 4 marks may be asked in Sections – B or C.

Prescribed Books

1. Language Skills book – Class XII English Elective CBSE published by Central Board of Secondary Education, Delhi.

2. Literature Reader – Class XII English Elective CBSEpublished by Central Board of Secondary Education, Delhi.

3. Novel (either one)

1. The Invisible Man (unabridged) by H.G. Wells
2.  Silas Marner (unabridged) by George Eliot

NCERT Solutions

The post CBSE Syllabus for Class 12 English Elective appeared first on Learn CBSE.

CBSE Syllabus for Class 12 Geography

Course Structure for Class XII Geography (2017-18)

Part-A: Fundamentals of Human Geography

Unit 1: Human Geography: Nature and Scope

Unit 2: People 

• Population-distribution,density and growth
• Population change-spatial patterns and structure; determinants of population change;
• Age-sex ratio; rural-urban composition;
• Human development – concept; selected indicators, international comparisons

Unit 3: Human Activities 

• Primary activities – concept and changing trends; gathering, pastoral, mining, subsistence agriculture, modern agriculture; people engaged in agricultural and allied activities – some examples from selected countries.
• Secondary activities-concept; manufacturing: types – household, small scale, large scale; agro based and mineral based industries; people engaged in secondary activities – some examples from selected countries.
• Tertiary activities-concept; trade, transport and tourism; services; people engaged in tertiary activities – some examples from selected countries.
• Quatenary activities – concept; people engaged in quatenary activities – case study from selected countries.

Unit 4: Transport, Communication & Trade 

• Land transport – roads, railways; trans-continental railways.
• Water transport – inland waterways; major ocean routes.
• Air transport – Intercontinental air routes.
• Oil and gas pipelines.
• Satellite communication and cyber space- Importance and usage for geographical information; use of GPS.
• International trade-Bases and changing patterns; ports as gateways of international trade, role of WTO in International trade.
• Ocean: National rights and international treaties.

Unit 5: Human settlements 

• Settlement types – rural and urban; morphology of cities (case study); distribution of mega cities; problems of human settlements in developing countries.

Map Work

• Map Work on identification of features based on 1-5 units on the outline/Physical/Political map of World.

Part-B: India – People and Economy

Unit 6: People

• Population: distribution, density and growth; composition of population – linguistic, religious; sex, rural-urban and occupational-regional variations in growth of population.
• Migration: international, national-causes and consequences.
• Human development: selected indicators and regional patterns.
• Population, environment and development.

Unit 7: Human Settlements

• Rural settlements – types and distribution.
• Urban settlements – types, distribution and functional classification.

Unit 8: Resources and Development 

• Land resources – general land use; agricultural land use, Geographical conditions and distribution of major crops (Wheat, Rice, Tea, Coffee, Cotton, Jute, Sugarcane and Rubber), agricultural development and problems.
• Water resources – availability and utilization-irrigation, domestic, industrial and other uses; scarcity of water and conservation methods -rain water harvesting and watershed management.
• Mineral and energy resources – distribution of metallic (Iron ore, Copper, Bauxite, Manganese); non-metallic (Mica, Salt) minerals; conventional (Coal, Petroleum, Natural gas and Hydroelectricity) and non-conventional energy sources (solar, wind, biogas) and conservation.
• Industries – types, factors of industrial location; distribution and changing pattern of selected industries-iron and steel, cotton textiles, sugar, petrochemicals, and knowledge based industries; impact of liberalization, privatisation and globalisation on industrial location; industrial clusters.
• Planning in India – target group area planning (case study); idea of sustainable development (case study).

Unit 9: Transport, Communication and International Trade

• Transport and communication-roads, railways, waterways and airways: oil and gas pipelines; Geographical information and communication networks.
• International trade – changing pattern of India’s foreign trade; sea ports and their hinterland and airports.

Unit 10: Geographical Perspective on selected issues and problems 

• Environmental pollution; urban – waste disposal.
• Urbanisation, rural-urban migration; problems of slums.
• Land degradation.

Map Work

• Map work on locating and labelling of features based on above units on outline map of India.

Part-C: Practical Work

Unit I: Processing of Data and Thematic Mapping

• Type and Sources of data: Primary, Secondary and other sources.
• Tabulating and processing of data; calculation of averages, measures of central tendency, deviation and rank correlation.
• Representation of data- construction of diagrams: bars, circles and flowchart; thematic maps; construction of dot; choropleth and isopleth maps.
• Data analysis and generation of diagrams, graphs and other visual diagrams using computers.

Unit 2: Field Study or Spatial Information Technology
Field visit and study: map orientation, observation and preparation of sketch; survey on any one of the local concerns; pollution, ground water changes, land use and land-use changes, poverty, energy issues, soil degradation, impact of floods and drought, catchment area of school, Market survey and Household survey (any one topic of local concern may be taken up for the study; observation and questionnaire survey may be adopted for the data collection; collected data may be tabulated and analysed with diagrams and maps). Students can be given different topics to get more insight into various problems of society.
OR
Spatial Information Technology
Introduction to GIS; hardware requirements and software modules; data formats; raster and vector data, data input, editing and topology building; data analysis; overlay and buffer.

Prescribed Books:

1. Fundamentals of Physical Geography, Class XI, Published by NCERT
2. India, Physical Environment, Class XI, Published by NCERT
3. Practical Work in Geography, Class XI, Published by NCERT
4. Fundamentals of Human Geography, Class XII, Published by NCERT
5. India – People and Economy, Class XII, Published by NCERT
6. Practical Work in Geography, Class XII, Published by NCERT

Note: The above textbooks are also available in Hindi medium.

NCERT Solutions

The post CBSE Syllabus for Class 12 Geography appeared first on Learn CBSE.

CBSE Syllabus for Class 12 History

Course Structure for Class XII History (2017-18)

Themes in Indian History

17. Project Work

Please refer Circular for project work guidelines.
Project work will help students:

• To develop skill to gather data from a variety of sources, investigate diverse viewpoints and arrive at logical deductions.
• To develop skill to comprehend, analyze, interpret, evaluate historical evidence and understand the limitation of historical evidence.
• To develop 21st century managerial skills of co-ordination, self-direction and time management.
• To (earn to work on diverse cultures, races, religions and lifestyles.
• To learn through constructivism-a theory based on observation and scientific study.
• To inculcate a spirit of inquiry and research.
• To communicate data in the most appropriate form using a variety of techniques.
• To provide greater opportunity for interaction and exploration.
• To understand contemporary issues in context to our past.
• To develop a global perspective and an international outlook.
• To grow into caring, sensitive individuals capable of making informed, intelligent and independent choices.
• To develop lasting interest in history discipline.

NCERT Solutions

The post CBSE Syllabus for Class 12 History appeared first on Learn CBSE.

CBSE Syllabus for Class 12 Political Science

Course Structure for Class XII Political Science (2017-18)

Part A: Contemporary World-Politics (50 Marks)

Part B: Politics in India since Independence

Part A: Contemporary World Politics

1. Cold War Era

Emergence of two power blocs after the second world war. Arenas of the cold war. Challenges to Bipolarity: Non Aligned Movement, quest for new international economic order. India and the cold war.

2. The End of Bipolarity

New entities in world politics: Russia, Balkan states and Central Asian states, Introduction of democratic politics and capitalism in post-communist regimes. India’s relations with Russia and other post-communist countries.

3. US Hegemony in World Politics

Growth of unilateralism: Afghanistan, first Gulf War, response to 9/11 and attack on Iraq. Dominance and challenge to the US in economy and ideology. India’s renegotiation of its relationship with the USA.

4. Alternative Centres of Power

Rise of China as an economic power in post-Maoera, creation and expansion of European Union, ASEAN. India’s changing relations with China.

5. Contemporary South Asia in the Post-Cold War Era

Democratisation in Pakistan and Nepal. Ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka, Impact of economic globalization on the region. Conflicts and efforts for peace in South Asia. India’s relations with its neighbours.

6. International Organizations

Restructuring and the future of the UN. India’s position in the restructured UN. Rise of new international actors: new international economic organisations, NGOs. How democratic and accountable are the new institutions of global governance?

7. Security in Contemporary World

Traditional concerns of security and politics of disarmament. Non-traditional or human security: global poverty, health and education. Issues of human rights and migration.

8. Environment and Natural Resources

Environment movement and evolution of global environmental norms. Conflicts over traditional and common property resources. Rights of indigenous people. India’s stand in global environmental debates.

9. Globalisation

Economic, cultural and political manifestations. Debates on the nature of consequences of globalisation. Anti-globalisation movements. India as an arena of globalization and struggle against it.

Part B: Politics in India since Independence

10. Challenges of Nation-Building

Nehru’s approach to nation-building; Legacy of partition: challenge of ‘refugee’ resettlement, the Kashmir problem. Organisation and reorganization of states; Political conflicts over language.

11. Era of One-Party Dominance

First three general elections, nature of Congress dominance at the national level, uneven dominance at the state level, coalitional nature of Congress. Major opposition parties.

12. Politics of Planned Development

Five year plans, expansion of state sector and the rise of new economic interests. Famine and suspension of five year plans. Green revolution and its political fallouts.

13. India’s External Relations

Nehru’s foreign policy. Sino-Indian war of 1962, Indo-Pak war of 1965 and 1971. India’s nuclear programme. Shifting alliance in world politics.

14. Challenges to the Congress System

Political succession after Nehru. Non-Congressism and electoral upset of 1967, Congress split and reconstitution, Congress’ victory in 1971 elections, politics of ‘garibi hatao’.

15. Crisis of the Democratic Order

Search for ‘committed’ bureaucracy and judiciary. Navnirman movement in Gujarat and the Bihar movement. Emergency: context, constitutional and extra-constitutional dimensions, resistance to emergency. 1977 elections and the formation of Janata Party. Rise of civil liberties organisations.

16. Popular Movements in India

Farmers’ movements, Women’s movement, Environment and Development-affected people’s movements. Implementation of Mandal Commission report and its aftermath.

17. Regional Aspirations

Rise of regional parties. Punjab crisis and the anti Sikh riots of 1984. The Kashmir situation. Challenges and responses in the North East.

18. Recent Developments in Indian Politics

Participatory upsurge in1990s. Rise of the JD and the BJP. Increasing role of regional parties and coalition politics. Coalition governments: NDA (1998 – 2004), UPA (2004 – 2014), NDA (2014 onwards)

Prescribed Books:

1. Contemporary World Politics, Class XII, Published by NCERT
2. Politics in India since Independence, Class XII, Published by NCERT

NCERT Solutions

The post CBSE Syllabus for Class 12 Political Science appeared first on Learn CBSE.

CBSE Syllabus for Class 10 Science

Course Structure for Science Class X (2017-18)

Note : Above weightage includes the weightage of questions based on practical skills.

Theme: Materials
Unit I: Chemical Substances – Nature and Behaviour

Chemical reactions: Chemical equation, Balanced chemical equation, implications of a balanced chemical equation, Types of chemical reactions: combination, decomposition, displacement, double displacement, precipitation, neutralization, oxidation and reduction.

Acids, bases and salts: Their definitions in terms of furnishing of H⁺ and OH^– ions, general properties of Acids and general properties of Bases , examples and uses of Acids and uses of Bases, Concept of pH scale (Definition relating to logarithm not required), importance of pH in everyday life; Preparation of Salts and uses of sodium hydroxide, bleaching powder, baking soda, washing soda and plaster of paris.

Metals and non metals: Properties of metals and non-metals, reactivity series, Formation and properties of ionic compounds, Basic metallurgical processes, corrosion and its prevention.

Carbon compounds: Covalent bonding in carbon compounds, Versatile nature of carbon, Homologous series, Nomenclature of carbon compounds containing functional groups, (halogens, alcohol, ketones, aldehydes, alkanes and alkynes), difference between saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Chemical properties of carbon compounds (combustion, oxidation, addition and substitution reaction). Ethanol (only properties and uses) , Ethanoic acid (only properties and uses), soaps and detergents.

Periodic classification of elements: Needs for classifcation, Modern Periodic table, gradation in properties, valency, atomic number, metallic and non-metallic properties.

Theme: The World of Living
Unit II: World of Living

Life processes: ‘Living being’. Basic concept of nutrition, respiration, transport and excretion in plants and animals.

Control and co-ordination in animals and plants: Tropic movements in plants; Introduction to plant hormones; Control and co-ordination in animals, nervous system; voluntary, involuntary and reflex action; Chemical co-ordination: animal hormones.

Reproduction: Reproduction in animals and plants (asexual) and (sexual) reproductive health – need and methods of family planning. Safe sex vs HIV/ AIDS. Child bearing and women’s health.

Heredity and Evolution: Heredity; Mendel’s contribution- Laws for inheritance of traits, Sex determination : brief introduction; Basic concepts of evolution.

Theme: Natural Phenomena
Unit III: Natural Phenomena

Reflection of light by curved surfaces; Images formed by spherical mirrors, centre of curvature, principal axis, principal focus, focal length, mirror formula (Derivation not required), magnification.
Refraction; laws of refraction, refractive index.
Refraction of light by spherical lens; Image formed by spherical lenses; Lens formula (Derivation not required); Magnification. Power of a lens;
Functioning of a lens in human eye, defects of vision and their corrections, applications of spherical mirrors and lenses.
Refraction of light through a prism, dispersion of light, scattering of light, applications in daily life.

Theme: How Things Work
Unit IV: Effects of Current

Electric current, potential difference and electric current, Ohms law, Resistance, Resistivity factors on which the resistance of a conductor depends; Series combination of resistors, parallel combination of resistors; and its application on daily life; Heating effect of Electric current, electric Power, Interrelation between P, V, and R.

Magnetic effects of current: Magnetic field, field lines, field due to a current carrying conductor, field due to current carrying coil or solenoid; Force on current carrying conductor, Fleming’s left hand rule. Electromagnetic induction, Induced potential difference, Induced current, Fleming’s right hand rule, Direct current, Alternating current, frequency of AC, Advantage of AC over DC, Domestic electric circuits.

Theme: Natural Resources
Unit V: Natural Resources

Sources of energy : Different forms of energy, conventional and non-conventional sources
of energy: Fossil fuels, solar energy; biogas; wind, water and tidal energy; Nuclear energy, Renewable versus non-renewable sources of energy.

Our environment: Eco-system, Environmental problems, Ozone depletion, waste production and their solutions. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable substances.

Management of natural resources: Conservation and judicious use of natural resources. Forest and wildlife; Coal and Petroleum conservation. Examples of people’s participation for conservation of natural resources. Big dams: advantages and limitations; alternatives, if any. Water harvesting. Sustainability of natural resources.

Practicals

Practicals should be conducted alongside the concepts taught in theory classes.
List of Experiments:

1. Finding the pH of the following samples by using pH paper / universal indicator:
   1. Dilute Hydrochloric Acid
   2. Dilute NaOH solution
   3. Dilute Ethanoic Acid solution
   4. Lemon juice
   5. Water
   6. Dilute Hydrogen Carbonate solution
   7. Studying the properties of acids and bases (HCl & NaOH) by their reaction with:
      (a) Litmus solution (Blue/Red)
      (b) Zinc metal
      (c) Solid sodium carbonate
2. Performing and observing the following reactions and classifying them into:
   1. Combination reaction
   2. Decomposition reaction
   3. Displacement reaction
   4. Double displacement reaction
      • Action of water on quick lime
      • Action of heat on ferrous sulphate crystals
      • Iron nails kept in copper sulphate solution
      • Reaction between sodium sulphate and barium chloride solutions
3. Observing the action of Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals on the following salt solutions:
   1. ZnSO₄ (aq)
   2. FeSO₄ (aq)
   3. CuSO₄ (aq)
   4. Al₂(SO₄)₃ (aq)
      Arranging Zn, Fe, Cu and Al (metals) in the decreasing order of reactivity based on the above result.
4. Studying the dependence of potential difference (V) across a resistor on the current (I) passing through it and determine its resistance. Also plotting a graph between V and I.
5. Determination of the equivalent resistance of two resistors when connected in series and parallel.
6. Preparing a temporary mount of a leaf peel to show stomata.
7. Experimentally show that carbon dioxide is given out during respiration.
8. Study the following properties of acetic acid (ethanoic acid):
   1. odour
   2. solubility in water
   3. effect on litmus
   4. reaction with Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate
9. Study the comparative cleaning capacity of a sample of soap in soft and hard water.
10. Determination of the focal length of:
    1. Concave mirror
    2. Convex lens
       by obtaining the image of a distant object.
11. Tracing the path of a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass slab for different angles of incidence. Measure the angle of incidence, angle of refraction, angle of emergence and interpret the result.
12. Studying (a) binary fission in Amoeba, and (b) budding in yeast with the help of prepared slides.
13. Tracing the path of the rays of light through a glass prism.
14. Finding the image distance for varying object distances in case of a convex lens and drawing corresponding ray diagrams to show the nature of image formed.
15. Identification of the different parts of an embryo of a dicot seed (Pea, gram or red kidney bean).

Prescribed Books

• Science – Textbook for class IX – NCERT Publication
• Science – Textbook for class X – NCERT Publication
• Assessment of Practical Skills in Science – Class IX – CBSE Publication
• Assessment of Practical Skills in Science – Class X – CBSE Publication
• Laboratory Manual – Science – Class IX, NCERT Publication
• Laboratory Manual – Science – Class X, NCERT Publication
• Exemplar Problems – Class IX – NCERT Publication
• ExempLar Problems Class X – NCERT Publication

NCERT Solutions

The post CBSE Syllabus for Class 10 Science appeared first on Learn CBSE.

Class Discussion – CBSE Notes for Class 5 English

CBSE NotesCBSE Notes Class 5 EnglishNCERT Solutions English

Summary :

The teacher has held a class discussion. All the students and the teacher herself are busy in the discussion. But Jane does not participate in it. She is sitting and staring in silence all the time. The teacher asks her if she has any problem. At this Jane replies in a very clear voice that there are many people in the world who do not like to speak because they are quite by nature like her.

The post Class Discussion – CBSE Notes for Class 5 English appeared first on Learn CBSE.

CBSE Syllabus for Class 11 Sociology

Course Structure for Class XI Sociology (2017-18)

A. Introducing Sociology

Unit 1: Society and Sociology and Relationship with other Social Sciences

• Introducing Society: Individuals and collectivities. Plural Perspectives
• Introducing Sociology: Emergence. Nature and Scope. Relationship to other disciplines

Unit 2: Basic Concepts

• Social Groups
• Status and Role
• Social Stratification
• Social Control

Unit 3: Social Institutions

• Family, Marriage and Kinship
• Political and Economic Institutions
• Religion as a Social Institution
• Education as a Social Institution

Unit 4: Culture and Society

• Culture, Values and Norms: Shared, Plural, Contested
• Socialization: Conformity, Conflict and the Shaping of Personality

Unit 5: Practical in Sociology: Methods and Techniques

• Methods: Participant Observation, Survey
• Tools and Techniques: Observation, Interview, Questionaire
• The Significance of Field Work in Sociology

B. Understanding Society

Unit 6: Structure, Process and Stratification

• Social Structure
• Social Processes: Cooperation, Competition, Conflict
• Social Stratification: Class, Caste, Race, Gender

Unit 7: Social Change

• Social Change: Types and Dimensions; Causes and Consequences
• Social Order: Domination, Authority and Law; Contestation, Crime and Violence
• Village, Town and City: Changes in Rural and Urban Society

Unit 8: Environment and Society

• Ecology and Society
• Environmental Crises and Social Responses

Unit 9: Western Social Thinkers

• Karl Marx on Class Conflict
• Emile Durkheim on Division of Labour
• Max Weber on Bureaucracy

Unit 10: Indian Sociologists

• G.S. Ghurye on Race and Caste
• D.P. Mukherjee on Tradition and Change
• A.R. Desai on the State
• M.N. Srinivas on the Village

NCERT Solutions

The post CBSE Syllabus for Class 11 Sociology appeared first on Learn CBSE.

Topsy-Turvy Land – CBSE Notes for Class 5 English

CBSE NotesCBSE Notes Class 5 EnglishNCERT Solutions English

Summary :

(i)Topsy-Turvy Land:

This poem is about a strange Land where everything is upside down. The sea is full of sand and the children go to school at night. One can find the front door step at the back and people walk when they are standing. Hat is not found on head but on feet. Buses run on the sea and boats in the streets. People have to pay for what they do not get and they go when they actually come back.

(ii)Gulliver’s Travels:

Once Gulliver reached an island with his companions. He sent a few of them to see if there was water on the island. But there was no water there. Suddenly his companions began to be chased by a huge creature. Luckily they all escaped. Now Gulliver was alone on the island. He quickly climbed up a steep hill with fields of barley on either side and the com rising upto forty feet. There was a fence to pass from one field to the other. Gulliver could not climb them because every step was six feet high. Soon he saw a farmer in the next field. He too was a monster. He was accompanied by seven other monsters like him to reap the com. Gulliver got frightened. He screamed loudly. But the monsters were kind to him. One of them picked him up and placed him on the ground. All the giant farmers came there to take a good look at him. Gulliver tried to speak to them in several languages but they could not understand him.
The farmer took him to his house and gave him crumbled bread to eat. Soon his one year old son came and grabbed him and put his head into his mouth. Gulliver shouted loudly and the baby dropped him at once. He would have fallen and broken his neck but the farmer’s wife caught him in time. She put Gulliver on her bed and covered him with a handkerchief.

The post Topsy-Turvy Land – CBSE Notes for Class 5 English appeared first on Learn CBSE.

CBSE Syllabus for Class 11 Physical Education

Unit I. Changing Trends and Career in Physical Education

• Define Physical Education, its Aims and Objectives
• Development of Physical Education – Post Independence
• Concept and Principles of Integrated Physical Education
• Concept and Principles of Adaptive Physical Education
• Career Options in Physical Education

Unit II. Physical Fitness, Wellness and Lifestyle

• Meaning and importance of Physical Fitness, Wellness and Lifestyle
• Factors affecting Physical Fitness and Wellness
• Indicators of Health – Physical and Psychological
• Preventing Health Threats through Lifestyle Change
• Components of positive lifestyle

Unit III. Olympic Movement

• Ancient and Modern Olympics
• Olympic Symbols, Ideals, Objectives and Values
• International Olympic Committee
• Indian Olympic Association
• Dronacharya Award, Arjuna Award and Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award
• Organisational set-up of CBSE Sports and Chacha Nehru Sports Award

Unit IV. Yoga

• Meaning and Importance of Yoga
• Yoga as an Indian Heritage
• Elements of Yoga
• Introduction to – Asanas, Pranayam, Meditation and Yogic Kriyas
• Prevention and Management of Common Lifestyle Diseases; Obesity, Diabetes, Hyper-Tension and Back-Pain

Unit V. Doping

• Concept & classification of doping
• Prohibited substances and methods
• Athletes responsibilities
• Side effects of prohibited substances
• Ergogenic aids & doping in sports
• Doping control procedure

Unit VI. Physical Activity Environment

• Introduction to physical activity
• Concept & need of sports environment
• Essential elements of positive sports environment
• Principles of physical activity environment
• Components of health related fitness
• Behaviour change technique for physical activity
• Exercise Guidelines at different stages of growth

Unit VII. Test and Measurement in Sports

• Define Test and Measurement
• Importance of Test and Measurement in Sports
• Calculation of BMI and Waist – Hip Ratio
• Somato Types (Endomorphy, Mesomorphy and Ectomorphy)
• Procedures of Anthropromatric Measurement – Height, Weight, Arm and Leg Length and Skin Fold

Unit VIII. Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology

• Define Anatomy, Physiology and its importance
• Function of skeleton system, Classification of bones and types of joints
• Function and structure of muscles
• Function and structure of Respiratory System
• Structure of Heart and introduction to Circulatory System
• Oxygen debt, second-wind

Unit IX. Biomechanics and Sports

• Meaning and Importance of Biomechanics in Physical Education and Sports
• Newton’s Law of Motion and its application in sports
• Levers and its types and its application in Sports
• Equilibrium – Dynamic and Static and Centre of Gravity and its application in sports
• Force – Centrifugal and Centripetal and its application in Sports

Unit X. Psychology and Sports

• Definition and importance of Psychology in Physical Education and Sports
• Define and differentiate between ‘Growth and Development’
• Developmental characteristics at different stage of development
• Adolescent problems and their management
• Define Learning, Laws of Learning and transfer of Learning
• Plateau & causes of plateau
• Emotion: Concept & controlling of emotion

Unit XI Training in Sports

• Meaning and Concept of Sports Training
• Principles of Sports Training
• Warming up and limbering down
• Load, Adaptation and Recovery
• Skill, Technique and Style
• Symptoms of Over-load & How to Overcome it

Practical: 30 Marks

1. Physical Fitness – 5 Marks
2. Athletics – Any two events – Sprints and Jumps – 5 Marks
3. Health and Fitness Activities – Medicine Ball/Thera Tube/Pilates/Rope Skipping (Any one) – 5 Marks
4. Skill of any one Individual Game of choice – 5 Marks
5. Viva – 5 Marks
6. Record File – 5 Marks

NCERT Solutions

The post CBSE Syllabus for Class 11 Physical Education appeared first on Learn CBSE.

Nobody’s Friend – CBSE Notes for Class 5 English

CBSE NotesCBSE Notes Class 5 EnglishNCERT Solutions English

Summary :

(i)Nobody’s Friend

There are some children who do not share their things with anyone. Such children fail to establish friendship. As a result they have no friends. But at the same time there are many children who very lovingly share their things with others. These children have many friends.

(ii)The Little Bully

There was a boy named Hari. He was small but strong. He loved to tease all the boys and girls who went to school with him. What he loved to do most was to pinch. Another trick he played was pricking people with a pin. All the children therefore hated Hari. They never liked his company.
One day the class went for a picnic to the seaside. Although children were very excited, they did not go near Hari. They played among themselves leaving Hari alone on a sandy comer near a rocky pool.
It was the lunch time. Hari took out his lunch box and began to eat. Just then he saw a monster crab who came close to him and pinched him. Hari cried loudly. Soon many large lobsters and sandy-colored shrimps and prawns came out and pricked him one by one. Hari was helpless. His lunch rolled into the pool. He somehow saved his life. Now, he realized his mistake and took a pledge not to pinch or prick the children any more because it pains a lot.

The post Nobody’s Friend – CBSE Notes for Class 5 English appeared first on Learn CBSE.