NCRT Exemplar class 11 Biology Solutions  Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Multiple Choice Questions
1.A transverse section of stem is stained first with safranin and then with fast green following the usual schedule of double staining for the preparation of a permanent slide. What would be the colour of the stained xylem and phloem?
(a) Red and green
(b) Green and red
(c) Orange and yellow
(d) Purple and orange
Soln. (a)

2.Match the followings and choose the correct option from below.
A.Meristem              (i) Photosynthesis,
                                          storage
B.Parenchyma         (ii) Mechanical support
C.Collenchyma        (iii) Actively dividing cells
D.Sclerenchyma      (iv) Stomata
E.Epidermal tissue  (v) Sdereids Options:
(a) A-(i), B-(iii), C-(v), D-(ii), E-(iv)
(b) Ar(iii), B-(i), C-(ii), D-(v), E-(iv)
(c) A-(ii), B-(iv), C-(v), D-(i), E-(iii)
(d) A-(v), B-(iv), C-(iii),D-(ii), E-(i)
Soln. (b)

3.Match the following and choose the correct option from below.
A.Cuticle (i)Guard cells
B.Bulliform cells(ii)Single layer
C.Stomata (iii)Waxy layer
D.Epidermis (iv)Empty colourless cell
Options:
(a) A-(iii), B-(iv), C-(i),   D-(ii)
(b) A-(i),    B-(ii), C-(iii), D-(iv)
(c) A-(iii),  B-(ii), C-(iv), D-(i)
(d) A-(iii),  B-(ii), C-(i),   D-(iv) 
Soln. (a)

4.Identify the simple tissue from among the following.
(a) Parenchyma (b) Xylem
(c) Epidermis (d) Phloem
Soln. (a): Parenchyma is a simple permanent tissue found in plants whereas, xylem and phloem are complex permanent tissues. Epidermis is a part of epidermal tissue system.

5.Cells of this tissue are living and show angular wall thickening. They also provide mechanical support. The tissue is
(a) xylem (b) sclerenchyma
(c) collenchyma (d) epidermis.
Soln.(c)

6.Epiblema of roots is equivalent to
(a) pericycle (b) endodermis
(c) epidermis (d) stele.
Soln. (c): Epiblema or piliferous layer (rhizodermis) is the outermost layer of young root which has thin-walled cells. Some of the cells give rise to root hairs which take part in the absorption of water and mineral salts. Epidermis is also outermost layer. Therefore epiblema-of root is equivalent to epidermis. Pericycle is believed to represent the outer boundary of vascular strands. A part of vascular cambium and cork cambium develop from pericycle. Endodermis is the innermost layer of the cortex. All tissues on the inner side of the endodermis constitute stele.

7.A conjoint and open vascular bundle will be observed in the transverse section of
(a) monocot root (b) monocot stem (c) dicot root (d) dicot stem.
Soln. (d) : Vascular bundles which contain
both xylem and phloem are called conjoint vascular bundles. In gymnosperms and dicot stems vascular bundles contain both xylem, phloem and a strip of vascular cambium (between phloem and xylem of each vascular buncjje) called intrafascicular (or fascicular) cambium. It produces secondary tissues. Such vascular bundles are described as open because the original or primary phloem and xylem separate on the production of secondary tissues by vascular cambium. Thus, conjoint and open vascular bundles will be observed in dicot stem.

8.Interfascicular cambium and cork cambium are formed due to
(a) cell division
(b) cell differentiation
(c) cell dedifferentiation
(d) redifferentiation.
Soln. (c): The phenomenon of regeneration of permanent tissue to become meristematic is called dedifferentiation. Cork cambium, wound cambium and interfascicular vascular cambium are the examples of secondary meristems which are always produced through dedifferentiation.

9.Phellogen and phellem respectively denote
(a) cork and cork cambium
(b) cork cambium and cork
(c) secondary cortex and cork
(d) cork and secondary cortex.
Soln. (b): Cork cambium is also called phellogen. The tissue of cork cells is called as cork or phellem.

10.In which of the following pairs of parts of a flowering plant is epidermis absent?
(a) Root tip and shoot tip
(b) Shoot bud and floral bud
(c) Ovule and seed
(d) Petiole and pedicel Maim
Soln.(a)
11.How many shoot apical meristems are likely to be present in a twig of a plant possessing, 4 branches and 26 leaves?
(a) 26 (b) 1
(c) 5 (d) 30
(e) 4
Soln.(c): The shoot apical meristems are present at the tips of the stem, and its branches. They produce growth in length. As the twig possesses 4 branches, number of shoot apical meristems are likely to be 5 including one of the twig itself.

12.A piece of wood having no vessels (trachea) must be belonging to
(a) teak (b) mango
(c) pine (d) palm.
Soln.(c): Vessels are absent in gymnosperms and pteridophytes with the exceptions of a few e.g., Selaginella, Gnetnm. Presence of vessels is a characteristic feature of angiosperms. Out of the given options, teak, mango and palm are angiosperms, thus they will contain vessels.

13.A plant tissue, when stained, showed the presence of hemicellulose and pectin in cell wall of its cells. The tissue represents
(a) collenchyma (b) sclerenchyma
(c) xylem (d) meristem.
Soln.(a): Walls of collenchyma are thick, often the thickening is unevenly distributed. They contain in addition to cellulose (20%), large amounts of pectin (45%) and hemicellulose (35%) but no lignin. They are never lignified.

14.In conifers, fibres are likely to be absent in
(a) secondary phloem (b) secondary xylem
(c) primary phloem (d) leaves.
Soln. (b): Fibres occur in all those parts where mechanical strength is required i.e., leaves, petioles, cortex, xylem, phloem, etc. In conifers, they are likely to be absent in secondary xylem.

15.When we peel the skin of a potato tuber, we remove
(a) periderm (b) epidermis
(c) cuticle (d) sapwood.
Soln. (a): Periderm is a tissue of secondary origin that replaces damaged epidermis. It can be found in underground plant organs. In potato, a model for periderm studies, periderm replaces the epidermis early in tuber development and suberized phellems constitute tuber’s skin. Thus when we peel off a potato tuber we will remove periderm.

16.A vessel less piece of stem possessing prominent sieve tubes would belong to
(a) Pinus (b) Eucalyptus
(c) Grass (d) Trochodendron.
Soln. (d)

17.Which one of the following cell types always divides by anticlinal cell division?
(a) Fusiform initial cells (b) Root cap (c) Protoderm (d) Phellogen .
Soln. (c)

18.What is the fate of primary xylem in a dicot root showing extensive secondary growth?
(a) It is retained in the centre of the axis.
(b) It gets crushed.
(c) May or may not get crushed.
(d) If gets surrounded by primary phloem.
Soln. (a): The cambial ring becomes active and begins to cut off new cells, both towards the inner and outer sides. The cells cut off ‘ towards pith, mature into secondary xylem and the cells cut off towards periphery mature into secondary phloem. The primary and secondary phloems get gradually crushed due to the continued formation and accumulation of secondary xylem. The primary xylem however remains more or less intact, in or around the centre.

Short Answer Type Questions
1.Product of photosynthesis is transported from the leaves to various parts of the plants and stored in some cell before being utilised. What are the cells/ tissues that store them?
Soln. The food gets stored in specialised parenchymatous cells present either in roots or stems.

2.Protoxylem is the first formed xylem. If the protoxylem lies next to phloem what kind of arrangement of xylem would you call it?
Soln. If protoxylem lies next to the phloem, this arrangement of xylem is called exarch.

3.What is,the function of phloem parenchyma?
Soln. Phloem parenchyma stores food materials and help in transport of food.

4.What is present on the surface of the leaves which helps the plant prevent loss of water but is absent in roots?
Soln. Thick waxy layer called cuticle is present on the surface of the leaves which helps the plant to prevent loss of water. It is absent in roots.

5.What is the epidermal cell modification in plants which prevents water loss?
Soln. The upper or adaxial epidermis of monocot leaves contains groups of large thin-walled protruding and turgid cells over the regions of veins, called bulliform cells. Bulliform cells bring about rolling of leaves during dry season. In case of water deficiency they lose water and become flaccid thus bringing about rolling of leaves reducing exposed surface thereby transpiration.

6.Which part of the plant would show the following:
(a) Radial vascular bundle
(b) Polyarch xylem
(c) Well developed pith
Soln. (a) Roots show radial vascular bundle.
(b) Monocot roots show polyarch xylem.
(c) Dicotyledonous stems and mono- cotyledonous roots show well developed pith.

7.What are the cells that make the leaves curl in plants during water stress?
Soln. Bulliform cells present in the upper epidermis of monocot leaves, make the leaves curl in plants during water stress.

8.What constitutes the cambial ring?
Soln. Ring of vascular cambium (cambial ring) is formed by two types of meristems, fascicular or intrafascicular and interfascicular cambium.
Intrafascicular cambium is a primary meristem which occurs as strips in vascular bundles. Interfascicular cambium is a secondary meristem which arises from the cells of medullary rays which occur at the level of intrafascicular strips. The two types of meristematic tissues get connected to form a cambial ring.

9.Give one basic functional difference between
phellogen and phelloderm.
Soln. Phellogen is a meristematic tissue whereas phelloderm is permanent tissue. Phellogen is a secondary lateral meristem that may arise from permanent living cells of cortex. The cells divide in a tangential plane cutting cells towards the inner as well as outer side which form phelloderm as well as phellem. Phelloderm cells are living and possess cellulose cell wall. In some species these cells may contain chloroplast and starch.

10.Arrange the following in the sequence you would find them in a plant starting from the periphery – phellem, phellogen, phelloderm.
Soln. Phellem or cork is outermost layer, followed by phellogen (cork cambium) which in turn is followed by phelloderm (secondary cortex).

11.If one debarks a tree, what parts of the plant is being removed?
Soln. Debark means removal of bark. In common language and economic botany all dead cells lying outside phellogen are collectively called bark [In anatomical usage, bark includes all tissues outside vascular cambium. It is then differentiated into outer bark or rhytidome (consisting of dead cells) and inner bark (or living cells, i.e. periderm and secondary phloem)]. The outer layers of the bark are constantly peeled off on account of formation of new secondary vascular tissues in the interior.

12.The cross-section of a plant material showed the following features when viewed under the microscope.
(a) The vascular bundles were radially arranged.
(b) Four xylem strands with exarch condition of protoxylem.
To which organ should it be assigned?
Soln. Cross section of dicot roots show vascular bundles arranged radially. Four xylem strands with exarch condition of protoxylem are found here.

13.Wha do hardwood and softwood stand for?
Soln. Hardwood is the nameofdicotwood. The wood contains vessels and is therefore called porous wood. The content of the tracheids is very low (less than 5%). Wood or xylem fibres are abundant. The wood is comparatively difficult to work with. Softwood is the name of gymnospermous wood. This wood is devoid of vessels therefore, also called non- porous wood. The content of tracheids can be 90-95%. Wood or xylem fibres are fewer and the wood is easy to work with.

Short Answer Type Questions
1.While eating peach or pear it is usually seen that some stone like structures get entangled in the teeth, what are these stone like structures called?
Soln. The stone like structures get entangled in the teeth while eating peach or pear. These are stone cells or sclereids. They are highly thickened dead sclerenchyma cells with very narrow cavities which provide stiffness to the parts in which they occur.

2.What is the commercial source of cork? How is it formed in the plant?
Soln. The phellem (cork) of Quercus suber (cork oak) is the source of commercial cork. In this plant first phellogen in the stem arises in the epidermis. This phellogen persists on the plant indefinitely but when the tree is about twenty years old the first formed periderm, known as virgin cork, is removed. Then a new layer of phellogen is formed deeper in the cortex which forms cork more rapidly. This cork is removed after about ten years when it is sufficiently thick to be of commercial value. Subsequent strippings are made at intervals of above ten years until the tree has attained the age of 150 years or more. Cork has thin walled cells with lumina filled with air. Its light weight, resistance to pressure, acids and other chemical, thermal insulating qualities and imperviousness to liquid make it commercially important.

3.Below is a list of plant fibres. From which part of the plant these are obtained?
(a) Coir
(b) Hemp
(c) Cotton
(d) Jute
Soln. (a) Coir is a natural fibre obtained from husk of coconut. It is the fibrous mesocarp of coconut fruit Cocos nucifem.
(b) Hemp is fibre obtained from pericycle of Cannabis sativa.
(c) Cotton (Gossypium species) is a surface fibre i.e., fibres arise from seed coat.
(d) Jute (Corchorus capsularis and Corchorus olitorius) is a bast fibre obtained from the secondary phloem.

4.What are the characteristic differences found in the vascular tissue of gymnosperms and angiosperms?
Soln. Characteristic differences found in the vascular tissues of gymnosperms and angiosperms are as follows:
(i) Xylem of angiospermic vascular bundles are composed of four different kinds of elements namely tracheids, vessels, xylem fibres and xylem parenchyma whereas xylem of gymnospermic vascular bundles ‘ are devoid of vessels.
(ii)Phloem of angiospermic vascular bundles are composed of sieve tube elements, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres whereas gymnospermic vascular bundles lack sieve tubes and companion cells.

5.Epidermal cells are often modified to perform specialised functions in plants. Name some of them and function they perform.
Soln.Some epidermal cells are often modified to perform specialised functions in plant. These are discussed as follows:
(I) Trichomes: They are unicellular or
multicellular outgrowths which are strictly epidermal in origin. Trichomes are of two kinds, hair and scales. Hair are elongated structures and can be unicellular or multicellular. Scales are multicellular flattened structures.
(i) Root hairs: They are unicellular tubular structures found in epiblema of root in a special area called root hair zone. Root hair are enlargement of epiblema cells. They have vacuolated protoplasm and they are ephemeral. Nucleus occurs towards the apical part of the hair. They take part in absorption of water and mineral salts. They hold soil particles and play an important role in anchoring the plants.
(ii) Aerial hairs: They are unicellular or multicellular appendages which are covered by a layer of cuticle. They enclose stationary air and protect the plant organs against sudden changes of temperature and high rate of transpiration.

(iii) Stinging hairs: They are hollow hairs that contain siliceous tips and enclose poison. They protect the plant from herbivores.
(iv) Glandular hairs: Most of the glandular trichomes produce essential oils. They provide aroma to the plants.
temperature and high rate of transpiration.
(iii) Stinging hairs: They are hollow hairs that contain siliceous tips and enclose poison. They protect the plant from herbivores.
(iv) Glandular hairs: Most of the glandular trichomes produce essential oils. They provide aroma to the plants.

(II) Emergences : They are multicellular epidermal outgrowths which also contain some inner tissues prickles are an example of emergences. They are sharp and stiff outgrowth. They do not have vascular supply. They protect the plant from excessive transpiration, grazing animals and in some cases they help in climbing.

6.The lawn grass (Cynodon dactylon) needs to be mowed frequently to prevent its overgrowth. Which tissue is responsible for its rapid growth?
Soln. Lawn grass is a runner (stem . modification) of the Family Poaceae. It grows beautifully on the surface of the soil, thus covering entire soil surface, so it is grown for landscaping in gardens.
Meristematic tissues are responsible for rapid growth of these lawn grasses (Cynodon dactylon). The presence of apical bud in these grasses does not allow the nearby lateral buds to grow. This phenomenon is known 4s apical dominance. Therefore lawn grass needs to be moved frequently to prevent its overgrowth. When the apex of grass is cut frequently, it leads to the growth of lateral branches, that makes it more bushy.

7.Plants require waterfortheir survival. But when watered excessively, plants die. Discuss.
Soln. Plants require water in the process of synthesis of carbohydrates (photosynthesis) illustrated by the following equation :
6C02 + 12HzO C6H,206 + 6HzO+ 602 Hence, water is necessary for their survival. Plants die when watered in excess, because excess water replaces and removes the air trapped between the soil particles.
So, plant roots do not get 02 for respiration. Once, root cells die, water and mineral absorption is stopped and this leads to gradual death of the plant.

8.A transverse section of the trunk of a tree shows concentric rings which are known as growth rings. How are these rings formed? What is the significance of these rings?
Soln. Growth ring is laid down in a single season in a stem or root. It consists of two types of wood, spring wood and autumn wood. In spring, the activity of cambium is more and hence the wood elements are larger in size with wide lumen. It is called spring wood. The activity of cambium is less during winter or autumn and the wood elements are smaller in size with narrow lumen. It is called autumn wood. Spring wood and autumn wood of a year constitute annual ring or growth ring. The age of tree can be determined by counting annual rings in oldest or basal portion of tree trunk. Calculation of age of the tree by counting annual rings is called dendroch¬ronology.

9.Trunks of some of the aged tree species appear to be composed of several fused trunks. Is it a physiological or anatomical abnormality? Explain in detail.
Soln. Trunks of some of the aged tree species appear to be composed of several fused trunks. It is an example of anatomical abnormality due to anomalous secondary growth which occurs due to normal activity of an abnormally positioned cambium. Some
stems after secondary growth develop lobed outline and appear as formed by fusion of many stems, e.g., in Serjania, in the beginning a normal ring of vascular bundles is there, but after some time, some of adjacent bundles becoipe joined by cambium and they cut secondary xylem and secondary phloem in normal manner. At later stage, segments of cambium arise outside these fused vascular bundles and produce secondary xylem and secondary phloem.A periderm may be formed around each circle. Thus, a section of old stem shows concentric rings of xylem and phloem and vascular bundles are within.

10.What is the difference between lenticels and stomata?
Soln.Differences between lenticels and stomata are as follows:

11.Write the precise function of
(a) Sieve tube
(b) Interfascicular cambium
(c) Collenchyma
(d) Aerenchyma
Soln.(a) Sieve tubes are elongated tubular conducting channels of phloem which take part in translocation of organic food.
(b) Interfascicular cambium is a secondary meristem which takes part in formation of complete ring of vascular cambium by joining with intrafasicular cambial strips,
(c) Collenchyma is simple permanent tissue. It provides mechanical support to the growing parts of the plant such as young stem and petiole of a leaf. The cells of collenchyma assimilate food when they contain chloroplast.

(d) Aerenchyma is parenchymatous tissue storing air in its intercellular spaces. It helps hydrophytes in aeration and buoyancy.

12.The stomatal pore is guarded by two kidney shaped guard cells. Name the epidermal cells surrounding the guard cells. How does a guard cell differ from an epidermal cell? Use a diagram to illustrate your answer.
Soln. The epidermal cells surrounding the guard cells of stomata are called subsidiary cells.
Differences between guard cells and epidermal cells are as follows:


Following are labelled diagrams of stomata with bean-shaped and dumb-bell shaped guard cells, also showing the surrounding epidermal cells.

13.Point out the differences in the anatomy of, leaf of peepal (Ficus religiosa) and maize (Zea mays).. Draw the diagrams and label the differences.
Soln. Differences between Peepal (Dicot) and maize (Monocot) leaves are as follows :

14.Palm is a monocotyledonous plant, yet it
increases in girth. Why and how?
Soln. Increase in diameter of the stem inpalm is accomplished by primary thickening meristem. This meristem originates below
the region of attachment of the young leaf primordia by periclinal divisions of the cells.In longitudinal section, it appears in the formof a flat or concave zone of several layersof rectangular cells oriented parallel to thesurface of the stem. At first the young stem , increases mainly in width by the activity of theprimary thickening meristem but in later stagesit is also responsible for the increase in height of the young stem. In some palms expansion of the ground tissue continues in the older part of the stem where parenchyma cells undergo division and cell expansion and the intercellular spaces, also increase in size. This type of growth is called diffused secondary growth.

Long Answer Type Questions
1.The arrangement of ovules within the ovary is known as placentation. What does the term placenta refer to? Draw various types of placentations in the flower as seen in T.S. and V.S.
Soln. Placenta is a parenchy-matous cushion present inside the ovary where ovules are borne. The arrangement of ovules within the ovary is known as placentation. It is of following types:
(i) Marginal : Here the gynoecium is monocarpellary and unilocular (one chambered). The placentae bearing the ovules in a row develop along the junction of the two margins of the folded carpels, inner to the ovary wall. This type of placentation is found in most of the members of the Family Leguminosae.
(ii) Parietal : Here the ovary is compound formed by the fusion of two or more carpels with their adjacent margins. Carpels are united to form only one chamber. Placentae are seen on the inner surface of the ovary, at the junctions of the carpels. Sometimes the unilocular ovary is found to be divided by the development of a false septum called as replum, e.g,. mustard, and other members of Cruciferae.
(iii) Axile : Here the gynoecium is poly- carpellary syncarpous. The ovary is many chambered and the number of chambers correspond to the number of carpels The walls of the carpels in the centre of the ovary are united to form an axis, which bears the placentae. Therefore, it is called as axile placentation e.g., Petunia (bilocular), Asphodelus (trilocular), China rose (pentalocular).
(iv) Free central : This is similar to axile placentation, except that the ovary is one , chambered. The partition walls are found in the early stage of the ovary forming chambers, which disintegrate later on, the ovary becomes unilocular. Only one swollen placenta bearing a number of ovules borne at the centre of the ovary, which is quite separate from the ovary wall, e.g., Dianthus, Primula.
(v) Basal – The ovary is unilocular and the placenta bearing a single ovule develop at the base of the ovary e.g., sunflower (Helianthus annuus).
(vi) Superficial : Here the gynoecium is
polycarpellary syncarpous and multilocular as in axile placentation. But here the placenta develop all round the inner surface of the partition walls and a large number of ovules are borne on the placenta without any specific order. Superficial placentation is found in both monocarpellary (e.g., Butomus) and syncarpous (e.g., Nymphaea) pistils.

2.Deciduous plants shed their leaves during hot summer or in autumn. This process of shedding of leaves is called abscission. Apart from physiological changes what anatomical mechanism is involved in the abscission of leaves.
Soln. Separation of leaves, bracts, flowers, floral parts and fruits from the plant without causing any injury is called abscission. Abscission layer is made up of two layers of cambium like cells. Cells of these layers are smaller and contain more of protoplasm and starch. Tyloses develop in the xylem of vascular tissue. In cambium like cells of abscission layer, the middle lamella swells up anpl becomes mucilaginous. Later on in response to any of several environmental changes (such as lowering temperatures, decreasing day lengths or light intensities, lack of adequate water and poor availability of nutrients from the soil, etc.) the pectins in the middle lamella of the cells of abscission are broken down by enzymes due to which the cell separate apart. The leaf is now attached to the stem only with the help of vascular tissue, which separates from the stem by wind and rain and leaf falls down from the plant.

3. Is Pinus an evergreen tree? Comment.
Soln. Evergreen plants are those which have leaves persistent in all the four seasons. In contrast to deciduous plants which completely lose their foliage during winter or dry season. Pinus which belongs to gymnosperms is an evergreen tree. The flowering plants under conditions of extreme cold shed their leaves and become dormant. But, Pinus is well adapted to such conditions such as leaves of Pinus have thick cuticle, sunken stomata and needle like shape which helps in conserving water and reduce transpiration in dry conditions associated with cold habitat.So, it continues to manufacture food during this period and grow. This shows that Pinus is an evergreen tree. It does not shed its leaves, (i.e., needles) under any condition.

4. Assume that a pencil box held in your hand, represents a plant cell. In how many possible planes can it be cut? Indicate these cuts with the help of line drawings.
Soln. (A) If a pencil box (plant cell) is cut in different planes it will result in radial symmetry.

(B) If a pencil box (plant cell) is cut in two equal halves it w’ill result in bilateral symmetry.

5.Each of the following terms has some anatomical significance. What do these terms mean? Explain with the help of line diagrams.
(a) Plasmadesmoses/ Plasmodesmata
(b) Middle lamella
(c) Secondary wall
Soln. (a) Plasmodesmata: Plasmodesmata are cytoplasmic bridges between adjacent plant cells which develop in the minute pores of their walls. They form a protoplasmic continuum called symplast. Plasmodesmata is lined by plasma membrane and encloses tubular extension of endoplasmic reticulum called desmotubules. The space between desmotubules and plasma membrane contains 8-10 microchannels. Plasmodesmata form channels for controlled passage of small sized particles between adjacent cells as well as transfer of some specific signals.

(b) Middle lamella: Middle lamella is a thin, amorphous and cementing layer between two adjacent cells. It is first layer which is deposited at the time of cytokinesis. It is made up of pectates of calcium and. magnesium. Middle lamella is absent on the outer side of surface cells. The ripened fruits become softened due to partial dissolution of pectic compounds of middle lamella.
(c) Secondary cell wall: Secondary cell wall is produced in some mature cells when the latter have stopped growth, e.g., tracheids, vessel elements, fibres, collenchyma. Secondary wall is laid inner to the primary wall by deposition of materials over the surface of secondary structures. It is 3-10 pm thick and made up of at least three layers and sometimes more. They are named S1( S2, S3, Sx, etc. The composition of secondary wall is basically similar to the primary wall in having cellulose microfibrils embedded in a matrix of pectin and hemicellulose. Cellulose content is usually high in secondary cell wall in comparison to primary cell wall while hemicellulose content is comparatively low (upto 25%) rather than primary cell wall (upto 50%).
A number of different materials can be deposited in secondary cell wall matrix are lignin, suberin, cutin, silica, minerals, waxes, tannins, resins, etc.

6.Distinguish between the following:
(a) Exarch and endarch condition of protoxylem
(b) Stele and vascular bundle
(c) Protoxylem and metaxylem
(d) Interfasicular cambium and intrafasicular cambium
(e) Open and closed vascular bundles
(f) Stem hair and root hair
Soln.(a) Differences between exarch and endarch xylem are as follows:

(b) Differences between stele and vascular bundle are as follows:

(c) Differences between protoxylem and metaxylem are as follows:


(d) Differences between intrafascicular cambium and interfascicular cambium are as follows:

(e) Differences between open and closed vascular bundles are as follows:

(f) Differences between stem hair and root hair are as follows:

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NCERT Exemplar problems for Class 10 Science Chapter 2 Acids, Bases And Salts

Short Answer Type Questions

1.Match the acids given in Column (A) with their correct source given in Column (B).

Ans.(a) —> (iv) (b) —> (iii) (c) —> (ii) (d) —> (i)
Lactic acid is present in curd, acetic acid is present in vinegar, citric acid is present in lemon and oxalic acid is present in tomato.

2.What will be the action of the following substances on litmus paper?
Dry.HCl gas, Moistened NH3 gas, Lemon juice, Carbonated soft drink, Curd, Soap solution.
Ans.Dry HC1 gas will not have any effect on litmus paper. Moistened NH3 gas will turn red litmus blue. Curd, lemon juice, carbonated soft drink will turn blue litmus red. Soap solution will turn red litmus blue.

3.Name the acid present in ant sting and give its chemical formula. Also give the common method to get relief from the discomfort caused by the ant sting.
Ans. Ant sting contains methanoic acid (formic acid). Its chemical formula is HCOOH. The common method to get relief is to apply paste of \(NaCO_{ 3 }\) (baking soda) on it.

4.What happens when nitric acid is added to egg-shell?
Ans. Egg-shell is made up of calcium carbonate which will react with HNO3 to form \(C_{ 2 }\)(g) \(and H_{ 2 }\)(l) along with calcium nitrate.
\(Ca{ CO }_{ 3 }+2HNO_{ 3 }\longrightarrow Ca(NO_{ 3 })_{ 2 }+CO_{ 2 }+{ H }_{ 2 }O\)

5.A student prepared solutions of (i) an acid and (ii) a base in two separate
beakers. She forgot to label the solutions and litmus paper is not available in the laboratory. Since, both the solutions are colourless, how will she distinguish between the two?
Ans.Add phenolphthalein to a portion of each solution in separate test tube. If it turns pink, the beaker contains base whereas if it remains colourless, it is an acid.
If phenolphthalein is not available, pH paper can be used. Acid will turn pH paper red, base will turn pH paper blue.

6.How would you distinguish between baking powder and washing soda by heating?
Ans.

7.Salt A commonly used in bakery products on heating gets converted into another salt B which itself is used for removal of hardness of water and a gas C is evolved. The gas C when passed through lime water, turns it milky. Identify A, B and C.
Ans.

8.In one of the industrial processes used for manufacture of sodium hydroxide, a gas X is formed as by-product. The gas X reacts with lime water to give a compound Y which is used as a bleaching agent in chemical industry. Identify X and Y giving the chemical equation of the reactions involved.
Ans.

9.What are strong and weak acids? In the following list of acids, separate strong acids from weak acids.
Hydrochloric acid, citric acid, acetic acid, nitric acid, formic acid, sulphuric acid.
Ans. Strong acids are those acids which are completely ionised in aqueous solution. Weak acids are those which do not ionise completely in aqueous solution. Strong adds: HC1,\(HNO_{ 3 }\) , \(H_{ 2 }SO_{ 4 }\) Weak acids: Citric acid, acetic acid, formic acid

1O.A metal carbonate X on reacting with an acid gives a gas which when passed through a solution Y gives the carbonate back. On the other hand, a gas G that is obtained at anode during electrolysis of brine is passed on dry Y, it gives a compound Z, used for disinfecting drinking water. Identify X, Y, G and Z.
Ans.

11.A dry pellet of a common base B, when kept in open absorbs moisture and turns sticky. The compound is also a by-product of chlor-alkali process. Identify B. What type of reaction occurs when B is treated with an acidic oxide? Write a balanced chemical equation for one such solution.
Ans.‘B’ is NaOH. It absorbs moisture from atmosphere because it is hygroscopic in nature. It is obtained by product of chlor-alkali process.

‘B’ reacts with acidic oxide \(CO_{ 2 }\) to form salt and water. This reaction is called neutralisation reaction.

12.A sulphate salt of Group 2 element of the Periodic Table is a white, soft substance, which can be moulded into different shapes by making its dough. When this compound is left in open for sometime, it becomes a solid mass and cannot be used for moulding purposes. Identify the sulphate salt. Why does it show such a behaviour? Give the reaction involved.
Ans. Salt is CaS04 \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) H20, Plaster of Paris, white soft substance. It can be dough,
moulded into different shapes, as 2 moles of CaS04 share 1 mole of HgO molecule.
\(Ca{ SO }_{ 4 }\frac { 1 }{ 2 } { H }_{ 2 }O+\frac { 3 }{ 2 } { H }_{ 2 }O\longrightarrow Ca{ SO }_{ 4 }{ 2H }_{ 2 }O\)
When it is left in open, it becomes solid mass CaS042H20 (Gypsum) which cannot be used for moulding purposes as it is hard solid mass.

13.Identify the compound X on the basis of the reactions given below. Also, write the name and chemical formulae of A, B and C.

Ans.

14.Match the important chemicals given in Column (A) with the chemical formulae given in Column (B).

Ans.

15.Fill in the missing data in the following data.


Ans.

16.When Zinc metal is treated with dilute solution of strong acid, a gas is involved which is utilized in hydrogenation of oil. Name the gas involved. Write the chemical equation for the reaction involved and also write a test to detect the gas formed.
Hydrogen gas is liberated
Ans.
\(Zn(s)+H_{ 2 }SO_{ 4 }(dil.)\longrightarrow ZnSO_{ 4 }(aq)+H_{ 2 }(g)\)
Test: Bring a burning splinter near the gas. The gas will burn with ‘Pop’ sound which shows gas is H2.

17.In the following schematic diagram for the preparation of hydrogen gas as shown in the given figure, what would happen if following changes are made ?

(а)In place of zinc granules, same amount of zinc dust is taken in the test tube.
(b)Instead of dilute sulphuric acid, dilute hydrochloric acid is taken.
(c)In place of zinc, copper turnings are taken.
(d)Sodium hydroxide is taken in place of dilute sulphuric acid and the tube
is heated.
Ans.(a)The reaction will become faster because zinc dust has more surface area.
(b)Nearly same amount of hydrogen gas will be evolved.
(c)No reaction will take place as copper is less reactive than hydrogen.
(d)The reaction will take place and hydrogen gas will be evolved.

18.For making cake, baking powder is taken. If at home your mother uses baking soda instead of baking powder in cake.
(a)How will it affect the taste of the cake and why?
(b)How can baking soda be converted into baking powder?
(c)What is role of tartaric acid added to baking soda?
Ans.(a)The cake will taste bitter due to formation of sodium carbonate.
(b)Tartaric acid should be added to baking soda to convert it into baking powder.
(c)Tartaric acid neutralizes sodium carbonate formed and will not make the taste bitter.

The post NCERT Exemplar problems for Class 10 Science Chapter 2 Acids, Bases And Salts appeared first on Learn CBSE.

NCRT Exemplar Class 11 Biology Solutions Structural Organisation in Animals

Multiple Choke Questions
1.Which one of the following types of cell is involved in making of the inner walls of large blood vessels?
(a) Cuboidal epithelium
(b) Columnar epithelium
(c) Squamous epithelium
(d) Stratified epithelium
S0ln.(c): Simple squamous epithelium lines the inner walls of blood vessels. It is
composed of large flat cells which rest on a thin basement membrane.

2.To which one of the.following categories does adipose tissue belong?
(a) Epithelial
(b) Connective
(c) Muscular
(d) Neural
Soln.: Adipose tissue is a fat-storing loose connective tissue found subcutaneously, around the heart, kidney, eyeballs, mesenteries,etc. It is also found in blubber of whales and humps of camels. Subcutaneous fat prevents loss of heat from the body.

3.Which of the following is not a connective tissue?
(a) Bone (b) Cartilage
(c) Blood (d) Muscles
Soln.(d) : Muscular tissue consists of muscle fibres, it is not a connective tissue. Bone and cartilage are specialised connective tissue and blood is fluid connective tissue.

4.The ditellum is a distinct part in the body of earthworm, it is found in
(a) Segments 13-14-15
(b) Segments 14-15-16
(c) Segements 12-13-14
(d) Segments 15-16-17
Soln.(b) The ditellum, a prominent circular band of glandular nature, is found from the 14t]l to 16th segments. The ditellum secretes mucus and albumen. Its secretion helps in the formation of cocoon, which is used for fertilisation of the eggs.

5.Setae help in locomotion in earthworm but are not uniformly present in all the segments. Select among the following that represents setae.
(a) 1segment
(b) Last segment
(c) Clitellar segment
(d) 20th – 22nd segment
Soln.(d): In each body segment of earthworm, except the first, last and ditellum (segments 14-16), there are rows of setae, embedded in the epidermal pits in the middle of each segment. Setae helps in locomotion.

6.Which one of the following statements is true for cockroach?
(a) The number of ovarioles in each ovary are ten.
(b) The larval stage is called caterpillar.
(c) Anal styles are absent in females.
(d) They are ureotelic.
Soln.(c): Anal styles are paired, thin, unjointed outgrowths, projecting backwardly from the sides of 9th sternum of the male cockroach only. They are absent in females.
Each ovary contains eight ovarioles. The juvenile stage of cockroach is called nymph. Cockroach is uricotelic.

7.Match the following and choose the correct option.
A.Adipose tissue                                      (i) Nose
B.Stratified epithelium                        (ii) Blood
C.Hyaline cartilage                               (iii) Skin
D.Fluid connective tissue (iv) Fat storage
(a) A-(i), B-(ii), C-(iii), D-(iv)
(b) A-(iv), B-(iii), C-(i), D-(ii)
(c) A-(iii), B-(i), C-(iv), D-(ii)
(d) A-(ii), B-(i), C-(iv), D-(iii)
Soln.(b)

8.Match the following and choose the correct answer.
A. Hermaphrodite     (i)  Produces blood cells
                                                 and haemoglobin
B. Direct develop-      (ii) Testis and ovary in
                                                 ment the same animal
C. Chemoreceptor    (iii) Larval form absent
D. Blood gland in      (iv) Sense of chemical
earthworm substances
(a) A-(ii), B-(iii), C-(iv), D-(i)
(b) A-(iii), B-(ii), C-(iv), D-(i)
(c) A-(i), B-(iii), C-(ii), D-(iv)
(d) A-(ii), B-(iv), C-(iii), D-(i)
Soln. (a)

9.Match the following with reference to cockroach and choose the correct option.
A. Phallomere          (i)  Chain of developing
                                              ova
B. Gonopore              (ii) Bundles of sperm
C. Spermatophore (iii) Opening of the
                                               ejaculatory duct
D. Ovarioles              (iv) The external
                                               genitalia
(a) A-(iii), B-(iv), C-(ii), D-(i)
(b) A-(iv), B-(iii), C-(ii), D-(i)
(c) A-(iv), B-(ii), C-(iii), D-(i)
(d) A-(ii), B-(iv), C-(iii), D-(i)
Soln.(b)

10 .Match the following and choose the correct answer.
A. Touch                              (i) Nasal epithelium
B. Smell                               (ii) Foramen magnum
C. Cranial nerves             (iii) Sensory papillae
D. Medulla oblongata     (iv) Peripheral
                                                        nervous system
(a) A-(iii), B-(i), C-(ii), D-(iv)
(b) A-(ii), B-(i), C-(iv), D-(iii)
(c) A-(iii), B-(iv), C-(ii), D-(i)
(d) A-{iii), B-(i), C-(iv), D-(ii)
Soln.(d)

Short Answer Type Questions
1.State the number of segments in earthworm which are covered by a prominent dark band or clitellum.
Soln. 3 clitellar segments : 14,15 and 16

2.Where are sderites present in cockroach?
Soln. In each segment of cockroach body, i.e., head, thorax and abdomen, exoskeleton has hardened plates called sclerites, that are joined to each other by thin and flexible arthrodial membrane.

3.How many times do nymphs moult to reach the adult form of cockroach?
Soln. Nymphs moult 13 times to reach the adult form.

4.Identify the sex of a frog in which sound producing vocal sacs are present.
Soln. Male frog

5.Name the process by which a tadpole develops into an adult frog.
Soln. Metamorphosis

6.What is the scientific term given to earthworm’s body segments?
Soln. Metameres

7.A muscle fibre tapers at both ends and does not show striations. Name the muscle fibre.
Soln. Smooth muscle fibre

8.Name the different cell junctions found in tissues.
Soln. Tight junctions, adhering junctions and gap junctions.

9.Give two identifying features of an adult male frog.
Soln. Male frogs can be distinguished by the presence of sound producing vocal sacs and
copulatory pad on the first digit of forelimb, which are absent in female frogs.

10. Which mouth part of cockroach is comparable to our tongue?
Soln. Hypopharynx

11 .The digestive system of frog is made of the following parts. Arrange them in an order beginning from mouth.
Soln.Mouth, oesophagus, buccal cavity, stomach, intestine, cloaca, rectum, cloacal aperture. Maflft Mouth —» buccal cavity —> oesophagus —> stomach —> intestine —»rectum —> cloaca —> cloacal aperture.

12.What is the difference between cutaneous and pulmonary respiration?
Soln. Cutaneous respiration is exchange of gases through skin, it occurs in water, while pulmonary respiration involves lungs and occurs on land.

13.Special venous connection between liver and intestine and between kidney and intestine is found in frog, what are they called?
Soln. Hepatic portal system and renal portal system respectively.

Short Answer Type Questions
1.Give the location of hepatic caecae in a cockroach. What is their function?
Soln.Hepatic caecae are arise from the anterior end of midgut. They are present at junction of midgut and gizzard and are 6-8 in number. They are lined by the glandular cells which secrete digestive secretion containing amylolytic, proteolytic and lipolytic types of enzymes, which help in the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.

2.Frogs are beneficial for mankind, justify the statement.
Soln.Frogs are beneficial for mankind as they help in maintaining ecosystem, because they are involved in food chain. Frogs eat up insects which are harmful for crops and thus help in protecting the crop damage and saves expenditure on insecticides. In some parts of India and other countries, muscles of the legs of frog are used as food. Moreover, they are also used as an experimental material for teaching and research.

3.The body of sponges does not possess tissue level of organisation though it is made of thousands of cells. Comment.
Soln. Sponges show cellular level of body organisation, i.e., body consists of large number of cells but cells are loosely arranged and are not organised to form specific tissues specialised for particular function.

4.Structural organisation in animals attains different levels as cell – organ – organ system. What is missing in this chain? Mention the significance of such an organisation.
Soln. Tissue level of organisation is missing in this chain. Cell -tissue-organ-organ system. Such an organisation split up the work in a way that exhibits division of labour and contribute to the survival of the body as a whole.

5.Stratified epithelial cells have limited role in secretion. Justify their role in our skin.
Soln. Stratified epithelium (compound epithelium) has limited role in secretion and absorption because it is made up of multiple layers of cells. Stratified epithelium provides protection against chemical and mechanical stresses. E.g., keratinised stratified epithelium forms epidermis of skin of land vertebrates, it is impermeable to water and forms protective covering against abrasions.

6.How does a gap junction facilitate intercellular communication?
Soln. Gap junctions are meant for chemical exchange between adjacent cells. They facilitate the cells to communicate with each other by connecting the cytoplasm of neighbouring cells for rapid transfer of ions, small molecules and sometimes big molecules.

7.Why are blood, bone and cartilage called connective tissue?
Soln.Connective tissue connects different tissues or organs and provides support to various structures of animal body. Blood, bone and cartilage are specialised connective tissue. Blood is a fluid connective tissue and transports various materials from one part of the body to the other and thereby forming link between different body parts. Bone and cartilage forms endoskeleton of vertebrates and they support the body, protect various organs and help in locomotion.

8.Why are neurons called excitable cells? Mention special features of the membrane of the neuron?
Soln. Neurons are called excitable cellsbecause they have the ability to initiate nerve impulse in response to stimuli and transmits impulses in form of electrical and chemical signals. Neuronal membrane serve as barrier between cytoplasm of neuron and surrounding external medium. It helps to establish electrical potential as ion channels of membrane are selectively permeable to different ions. It also helps in impulse conduction and is sensitive to neurotransmitter and modulator.

9.Why earthworm is called the friend of farmer?
Soln. Earthworm is called the friend of farmer because it helps in making the soil loose and porous by burrowing, which in turn causes aeration and absorption of water by soil and thus, helps in respiration and penetration of the developing plant roots. Earthworms are also used in vermicomposting as worm castings are used as manure and increases soil fertility. Nitrogenous wastes of earthworms are used as plant food and they help in creating optimum conditions for plant growth by reducing acidity and alkalinity of soil.

10.How do you distinguish between dorsal andventral surface of the body of earthworm.
Soln. The dorsal surface of the body of earthworm is marked by a dark mid dorsal line (dorsal blood vessel) along the longitudinal axis of the body and dorsal pores on the mid dorsal line. The ventral surface is distinguished by the presence of genital pores, genital papillae.

11.Correct the wrong statements among the
following:
(a) In earthworm, a single male genital pore is present.
(b) Setae help in locomotion of earthworm.
(c) Muscular layer in the body wall of earth-worm is made up of only circular muscles.
(d) Typhlosole is the part of intestine of earthworm.
Soln. (a) In earthworm, a pair of male genital pores are present in segment 18.
(c) Muscular layer in the body wall of earthworm is made up of outer layer of circular muscles and inner layer of longitudinal muscles.

12.Why nephridia in earthworm that are basically similar in structure is classified into three types? Mention the names of each.
Soln. In earthworm nephridia perform the function of excretion and osmoregulation. Though nephridia are basically similar in structure, yet they are classified into three types according to their location:
(i) Septal nephridia: They are present from
fifteenth segment to last, there are 80 to 100 septal nephridia in each segment. The septal nephridia discharge their excretory matter into the lumen of the alimentary canal/enteron, thus, they are called enteronephric nephridia. ••••
(ii)
Pharyngeal nephridia: They occur in three pair of bunches in the 4th, 5th, and 6th segments. The ducts of the nephridia of the sixth segment open into the buccal cavity while the ducts from the nephridial bunches of the fourth and fifth segments open into the pharynx. These ducts carry excretory matter into the gut. Thus, are also known as enteronephric nephridia,
(iii)
Integumentary nephridia are found scattered in the body wall (integument)
in each segment except the first two segments. In each segment they number from 200 to 250 except in the fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth segments (clitellar region) where their number is about ten times more than that in the other segments. Thus, clitellar segments are often called as the “forest of nephridia”. These nephridia discharge their contents directly to the outside hence they are called ectonephric (= exonephric) nephridia.

13. Common name of some animats are given in Column A, write their scientific name in Column B.
Column A Column B
(a) Tiger________
(b) Peacock________
(c) Housefly________
Soln.(a) Tiger – Panthera tigris
(b) Peacock – Pavo cristatus
(c) Housefly – Musca domestica

14. Complete the following statement:
(a) In cockroach grinding of food particle is
performed by ___________________
(b) Malpighian tubules help in removal of___________________
(c) Hind gut of cockroach is differentiated into___________________
(d) In cockroach blood vessels open into___________________
spaces called
Soln. (a) gizzard.
(b) metabolic wastes like potassium and sodium urate, water and carbon dioxide from blood.
(c) ileum, colon, rectum and anus.
(d) haemocoel.

15. Mention special features of eye in cockroach.
Soln.Cockroach has a pair of compound eyes situated on the dorsal surface of the head. Each eye consists of about 2000 hexagonal ommatidia, with the help of which a cockroach can receive several images of an object. This kind of vision is known as mosaic vision. Each ommatidium sees only small part of object, therefore, image formed by an eye as a whole consists of several pieces which are put together to make up whole picture received by the eye.

16. Frog is a poikilotherm, exhibits camouflage and undergoes aestivation and hibernation, how are all these beneficial to it?
Soln. Frog is a poikilotherm (cold blooded), i.e., it cannot maintain constant body temperature and it varies with change in environmental temperature. Being cold blooded, frog cannot withstand very cold weather and extreme high temperature and thus burries itself deep in mud during winters and summers, known as hibernation (winter-sleep) and aestivation (summer sleep) respectively. These periods are of little activities and energy required is obtained from fat bodies, or stored glycogen in liver, which have been stored earlier. Camouflage is the ability to change body colour with change in its surroundings and climatic conditions. It helps the animal to escape from predators or to attack its prey.

17.Write the functions in brief in Column B, appropriate to the structures given in Column A.
Column A Column B
(a) Nictitating membrane (i)________
(b) Tympanum                     (ii)________
(c) Copulatory pad            (iii)________
Soln.
Column A                                           Column B
(a) Nictitating membrane               i.Protect the eyes
while the frog is
in water
(b) Tympanum                                ii.Receives sound
signals
(c) Copulatory pad                        iii. Helps the male in
grasping the female
during amplexus.

18. Write the appropriate type of tissues in Column B according to the functions mentioned in Column A.
Column A Column B
(a) Secretion and                             i.________
absorption
(b) Protective covering                 ii.________
(c) Linking and                               iii.________
supporting framework
Soln.
Column A                                                       Column B
(a) Secretion and                                        i. Simple epithelium
absorption
(b) Protective                                             ii. Compound (Stratified) epithelium
covering
(c)Linking and                                          iii. Connective tissue
supporting framework.

19. Using appropriate examples, differentiatebetween false and true body segmentation.
Soln. Segmentation is differentiation of body into distinct segments. In true segmentation or metameric segmentation, body is divided both externally and internally into number of segments (metameres). E.g., Earthworm. In false segmentation or pseudometamerism, body is divided only externally but not internally. In this type of body segmentation, segments are not of embryonic origin. E.g., Tapeworms.

20.What is special about tissue present in the heart?
Soln.Heart contain cardiac muscle tissue. Cardiac muscle fibres are cylindrical, branched, uninucleated (nucleus present near the centre). Fibres have transverse light and dark bands, alternating with each other. Cardiac muscle fibres also have intercalated discs between two adjacent fibres, to transmit wave of contraction from one cardiac fibre to another. Heart muscle is involuntary and never get fatigued.

Long Answer Type Questions
1.Classify and describe epithelial tissue on the basis of structural modifications of cells.
Soln.Refer answer 11, NCERT section.

2.Write down the common features of the connective tissue. On the basis of structure and function, differentiate between bones and cartilages.
Soln. Common features of connective tissue are :
(i) Connective tissue is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue of the body. It connects tissues organs and also provides support to various body parts.
(ii) Connective tissue is developed from the embryonic mesoderm.
(iii) Three components are majority present in the connective tissue: matrix, cells and fibres.
(iv) The extracellular matrix has nearly amorphous ground substance made of glycoproteins with associated muco-polysaccharides. This ground substance may be liquid, gel or solid.
(v) The tissue has good amount of regenerative ability.
Differences between bone and cartilage are:

3.Comment upon the gametic exchange in earthworm during mating.
Soln. Earthworm is hermaphrodite i.e., both testes and ovaries are present in the same individual. But self-fertilisation does not occur as the testes and ovaries do not mature at the same time. Thus, cross-fertilisation takes place. Two worms attach themselves with their ventral surfaces and become opposed to each other in opposite direction. During copulation male genital papilla of one earthworm is inserted into the spermathecal pore of the other earthworm to transfer the sperms and prostatic fluid. After copulation two earthworms separate. Now the glandular cells of the clitellum secrete a fluid that forms a girdle around the clitellum. The girdle is filled with mature ova released through female genital pore. The worm wriggles backwards. When the girdle passes over the spermathecal pores it receives the sperms stored in the spermathecae and albuminous secretion of the epidermal gland cells of skin. Ultimately, the worm wriggles out completely and the girdle is, therefore, left free in moist soil. Now this structure is called cocoon. Fertilisation and development occur inside the cocoon and on an average four baby worms are produced in one cocoon.

4.Explain the digestive system of cockroach with the help of a labelled sketch.
Soln.The cockroach has well developed digestive system consisting of alimentary canal and associated digestive glands. Alimentary canal is divided into three regions: foregut, midgut and hindgut. Foregut consists of mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, crop and gizzard. Mouth, a narrow opening opens into a short tube-like structure called pharynx which further leads into tubular passage called oesophagus. Oesophagus opens into a pear-shaped structure called crop which is used for storing the food. The crop leads into gizzard which has an outer of layer strong circular muscles and inner cuticle forming six teeth which help in grinding the food particles. Foregut is followed by midgut where digestion and absorption of food takes place. At junction of midgut and gizzard six to eight finger-like structures called hepatic caecae are present and 100-150 yellow fine thread-like structures called Malpighian tubules are present at junction of midgut and 5. hindgut.
The hindgut is differentiated into ileum, colon, rectum and anus.
Digestive glands include the following:
(i) There are paired salivary glands, one on each side of oesophagus and crop. They secrete saliva which contains enzymes amylase, chitinase and cellulase.
(ii) Hepatic caecae lined by glandular cells secrete digestive secretions containing amylolytic, lipolytic and proteolytic enzymes.
(iii) Midgut lining-glandular epithelial cells lining midgut secrete digestive secretion containing proteoloytic, amylolytic and lipolytic enzymes.

5.Draw a neat and well labelled diagram of male reproductive system of a frog.
Soln.

The post NCRT Exemplar Class 11 Biology Solutions Structural Organisation in Animals appeared first on Learn CBSE.

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Entrepreneurship Chapter 1 Entrepreneurship: Concept and Functions

TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS SOLVED

1.Answer each of these questions in about 15 words:
(i)What is an Enterprise?
(ii)Who is an Entrepreneur?
(iii)Who plays the role of an entrepreneur in a socialist country?
Ans.(i)An enterprise is the business organization that is formed by an individual and group of individuals, which brings all required resources together for the production of goods and services.
(ii)An entrepreneur is an innovator, generator of job and wealth, risk taker, an excellence seeker, goal oriented, appreciates quality of persistence, has creativity, sets up an organization to build something of value.
(or)
Joseph. A. Scumpeter defines an entrepreneur as a person who innovates, raises money, assembles inputs, chooses managers and sets the organization going with his ability to identify opportunities which others are not able to identify and is able to make use of them.
(or)
Entrepreneur is an individual who undertakes the formation of an organization for the commercial purpose by recognizing the potential demand for the goods and services and act as an agent to transform the demand into supply.
(or)
The entrepreneur is anyone who has the capacity and willingness to undertake conception, organization, and management of a productive venture with all attendant risks, while seeking profit as a reward.
(iii)The State (Government) plays the role of an entrepreneur in a socialist country.

2.Answer each of these questions in about 50 words:
(i)Explain any two advantages of being an Entrepreneur.
(ii)Explain any two disadvantages of being an Entrepreneur.
(iii)Differentiate between entrepreneur and entrepreneurship.
Ans.(i)Following are the two main advantages of being an entrepreneur:
Excitement: Due to its high capacity for risk, there is a lot of adventure for example, Steve Jobs left his position in Apple Inc,and started Pixar, which later turned out to be a successful venture.
Originality: Some feel that they can offer a new service or product that no one else has offered before, i.e., I-pod and I-pad.
(ii)Following are two main advantages of being an entrepreneur:
Salary: Starting your own business means that you must be willing to give up the security of a regular pay check.
Benefits: There will undoubtedly be fewer benefits, especially when considering that your business will be just starting off.
business will be just starting off.
Entrepreneur Entrepreneurship
An entrepreneur is a person who bears the risks, combines various factors of production and brings new ideas and carries out creative innovations. Entrepreneurship is the set of activities performed by an entrepreneur.
An entrepreneur is an individual, responsible for identifying a business opportunity and taking it from idea to implementation i.e., one man activity. It is a process involving various actions to be undertaken to establish enterprise. It involves multi-pronged activities.
Entrepreneurs are tangible people. Entrepreneurship is an abstraction.
He/she is an individual or one of a group of individuals who try to create something new. In entrepreneurship process an entrepreneur identify opportunities, organise all resources and find new market to foothold in the market and attain for long term gains. It is the attempt to create value.
(iii)

3.Answer each of these questions in about 150 words:
(i)Describe entrepreneurial functions of an entrepreneur.
(ii)What is the need of entrepreneurship in an economy?
(iii)Mehak wants to start a textile unit near Gurgaon. Discuss the commercial function which will require to plan and perform for the same.
(iv)Explain any four managerial functions of an entrepreneur.
(v)Explain any four promotional functions of an entrepreneur.
Ans.(i) The various entrepreneurial functions are explained below:

Innovation:
• It is a process of entrepreneurship. It involves the conversion of a useful idea into an application which has common value.
• As an innovator, the entrepreneur has to discover new opportunities, area of a new product, new methods of production, a new use for a product or service or a new way of integrating several uses in one product or service for optimum utilization of resources.
• An entrepreneur wants to experiment with new ideas, facing uncertainty and therefore the process involves imagination, intuition and taking calculated risks.
• He/she foresees a potentially profitable opportunity and tries to exploit it.
• Example: I-Pod, Smart phones, Induction cook top, etc.
Risk-taking/Risk bearing:
• Risk may be defined as the condition of not being able to predict the outcome of an activity.
• It refers to taking responsibility for a loss that may occur due to unforeseen contingencies in the future.
• An entrepreneur reduces uncertainty in his/her plan of investment, diversification of production and expansion of the enterprise.
• He/she is a self-confident and highly optimistic person, willing to assume the risks involved in innovations, new ventures and expansion of an existing venture.
• An entrepreneur need to take calculated risk and he tries to minimise by his initiative, skills and good judgement.
Organisation Building:
• Organisation refers to the bringing together of the various factors of production, ensures continuing management and risk-bearing function.
• The purpose is to allocate the productive resources in order to minimise losses and reduce costs in production.
• All decisions relating to an enterprise is taken by the entrepreneur. According to J.B Say an entrepreneur is a person who combines land of one, the labour of another and capital of yet another and thus produces a product. By selling the product in the market, he pays interest on capital, rent on land and wages to labourers and what remains he keeps as a profit.
• He/she alone determines the lines of business to expand and capital to employ. Thus, an entrepreneur is the final judge in the conduct of his/her business.
(ii) The need for entrepreneurship can be highlighted thus:

(а)Life-line of a nation: No country can progress without the development of entrepreneurship. Every country is trying to promote its trade so that it is able to share the benefits of development. Therefore, entrepreneurship is the yardstick to measure the level of development of a country.
(b)Provides innovation: Entrepreneurship provides new ideas, imagination and vision to the enterprise. An entrepreneur is an innovator as he tries to find new technology, products and markets. He increases the productivity of various resources. The entrepreneur stands at the centre of the whole process of economic development. He conceives business ideas and puts them into effect, to enhance the process of economic development.
(c)Change of growth /Inclusive growth: An enterprise operates in a changing environment. The entrepreneur moulds the enterprise in such a changing environment. The latter moulds not only the enterprise, but also alters the environment itself, to ensure the success of the enterprise. In order to meet the challenge of automation and the complexities of advanced technology, there is a need for the development of entrepreneurship.
(d)Increased profits: Profits can be increased in any enterprise, either by increasing the sales revenue or reducing cost. To increase the sales revenue is beyond the control of an enterprise. Entrepreneurship, by reducing costs, increases its profits and provides opportunities for future growth and development.
(e)Employment opportunities: Entrepreneurship and its activities provide the maximum employment opportunities. More entrepreneurs provide more opportunities to large numbers of people which benefits growth of country. The growth in these activities bring more and more employment opportunities.
(f) Social Benefits: Entrepreneurship benefits both business enterprise and to the society at large. It raises the standard of living by providing good quality products and services at the lowest possible cost. It also makes the optimum use of scarce resources and promotes peace and prosperity in the society.
(iii)Commercial Functions include:

(a) Production: The activities of production are independent of the size of the undertaking.
• In a small concern, one person may be undertaking this function whereas, in large organisations, this activity may be undertaken by various individuals or separate teams.
• It is the creation of goods and services. It consists of manufacturing, ancillary and advisory activities.
(b)Finance: Finance is the life blood of the business. All activities performed on the basis of available financial resources. The need for money is continuous.
• Need of money arises for the setting up of new business, to purchase various fixed capital like building, land and machineries, to purchase raw materials, payment for day to day routine expenses like maintenance expenses, telephone bills, electricity bills and remuneration to staff members.
• The future capital is required for further expansion and development of an enterprise.
(c)Marketing: It is primarily concerned with the movement of goods and services from the producer to the ultimate consumer. It is directed towards the satisfaction of consumer wants.
Marketing plays a significant role in promoting the well-being of the business enterprise.
So it is the role of the entrepreneur to strategically place his company in an advantageous position to secure the top position in the market.
(d)Personnel: This function is concerned with employment, development and compensation for the personnel, the provisions of working conditions and welfare measures to maintain a good work force in the organisation.
(e)Accounting: It is defined as a systematic record of all business transactions and prepare necessary accounts required in the business the financial position of the enterprises. The entrepreneur should look into the record keeping of the entries of all transactions which take place in the organisation so that he/she is aware of his/ her financial position.
(iv)Planning: It is the basic managerial function of an entrepreneur.
• It helps in determining the course of action to be followed to achieve various entrepreneurial objectives.
• Planning is concerned with the mental state of the entrepreneur. It is decision-making in advance: what to do,when to do, how to do and who will do a particular task.
(a)Organizing: Every business enterprise needs the service of a number of persons to look after its different aspects. The entrepreneur sets up the objectives or goals to be achieved by its personnel. The function of organizing is to arrange guide, co-ordinate, direct and control the activities of the factors of production.
(b)Staffing: It means putting “people into jobs”. The function involves making appointments for the positions created by the organisational process. This is achieved by identifying required work force, followed by recruitment, selection and placement of manpower, human resource development, promotion, transfer, appraisal development of personnel, determination of employee’s remuneration.
(c)Directing: Directing is telling people what to do and seeing that they do it to the best of their ability and ensures the effective performance by subordinates towards the accomplishment of group activities.
(d)Leadership: It is the process by which an entrepreneur imaginatively directs/ guides and influences the work of others in choosing and attaining specified goals by mediating between the individual and organisation in such a manner that both will get the maximum satisfaction.
(e)Communication: It has been established that entrepreneurs spend 75% to 90% of their working time communicating with others. It refers to the exchange of ideas, feelings, emotions, knowledge and information between two or more persons. Nothing happens in management until effective communication takes place.
(f)Motivation: It is the psychological process of creating an urge among the subordinates to do certain things or behave in the desired manner. A sound motivational system must be productive, competitive, comprehensive and flexible, and it must consider the psychological, social, safety, ego and economic needs of the worker.
(g)Supervision: The entrepreneur has to see that the given instructions are carried out in a systematic way. Supervision refers to the job of overseeing subordinates at work to ensure the maximum utilisation of resources, to get the required and directed work done, and to correct the subordinates whenever they go wrong.
(h) Co-ordination: It is one of the most important functions, as it is essential to channelize the activities of various individuals in the organisation, for the achievement of common goals. The entrepreneur has to make sure that the work of different segments is going according to pre-determined targets and corrective measures have to be initialised if there is any deviation.
(i) Controlling: Control is the process which enables the entrepreneur to get his/her company’s policies implemented and take corrective action if performance is not according to the predetermined standards. The process begins with establishing standards of performance, measuring actual performance, comparing the actual performance with the standard, finding variations and finally, taking corrective action.
(v)Discovery of an idea: The entrepreneur visualizes ideas often construed as mental representation and convert this idea into opportunities by using skill, talent and use it for a particular type of business to earn maximum profits out of it. The idea may be to exploit new areas of natural resources, more profitable venture, or an existing line of business.
He/she develops the idea with the help of various experts in the field.
For example, Karsan Bhai Patel, the creator of Nirma Washing Powder,, who was working as a factory chemist in Gujarat Mineral Development Corporation, started making detergent powder in his kitchen for poor rural women of Gujarat and selling his product by visiting different villages. His efforts culminated in the whitish yellow detergent powder named Nirma. The idea behind was need and the problem of the society that could not afford other brands of detergent powders because of their high cost. Today, Nirma is one of the world’s biggest detergent powder manufacturer. The brand sells over 8 lakh tonnes annually. It holds 40% of the Indian market, with a turnover of more than Rs. 2500/- crores. This is creative effort and risk taking ability of a person who turned out to be an entrepreneur. The strength of being capable is the phis point of an entrepreneur.
Detailed Investigation: Market research/surveys helps an entrepreneur to yield a valuable data about trends of total demand and supply of a product, consumer taste and preferences. The entrepreneur will estimate the total demand for the product. He/ she arranges required finances for the venture, along with the availability of power, labour, raw materials and machinery. The estimates of all resources should be based on proper analysis of various factors.
Assembling the Requirements: Assembling the required resources is a crucial activity of an entrepreneur. He approaches some more people like experts from various fields i.e., technical,” financial, marketing, production and legal to join him on board. He may also be required to acquire some patent rights if he has invented something new. The entrepreneur selects the factory location, land, decides about plant and machinery and contacts suppliers of raw materials. Preliminary contracts are finalised and project is set to begin.
Financing the Proposition: The entrepreneur decides about the capitalisation capital structure of the enterprise with the help of predetermined objectives.
• Determine the amount of capital to be raised,
• The sources from which money will come up are determined,
• Long term and short term financial requirements are estimated, and
• The type of source of funds is also decided-share, debenture, loan, etc.
For example, when Narayana Murthy started Infosys in 1981, he had no capital and his wife Sudha Murthy gave him ? 10,000/- which she had saved for a rainy season.

4.Answer each of these questions in about 250 words:
(i)Describe the process of entrepreneurship.
(ii)What is the need of entrepreneurship in an economy? Give at least six benefits.
Ans.(i) Process of Entrepreneurship can be seen in the following way:

Enterprises are as different and unique as the entrepreneurs who create them, most of them appear to work through a process. The diagram given below describes the process through which most of them create their enterprise:
1.Self-discovery:
Entrepreneur enjoys doing different things and learn out of it.
Examine their strengths and weaknesses.
Understand his abilities, talent, knowledge and feelings relating it to potential opportunities.
2.Identifying opportunities: Entrepreneur see for needs, wants, problems, challenges and craft opportunities that other people miss or that are not yet being met and convert it into different forms effectively.
3.Generating and evaluating ideas: He uses his creativity, conscious endeavour and past experience to collect ideas from different sources and find out a creative and innovative solution and ends as a creative venture.
4.Planning: Making a written business plan including requirement of financial resources, human resources, technical resources, material resources according to size of business, prepares applicable marketing strategies and turn the idea into a viable venture.
5.Raising Start-up capital: Using the business plan to attract investors, venture capitalists and partners. This stage can involve producing prototypes or test-marketing services.
6.Start-Up: Entrepreneurs launch the venture as per the reuirement, need, taste and preferences of a customer, and keep a margin of flexibility in marketing strategy and operational plans as required.
7.Growth: Time to time scanning of environment, making sure of constant flow of ideas, by adapting to new, different strategies, different economic policies, changing technology, innovation diversification facilitate growth and expansion.
8.Harvest: Harvesting is the final phase in the entrepreneurial value creation , process were the owners can simply sell the business and reap the value of their
investment in the firm and harvesting the rewards.
(ii)In recent decades the role of an entrepreneur has been considered of very great significance in accelerating the pace of growth and economic development in both the developed and developing countries.
The need for entrepreneurship can be highlighted thus:
(a)Life-line of a nation: Country’s progress can only be possible with the development of entrepreneurship. From long time every country is trying to promote its trade so that it may able to share the benefits of development. Therefore, entrepreneurship is considered as the yardstick to measure the level of development of a country.
(b)Provides innovation: Entrepreneurship provides new ideas, imagination and vision to the enterprise. An entrepreneur is an innovator as he tries to find new technology, products and markets. He increases the productivity of various resources. The entrepreneur stands at tho centre of the whole process of economic development. He conceives business ideas and puts them into effect, to enhance the process of economic development.
(c)Change of growth /Inclusive growth: An enterprise operates in a changing environment. The entrepreneur moulds the enterprise in such a changing environment. The latter moulds not only the enterprise, but also alters the environment itself, to ensure the success of the enterprise. In order to meet the challenge of automation and the complexities of advanced technology, there is a need for the development of entrepreneurship.
(d)Increased profits: Profits can be increased in any enterprise, either by increasing the sales revenue or reducing cost. To increase the sales revenue is beyond the control of an enterprise. Entrepreneurship, by reducing costs, increases its profits and provides opportunities for future growth and development.
(e)Employment opportunities: Entrepreneurship and its activities provide the maximum employment potential. Large numbers of persons are employed in entrepreneurial activities in the country. The growth in these activities bring more and more employment opportunities.
(f)Social benefits: It is not only beneficial to the business enterprise, but to the society at large. It raises the standard of living by providing good quality products and services at the lowest possible cost. It also makes the optimum use of scarce resources and promotes peace and prosperity in the society.

5.HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS
(i)Differentiate between entrepreneurial functions and managerial functions of an entrepreneur.
(ii)“Innovation is the hallmark of entrepreneurship”. Why is “innovation” referred as the
basic function of an entrepreneur?
(iii)“Entrepreneurs, in their drive and pursuit to create something new, at times, results in causing major loss to the Nation’s natural resources. Shouldn’t they be discouraged? Justify giving reasons for your answers.
(iv)Starting a venture is not an easy task. A series of activities needs to be planned and undertaken to create an enterprise. Discuss them briefly.
(v)Why are entrepreneurs called agents of progress for a nation? What role do they play in the Nation’s development?
Ans.
(i)


(ii)“Innovation is the hallmark of entrepreneurship”. Yes, it is correct. It inspires entrepreneurial thinking, dream big and make things happen.” It is the specific tool of entrepreneurs, by which they exploit change as an opportunity for a different business services. It is capable of being presented as a discipline, capable of being learned, capable of being practised.
The ‘dictionary’ meaning of innovation is “Introduction of new things”. Innovation involves problem solving and entrepreneur is a problem solver. So innovation is the mean of exploiting a business opportunity. All goods and services are produced by combining three factors:
Natural, physical and mental labour and capital. An innovation is a new combination of these three things.
According to Schumpeter, the basic function of entrepreneur was to innovate.
He says that entrepreneur is basically an innovator and he introduce something newr in the economy.
According to him, an entrepreneur is one who carries out new combination of mean of production.
The process of innovation-may be in following forms:
(a) Introduction of new products, totally new to the consumers.
(b) Use of new method of production, which is not yet introduced by any other.
(c) Find new market for a product or services.
(d) A new form of organization like monopoly position in the market.
(e) Find new use of a product/services.
(f) Improve an existing product or services.
(iii) An entrepreneur is someone who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a business or enterprise. An entrepreneur is an agent of change. Entrepreneurship is the process of discovering new ways of combining resources. When the market value generated by this new combination of resources is greater than the market value these resources can generate elsewhere individually or in some other combination, the entrepreneur makes a profit. An entrepreneur who takes the resources necessary to produce a pair of jeans that can be sold for thirty dollars and instead turns them into a denim backpack that sells for fifty dollars will earn a profit by increasing the value those resources create. This comparison is possible because in competitive resource markets, an entrepreneur’s costs of production are determined by the prices required to bid the necessary resources away from alternative uses.
(iv)To start a venture an entrepreneur perform and plan a series of activities they are as follows:
1.Self-discovery:
• Entrepreneur enjoys doing different things and learn out of it,
• Examine their strengths and weaknesses,
• Understand his abilities, talent, knowledge and feelings relating it to potential opportunities.
2.Identifying opportunities: Entrepreneur see for needs, wants, problems, challenges and craft opportunities that other people miss or that are not yet being met and convert it into different forms effectively.
3.Generating and evaluating ideas: He uses his creativity conscious endeavour and past experience to collect ideas from different sources and find out a creative and innovative solution, and ends as a creative venture. *
4.Planning: Making a written business plan including requirement of resources financial. Human resources, technical resources, material resources according to size of business, prepares applicable marketing strategies and turn the idea into a viable venture.
5.Raising Start-up capital: Using the business plan to attract investors, venture capitalists and partners. This stage can involve producing prototypes or test-marketing services.
6.Start-up: Entrepreneur launches the venture as per the requirement, need, taste and preferences of a customer, and keeps a margin of flexibility in marketing strategy and operational plans as required.
7.Growth: Time to time scanning of environment, making sure of constant flow of ideas, by adapting to new, different strategies, different economic policies, changing technology, innovation diversification facilitate growth and expansion.
8.Harvest: Harvesting is the final phase in the entrepreneurial value creation process where the owners can simply sell the business and reap the value of their investment in the firm and harvesting the rewards.
(v) Economic growth of any country depends on the rate of innovation in the economic field, and increases rate of growth in GDP, i.e. total value of goods and services (production) in an economy in a year, more production means the more number of entrepreneurs and quality of entrepreneurs in the society. Country’s economy progresses only when more number of entrepreneurs emerge in all fields. Entrepreneur is the only person who bear the costs and risks of launching a new venture, developing a new product, commercializing an invention, adapting a technology and developing a new market, start a new enterprise. More number of enterprise means more entrepreneurs, more entrepreneurs means more growth equivalent to progress of nation. Therefore, entrepreneurs are “agents of progress” for a nation.
Entrepreneur plays an important role in the nation’s development:
• Increase in the rate of growth in GDP (Total value of goods and services produced in an economy in a year),
• Increasing productivity,
• Providing employment opportunities,
• Increasing economic diversification,
• Optimal use of available resources,
• Continued innovation in techno-managerial practices and finally international competitiveness.

6.APPLICATION-BASED EXERCISE:
(i)Shivi, a dropout from 10th std is forced by her mother to start working as
help. Shivi agrees on the condition to do only “cooking” in 2-3 houses. One family
turns out to be Punjabi, other Gujarati and the third one is Rajasthani. She cooked their kinds of food for an year and to everyone’s surprise, she expressed her desire to open up a small eating joint of her own. All alone, determined, she finally opens “Apna Bhoj”, a small eating joint with her savings and it became a hot spot because of the fusion food platter being offered. Do you think Shivi is an entrepreneur? Give reasons for your answers.
(ii)Karan, a rural boy, identifies the potential of organic farming in the village. He meets the zonal agricultural officer, who, looking at the determination of this 20 years old, helps him arrange and procure multiple resources required for his farm land. Then Karan takes a loan of Rs. 50,000/- from SBI as his seed money of Rs. 10,000/- is not enough to cater the requirement. Karan ties up with a nearby city’s vegetable shop owner to sell his yield. His hard work pays and the organic vegetables are a hit. This organic vegetable producer exhibits to be a good entrepreneur with good entrepreneurial skills. Do you agree? Justify giving reasons for your answer.
Ans.Yes, Shivi is an entrepreneur.
• Shivi’s one year occupational experience provides her confidence to start her own business.
• Is converted her hobbies into reality by sheer hard-work and application of mind.
• Her desire to work independently and potential efforts, helped her to reduce the element of uncertainty.
• Is innovative.
• Understanding of the area/market in which she is going to start her business.
• She is a creative entrepreneur as, she has taken initiative and created an opportunity for innovation, experimentation and production.
• Her competitiveness which means willingness to compete honestly with others and providing quality product and services and reduction in price.
• She is an innovator of ideas, products, practices, services to meet the perceived opportunity, a lot of effort has done by Shivi to convert her dream into reality.
• Is a moderate risk taker and works under uncertainty for achieving the goal.
• Is a persuader of deviant pursuits.
• Her vision, original idea, decision-making exhibit a sense of leadership.
• Reflects a strong urge to be independent.
• Persistently tries to do something better.
• Is dissatisfied with routine activities.
• Is prepared to withstand the hard life.
• Exhibits a sense of leadership.
• Takes personal responsibility. „
• Is oriented towards the future.
• Tends to persist in the face of adversity.
(ii)For Self Attempt.

MORE QUESTIONS SOLVED

I. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [1 MARK]
l.Name the person who firstly introduced the term ‘Entrepreneur’.
Ans. Richard Cantillion.

2.What do you mean by entrepreneurship?
Ans. Entrepreneurship involves any deliberate activity that initiates, maintains and grows a profit-oriented enterprise for production or distribution of economic goods or services.

3.How has Richard Cantillon defined the term ‘entrepreneur’?
Ans. According to Richard Cantillon: As a person, who pays a certain price to a product to resell it at an uncertain price, thereby making decisions about obtaining and using the resources while consequently admitting the risk of enterprise.

4.How has Adam Smith defined the term ‘entrepreneur’?
Ans. According to Adam Smith, “An individual, who undertakes the formation of an organization for commercial purposes by recognizing the potential demand for goods and services, and thereby acts as an economic agent and transforms demand into supply.”

5.How has Joseph Schumpeter defined the term ‘entrepreneur’?
Ans. According to Joseph Schumpter “Entrepreneurs are innovators, who use the process of entrepreneurship to shatter the status quo of the existing products and services, to set new products, new services. He describes entrepreneurs as innovators.

6.How Peter F. Drucker has defined the term ‘entrepreneur’?
Ans. According to Peter F. Drucker, “An entrepreneur is one who always searches for changes, responds to it and exploits it as an opportunity. He believes in increasing the value and consumer satisfaction. Thus, a professional manager who mobilises resources and allocates them to make a commercial gain from an opportunity, is also called an entrepreneur.”

7.Name some product based business ventures.
Ans. Some product based business ventures – manufacturing of cars, production of dress material, watches etc. .

8.Name some idea-centric and need-based companies mushrooming all over the countries.
Ans.Mumbai’s Dabbahwalaah, creches, ready to eat food, instant noodles are the examples of idea-centric and need-based companies.

9.Who plays the role of an entrepreneur in a capitalist and developed country?
Ans. In capitalist and developed countries, private entrepreneurs play an important role in economic development.

10.Who plays the role of an entrepreneur in India?
Ans. In India, private entrepreneurs as well as government plays an important role of an entrepreneur.

ll. “The key to success in business is only inheritance”. Do you agree? Give reasons.
Ans. No, I don’t agree because the key to success in business is not just inheritance; it is creation of more wealth and the constant innovation, from the prevailing to the next best practices.

12. Why private entrepreneurship is not encouraged in under-developed countries?
Ans. In under-developed countries, private entrepreneurship is not encouraged because of the degree of risk involved in it.

13. What changes were introduced in 1991 to encourage private entrepreneurship in India?
Ans. To encourage private entrepreneurs in India, Indian government has introduced liberal economic policies since 1991.

14. Name the entrepreneur who introduced the logo given below and state the idea behind the same.

Ans. Mahima Mehra started Hathi Chaap. It was totally a new venture where different raw materials were tried out to make handmade paper. After researching a lot, they found that elephant dung had more fibre content which made it easy to make handmade paper.

15. Name various other products produced using elephant dung.
Ans. Various products made using elephant dung are as follows:
(i) Bags (ii) Frames
(iii) Photo Albums (iv) Notebooks
(v) Stationery (vi) Cards

II. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [2&3 Marks]

l.Explain the concept of an entrepreneurship with the help of a diagram.
Ans. The Concept of Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneur is an individual person or a group of persons who take initiative, skill for innovation and bears risk, puts up new viable project that creates wealth and provides employment opportunity and leads to growth of all sectors of an economy. He/she performs various activities by adopting a process of action called entrepreneurship and carries out creative innovation for fulfilling his objectives. Hence, the process/steps of entrepreneurship is creative, innovative and objective-oriented. Entrepreneur is one who provides factor of production responsible for setting up a business/enterprise. As the fourth factor he organises, manages, utilises and control all factors of production (resources) like land, labour, capital, raw-materials machinery, energy and space. Enterprise is an organisation of structure, rules policies, culture and communication system.

2. Match the entrepreneur and his/her enterprise from the following table given below:

Ans.

3.How an enterprise gives benefit to society, country and an entrepreneur?
Ans.• Entrepreneur will be able to produce goods and services and able to earn maximum profit.
• Entrepreneur provides goods and services and creates employment opportunities benefiting to society.
• He contributes to national income, leads to growth of other sectors, more exports by that increase in the foreign exchange and also responsible for over-all economic development.

The post NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship: Concept and Functions appeared first on Learn CBSE.

NCERT Exemplar Class 11 Biology Solutions  Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Multiple Choice Questions
1.Meiosis in diploid organisms results in
(a) production of gametes
(b) reduction in the number of chromosomes
(c) introduction of variation
(d) all of the above.
soln.(d): Meiosis is cell division responsible for production of gametes through reductional division, during which the number of chromosomes is reduced to half. The crossing over that takes place in pachytene (Prophase – I, Meiosis -1) results in introduction of variation.

2.At which stage of meiosis does the genetic constitution of gametes is finally decided?
(a) Metaphase-I (b) Anaphase-II (c) Metaphase – II (d) Anaphase -1
soln.(d): The paternal and maternal chromosomes of each homologous pair segregate during anaphase I independently of the other chromosomes. Anaphase I is the cytological event that corresponds to Mendel’s law o’f independent assortment. Although the paternal and maternal chromosomes of a homologous pair have the genes for the same traits, either chromosome of a pair may carry different alleles of the same genes. Therefore,
independent assortment of homologous chromosomes in anaphase I introduces genetic variability.

3.Meiosis occurs in organisms during
(a) sexual reproduction
(b) vegetative reproduction
(c) both sexual and vegetative reproduction
(d) none of these.
soln.(a): Meiosis is a cell division which ensures production of haploid phase in life cycle of sexually reproducing organisms. It reduces the chromosome number to half, so that each daughter nuclei receives only one set of each kind of chromosome.

4.During anaphase -1 of meiosis
(a) homologous chromosomes separate
(b) non-homologous chromosomes separate
(c) sister chromatids chromosomes separate
(d) non-sister chromatids chromosomes separate.
soln.(a): During anaphase I, from each tetrad, two chromatids of a chromosome move as a unit (dyad) to one pole of a spindle, and the remaining two chromatids of its homologue migrate to the opposite pole. ‘Thus, the homologous chromosomes of each pair, rather than the chromatids of a chromosome, are separated. As a result, half of the chromosomes, which appear in early prophase, go to each pole. It is in the anaphase I that the actual reduction in the number of chromosomes occurs.

5.Mitosis is characterised by
(a) reduction division
(b) equal division
(c) both reduction and equal division
(d) pairing of homologous chromosomes.
soln.(b): Mitosis is a type of cell division in which chromosomes replicate and get equally distributed (quantitatively and qualitatively) into two daughter nuclei so that the diploid daughter cells have equal and identical genetic complement as the parent cell.

6.A bivalent of meiosis-l consists of
(a) two chromatids and one centromere
(b) two chromatids and two centromeres
(c) four chromatids and two centromeres
(d) four chromatids and four centromeres.
soln.(c): Bivalent is formed during zygotene of prophase I. Each bivalent is made up of four chromatids, two of each chromosomes. Centromere is the part of chromosome that attaches to the spindle during cell division. Each bivalent, thus, contains two centromeres.

7.Cells which are not dividing are likely to be at
(a) G₁ (b) G₂
(c) G₀ (d) S phase.
soln.(c): Cells that do not divide further and exit G₁  phase to enter an inactive stage called quiescent stage ( G₀ ) of the cell cycle. Cells in this stage remain metabolically active but do not grow and differentiate unless stimulated by appropriate signal depending on the requirement of the organism.

8.Which of the events listed below is not observed during mitosis?
(a) Chromatin condensation
(b) Movement of centrioles to opposite poles
(c) Appearance of chromosomes with two chromatids joined together at the centromere
(d) Crossing over
soln. (d): Crossing over occurs during meiosis I and not mitosis.

9.Identify the wrong statement about meiosis.
(a) Pairing of homologous chromosomes
(b) Four haploid cells are formed
(c) At the end of meiosis number of chromo-somes are reduced to half
(d) Twp cycles of DNA replication occur
soln.(d) :Only one cycle of DNA replication occurs during meiosis. Meiosis consists of two successive divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II) but no DNA replication prior to, second division.

10 .Select the correct statement about  G₁ phase.
(a) Cell is metabolically inactive.
(b) DNA in the cell does not replicate.
(c) It is not a phase of synthesis of macro-molecules.
(d) Cell stops growing.
soln.(b):  G₁ belongs to interphase of cell cycle which is metabolically active stage. During  G₁, synthesis of ATP, nucleotides, amino acids, RNAs and proteins take place. DNA replicate in S-phase of the cell cycle and not in G₁ phase.

Very Short Answer Type Questions
1.Between a prokaryote and a eukaryote, which cell has a shorter cell division time?
soln. Prokaryotic cell has shorter division time than eukaryotic cell, as bacterial cell divides in 20 minutes whereas human cell divides once in every 24 hours.

2.Which of the phases of cell cycle is of longest duration?
soln. Interphase is of the longest duration, as only 1 hour out of 24 hour cell cycle is spent in M-phase.

3.Name a stain commonly used to colour chromosomes.
soln. Gentian violet, Safranin and Giemsa stain are commonly used to colour chromosomes.

4.Which tissue of animals and plants exhibits meiosis?
soln. Meiosis occurs in germ cells during sexual reproduction, resulting in the formation of spores and gametes, as it is a reductional division.

5.Given that the average duplication time of E.coli is 20 minutes, how much time will two E.coli cells take to become 32 cells?
soln. In given question four cell divisions result in formation of sixteen cells from one E. coli cell. If one cell division takes 20 minutes then four cell divisions will takes 80 minutes (or 1 hour 20 minutes).
So, one cell produces sixteen cells in 1 hour 20 minutes.
Thus, two cells would produce 32 cells in 1 hour 20 minutes.

6.Which part of the human body should one use to demonstrate stages in mitosis?
soln. All somatic cells except germ cells of the human body can be used to demonstrate stages in mitosis. Mitotic cell division is seen in diploid somatic cells in animals. It is also called equational division or somatic cell division.

7.What attributes does a chromatid require to be classified as a chromosome?
soln. Chromatid is either of two daughter strands of a duplicated chromosome that are joined by a single centromere and separate during cell division to become an individual chromosome. After separation of sister chromatids it is classified as a chromosome.

8.The diagram shows a bivalent at prophase-l of meiosis. Which of the four chromatids can crossover?

soln. Homologous chromosomes form pairs called bivalent. Each bivalent is made up of four chromatids, two of each chromosome. The two chromatids belonging to same chromosome are called sister chromatids and chromatids of two different chromosomes are called non-sister chromatids. Exchange of genetic material, i.e., crossing over takes place between two non-sister chromatids of
homologous chromosomes.

9.If a tissue has at a given time 1024 cells, how many cycles of mitosis had the original parental single cell undergone?
soln. 2ⁿ = number of daughter cells
where n = number of cycles.
Here np. of daughter cells is 1024.
i.e., 1024 = 2ⁿ
2¹⁰ =  2ⁿ
n = 10.

10.An anther has 1200 pollen grains. How many pollen mother cells must have been there to produce them?
soln. One pollen mother cell produces four pollen grains, therefore, 300 pollen mother cells would produce 1200 pollen grains.

11.At what stage of cell cycle does DNA synthesis take place?
soln. In cell cycle, DNA synthesis takes place during S-phase (synthetic phase). During S-phase, chromosomes replicate and DNA content gets double.

12.lt is said that the one cycle of cell division in human cells (eukaryotic cells) takes 24 hours. Which phase of the cycle, do you think occupies the maximum part of cell cycle?
soln. G₁  phase of interphase is of longest duration. It takes about 10 hours in 24 hour cell cycle.

13.lt is observed that heart cells do not exhibit cell division. Such cells do not divide further and
exit______ phase to enter an inactive
stage called_______of cell cycle. Fill in the blanks.
soln. It is observed that heart cells do not exhibit cell division. Such cells do not divide further and exit Gj phase to enter an inactive stage called G0 of cell cycle. Fill in the blanks.

14.In which phase of meiosis are the following formed? Choose the answers from hint points given below.
(a) Synaptonemal complex________
(b) Recombination nodule________
(c) Appearance/activation of________
enzyme recombinase
(d) Termination of chiasmata________
(e) Interkinesis________
(f) Formation of dyad of cells________
Hints: (1) Zygotene, (2) Pachytene, (3) Pachytene, (4) Diakinesis, (5) After Telophase-l/before Meiosis-ll, (6) Telophase-I /After Meiosis-I.
soln.
(a) Synaptonemal complex Zygotene
(b) Recombination nodule Pachytene
(c) Appearance/activation of Pachytene enzyme recombinase
(d) Termination of chiasmata Diakinesis
(e) Interkinesis After Telophase-I/before Meiosis II
(f) Formation of dyad of cells Telophase 1/ After Meiosis-I.

Short Answer Type Questions
1.State the role of centrioles other than spindle formation.
soln. Apart from spindle formation, centrioles are capable of replication. Though centrioles do not contain DNA, yet they are capable of forming new centrioles. Distal centriole in spermatozoan forms axial filament or tail. Centrioles can be transformed into basal bodies, which form cilia and flagella.

2.Mitochondria and plastids have their own DNA (genetic material). What is known about their fate during nuclear division like mitosis?
soln. Mitochondria and plastids have extra chromosomal DNA. Karyokinesis is nuclear division, in which nucleus divides to form two daughter nuclei. So, mitochondria and plastids do not undergo mitosis independently.

3.Label the diagram and also determine the stage at which this structure is visible.

soln. The given diagram shows transition from prophase to metaphase.

4.A cell has 32 chromosomes. It undergoes mitotic division. What will be the chromosome number (n) during metaphase? What would be the DNA content (C) during anaphase?
soln. The mitotic cell division occurs in somatic cells of an organism. The chromosome number in the daughter cells remain same as that of the parent (dividing) cell as mitosis is equational division so even at metaphase or anaphase, the chromosome number does not change. The DNA content gets doubled at the synthetic phase of interphase and gets divided at anaphase but the chromosome number remains same.

5.While examining the mitotic stage in a tissue, one finds some cells withl 6 chromosomes and some with 32 chromosomes. What possible reasons could you assign to this difference in chromosome number. Do you think cells with 16 chromosomes could have arisen from cells with 32 chromosomes or vice versal
soln. Difference in chromosome number during mitotic division might be due to polyploidy, i.e., having more than two sets of chromosomes. It occurs due to failure of chromosomes to separate during anaphase or due to non-disjunction. Thus change in chromosome number can be due to mutations. Cells with 32 chromosomes might have arisen from cells with 16 chromosomes.

6.The following events occur during the various phases of the cell cycle, name the phase against each of the events.
(a) Disintegration of nuclear membrane________
(b) Appearance of nucleolus________
(c) Division of centromere________
(d) Replication of DNA________
soln.
(a) Disintegration of nuclear membrane Late Prophase.
(b) Appearance of nucleolus Telophase.
(c) Division of centromere Anaphase.
(d) Replication of DNA S-phase.

7.Mitosis results in producing two cells which are similar to each other. What would be the consequence if each of the following irregularities occur during mitosis?
(a) Nuclear membrane fails to disintegrate
(b) Duplication of DNA does not occur
(c) Centromeres do not divide
(d) Cytokinesis does not occur
soln.(a) If nuclear membrane fails to disintegrate intranuclear mitosis occurs which means spindle fibre formed inside the nucleus and mitosis occurs there.
(b) Karyokinesis is followed by cytokinesis. If DNA synthesis does not occur, then daughter cell would receive half the amount of parent DNA.
(c) If centromeres do not divide, then chromosomes would not get separated and chromatids would not move towards the opposite poles, leading to non-disjunction of chromosomes.
(d) Cytokinesis is division of cytoplasm of parent cell into two daughter cells. Failure of cytokinesis to occur would not result in formation of daughter cells.

8.Both unicellular and multicellular organisms undergo mitosis. What are the differences, if any, observed in the process between the two?
soln.In unicellular organisms, mitosis is a method of asexual reproduction. E.g., In bacteria, mitosis results in formation of identical daughter cells. However in multicellular organisms, mitosis helps in growth and repair of cells and tissues. E.g, repair of damaged skin through production of new skin cells.

9.Name the pathological condition when uncontrolled cell division occurs.
soln. Cancer is a pathological condition which results from uncontrolled proliferation of cells without any differentiation. Cancerous cells have lost the property of contact inhibition, thus, they invade and destroy surrounding tissues.

10.Two key events take place during S phase in animal cells, DNA replication and duplication of centriole. In which parts of the cell do events occur?
soln.In animal cell, during S-phase DNA replication begins inside the nucleus while the duplication of centrioles takes place in the cytoplasm.

11.Comment on the statement – Meiosis enables the conservation of specific chromosome number of each species even though the process per se, results in reduction of chromo-some number.
Soln.‘ Meiosis is reductional division which ensures production of haploid phase in life cycle of sexually reproducing organisms, but fertilisation restores the diploid phase, thus, enables conservation of specific chromosome number. E.g., gametes produced by 2n parents are haploid (n), but the zygote is diploid.

12.Name a cell that is found arrested in diplotene stage for months and years. Comment in 2-3 lines how it completes cell cycle.
soln. The oocytes are arrested in diplotene stage of prophase I of meiosis I. They undergo DNA synthesis and chromosome paring takes place but meiosis does not proceed. After attainment of puberty, primary follicle matures into secondary and tertiary follicle. Primary oocyte completes meiosis I and forms secondary oocyte and second polar body. Tertiary follicle grows to form Graafian follicle and secondary oocyte proceeds with meiosis II and gets arrested at metaphase II.

13.How does cytokinesis in plant cells differ from that in animal cells?
soln. Differences between plant cytokinesis and animal cytokinesis:

Long Answer Type Questions
1.Comment on the statement – Telophase is reverse of prophase.
soln. During telophase, events of prophase occur in reverse sequence. Prophase is known for the initiation of condensation of chromosomal material, which during the process of chromatin condensation becomes untangled, and finally the centriole (already duplicated during S-phase of interphase) begins to move towards the opposite pole of the cell. In this phase, initiation of mitotic spindle assembly, microtubular and proteinaceous components of cell cytoplasm helps in completion of the proces.
At the end of the prophase, i.e., during late prophase the nucleolus disintegrates gradually and the nuclear envelope disappear. This disappearance marks the end of the prophase.
Reverse of prophase is the telophase. At the onset of this stage, the spindle disappears (absorbed in cytoplasm) and the chromosomes decondense and further loses their individuality after reaching their respective poles. The chromosomes gradually uncoil and cluster at opposite spindle poles thus, their individual identity as discrete elements is lost. Nuclear envelope slowly reforms around each group of chromosomes and nucleolus, Golgi complex and ER reappears.

2.What are the various stages of meiotic prophase-l? Enumerate the chromosomal events during each stage.
soln.Prophase-I is the first stage of meiosis-I. It is considered to be the most complicated and prolonged phase as if compared to the similar stage in mitosis.
It is further sub-divided into five sub-phases on the basis of chromosomal behaviour, i.e., leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene and diakinesis.
(i)Leptotene : It is known to be the very first stage of meiotic division following the interphase. During this stage chromosomes become gradually visible under light microscope, centrioles start moving towards opposite ends or poles and each centriole develops astral rays. Each chromosome is attached to the nuclear envelope through the attachment plate at both of its ends.
(ii)Zygotene : This is the next sub-stage that takes place after the completion of the leptotene. In this stage homologous chromosomes pair up. This pairing is done in a such a way that the genes of the same character present on the two chromosomes lie exactly opposite to each other. This process of association is known as synapsis. Formation of synaptonemal complex takes place by a pair of homologous chromosomes that show synapsis. The complex so formed, on account of synapsis forms a bivalent or a tetrad.
(iii)Pachytene: It is the stage which
immediately follows zygotene where the pair of chromosomes become twisted spirally around each other and cannot be distinguished separately. Bivalent chromosomes are clearly seen as tetrads. In this stage, sometimes exchange of genes or crossing over between the two non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes occurs at the points called recombination nodules, which appear at intervals on synaptonemal complex. By the end of pachytene recombination gets completed leaving the chromosomes linked at the sites of crossing over.
(iv)Diplotene : It is the stage of longest duration of all. In this the synaptonemal complex appears to get dissolve while, the chromatids of each tetrad remain clearly visible. Recombined homologous chromosomes of thebi valents get separated and form chiasmata (X-shaped structures). Chiasmata formation is necessary for the separation of homologous chromosome which have undergone the process of crossing-over.
(v) Diakinesis : This is known to be the final stage of meiotic prophase-I. Also known as terminalisation, due to the shifting of chiasmata towards the end of the chromosomes. Chromosomes become fully condensed, nucleolus degenerates, nuclear envelope breakdown into vesicles and there is formation of meiotic spindle (as in mitosis) in order to prepare the homologous chromosomes for separation.

3.Differentiate between the events of mitosis and meiosis.
soln. Differences between mitosis and meiosis are:

4.Write brief note on the following:
(a) Synaptonemal complex
(b) Metaphase plate
soln.(a) The synaptonemal complex is a tripartite, ribbon-like structure, and is sihiated between pairing homologous chromosomes. It consists of a dense central element, with a dense lateral element on either side. Each lateral element is attached on the inner side of a homologous chromosome. The space between the central and lateral elements is traversed by a series of transverse units of LC fibres (L for lateral and C for central), which connects the two. The synaptonemal complex is attached at both ends through its lateral elements to the inner surface of the nuclear membrane. The central element is not attached directly. Also arising from the lateral elements is another series of smaller loops. These loops fuse in the middle line to make up the central element. The transverse parts of the loops form the transverse units or LC fibres. The central element is simple in some organisms (e.g., frogs and mice) and tripartite in other (e.g., insects). Each lateral element consists of two protein filaments, one for each sister chromatid. Synaptonemal complex first appears during zygotene.

(b) Centromere of all the chromosomes form a plate called metaphasic plate or equatorial plate. This plate is formed during metaphase
stage of mitosis and meiosis. On this plate the small chromosomes come to lie towards the interior while the larger one are arranged towards the periphery. The centromeres of all the chromosomes lie on the equator while the limbs are placed variously according to their size and spatial arrangement.

5.Write briefly the significance of mitosis and meiosis in multicellular organism. 
soln.Significance of mitosis is multicellular organisms are as follows:
(i)Growth. Somatic cells are formed by mitosis. Therefore, mitosis is essential for growth and development of a multicellular organism. Plants are able to grow throughout their life due to mitotic divisions in their apical and lateral meristems.
(ii)Nucleocytoplasmic’ Ratio : An efficient cell has a high nucleocytoplasmic ratio. Increase in size lowers the ratio. It is brought back to efficient level through division.
(iii)Maintenance of Chromosome Number : Mitosis involves replication and equitable distribution of all the chromosomes so that all the cells of a multicellular organism have the same number and type of chromosomes. This helps in proper co-ordination among different cells.
(iv)Regeneration : Mitosis keeps all the somatic cells of an organism genetically similar, resembling the fertilised egg. They, therefore, are able to regenerate part or whole of the organism.
(v) Repair and Healing: It is a mechanism for replacing old or worn out cells. An injury or wound is healed by repeated mitotic divisions of the surrounding healthy cells.
(vi)Opportunity for differentiation: Mitosis produces multicellular condition. It provides opportunity for differentiation.
Significance of meiosis in multicellular organism are as follows:
(i) Formation of gametes: Meiosis forms gametes that are essential for sexual reproduction.
(ii)Maintenance of chromosome number :
Meiosis maintains the fixed number of chromosomes in sexually reproducing organisms by halving the same. It is essential since the chromosome number becomes double after fertilisation.
(iii)Assortment of Chromosomes : In meiosis paternal and maternal chromosomes assort independently. It causes reshuffling of chromosomes and the traits controlled by them. The variations help the breeders in improving the races of useful plants and animals.
(iv)Crossing over : It introduces new combination of traits or variation.

6.An organism has two pair of chromosomes (i.e., chromosome number = 4). Diagrammatically represent the chromosomal arrangement during different phases of meiosis-ll.
soln.

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NCERT Exemplar Class 11 Biology Solutions Transport in Plants

Multiple Choice Questions
1.Which of the following statements does not apply to reverse osmosis?
(a) it is used for water purification.
(b) In this technique, pressure greater than osmotic pressure is applied to the system.
(c) It is a passive process.
(d) It is an active process.
Soln. (c) : Reverse osmosis is also known as hyperfiltration. It is a technique that allows the removal of water molecules from various contaminants through a semi-permeable membrane. The process requires a driving force, viz, pressure from a pump, to push the fluid through the membrane. Reverse osmosis is used in removing salts from saline water and extra purification of water.

2.Which one of the following will not directly affect transpiration?
(a) Temperature
(b) Light
(c) Wind speed
(d) Chlorophyll content of leaves
Soln. (d): External factors affecting the rate of transpiration are : atmospheric temperature, relative humidity, light, wind velocity, atmospheric pressure and available soil water. Some internal factors also affect rate of transpiration e.g., leaf area, leaf structure and age of plants. Chlorophyll content of leaves does not directly affect rate of transpiration.

3.The lower surface of leaf will have more number of stomata in a
(a) dorsiventral leaf
(b) isobilateral leaf
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) none of these.
Soln.(a): Transpiration is the evaporative loss of water by plants. It occurs mainly through the stomata in the leaves. Usually the lower surface of a dorsiventral (often dicotyledonous) leaf has a greater number of stomata while in an isobilateral (often monocotyledonous) leaf, there c,re almost equal number of stomata on both surfaces.

4.The form of sugar transported through phloem is
(a) glucose (b) fructose
(c) sucrose (d) ribose.
Soln.(c): The sugars, synthesised in leaves (as a result of photosynthesis) are translocated downwards, upwards and laterally to all the other organs including storage organs mainly through phloem. These sugars are translocated in the form of sucrose.

5.The process of guttation takes place
(a) when the root pressure is high and the rate of transpiration is low
(b) when the root pressure is low and the rate of transpiration is high
(c) when the root pressure equals the rate of transpiration
(d) when the root pressure as well as rate of transpiration are high.
Soln.(a): The process of exudation of liquid drops from the edges of leaves is called guttation. Usually it occurs though special structures, called hydathodes. It is the process by which fully turgid plants remove extra water. The cause of guttation is mainly root pressure (when the root pressure is high and rate of transpiration is low, guttation takes place).

6.Which of the following is an example of imbibition?
(a) Uptake of water by root hair
(b) Exchange of gases in stomata
(c) Swelling of seed when put in soil
(d) Opening of stomata
Soln.(c) : Imbibition is a process in which water is absorbed by solid particles causing them to enormously increase in volume without forming a solution. The classical examples of imbibition are absorption of water by seeds and dry wood.

7.When a plant undergoes senescence, the nutrients may be
(a) accumulated
(b) bound to cell wall
(c) translocated
(d) none of these.
Soln.(d) : In case of perennial plants, plant parts undergo senescence and nutrient resources (minerals and carbohydrates) shift away or are translocated from the senescened part to other parts. In leaves at the time of senescence we observe loss of chlorophyll, RNA and protein, transport of nutrients and then abscission, but in case of annual plants, whole plant undergoes senescence and nutrients are used up and no translocation, accumulation and bounding to cell wall takes place. ’

8.Water potential of pure water at standard temperature is equal to
(a) 10 (b) 20
(c) Zero(d) none of these.
Soln.(c)

9.Choose the correct option. Mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association of fungus with root system which helps in
A.Absorption of water
B.Mineral nutrition
C.Translocation
D.Gaseous exchange
(a) Only A
(b) On!yB
(c) both A and B
(d) both B and C
Soln.(c) : The roots of some higher plants are associated with fungal mycelia. Such an association is called mycorrhiza. It represents a mutualistic (symbiotic) association between the root system of higher plants and fungal hyphae. The fungal hyphae form a network around the young root and invade the root cells. The external hyphae greatly increase the surface area for absorption of minerals and water from a much larger volume of soil that perhaps the roots alone cannot do.

10.Based on the figure given below which of the following statements is not correct?

(a) Movement of solvent molecules will take place from chamber A to B
(b) Movement of solute will take place from A to B
(c) Presence of a semipermeable is a pre-requisite for this process to occur.
(d) The direction and rate of osmosis depends on both the pressure gradient and concentration gradient.
Soln.(b) : Solution A and solution B are separated by a semi-permeable membrane. Solution A has higher water potential. Therefore, osmotic movement of water molecules (solvent molecules) will occur from solution A to B. Solute particles cannot pass through semi-permeable membrane.

11.Match the following and choose the correct option.
A.Leaves                     (i) Anti-transpirant
B.Seed                         (ii)Transpiration
C.Roots                      (iii)Negative osmotic potential
D.Aspirin                  (iv) Imbibition
E.Plasmolysed cell (v) Absorption Options:
(a) A-(ii), B-(iv), C-(v), D-(i), E-(iii)
(b) A-(iii), B-(ii), C-(iv), D-(i), E-(v)
(c) A-(i), B-(ii), C-(iii),D-(iv), E-(v)
(d) A-(v), B-(iv), C-(iii),D-(ii), E-(i)
Soln.(a)

12. Mark the mismatched pair.
(a) Amyloplast – Store protein granule
(b) Elaioplast – Store oils or fats
(c) Chloroplasts- Contain chlorophyll pigments
(d) Chromoplasts – Contain coloured pigments other than chlorophyll
Soln.(a) : Amyloplasts are non pigmented organelles found in some plant cells. They are responsible for synthesis and storage of starch granules, through polymerisation of glucose.

Short Answer Type Questions
1.Smaller, lipid soluble molecules diffuse faster
through cell membrane, but the movement of hydrophilicsubstancesare facilitated by certain transporters which are chemically________
Soln. Smaller, lipid soluble molecules diffuse faster through cell membrane, but the movement of hydrophilic substances are facilitated by certain transporters which are chemically proteins.

2.In a passive transport across a membrane,
when two protein molecules move in opposite direction and independent of each other, it is called as ________
Soln.ln a passive transport across a membrane, when two protein molecules move in opposite direction and independent of each other, it is called as diffusion.

3.Osmosis is a special kind of diffusion, in which
water diffuses across the cell membrane. The rate and direction of osmosis depends upon both________
Soln. Osmosis is a special kind of diffusion, in which water diffuses across the cell membrane.
The rate and direction of osmosis depends upon both pressure and concentration gradient.

4.A flowering plant is planted in an earthen pot and irrigated. Urea is added to make the plant grow faster, but after sometime the plant dies. This may be due to___________
Soln. A flowering plant is planted in an earthen pot and irrigated. Urea is added to make the plant grow faster, but after some time the plant dies. This may be due to exosmosis.

5.Absorption of water from soil by dry seeds increases the___________ thus helping seedlings to come out of soil
Soln. Absorption of water from soil by dry seeds increases the pressure, thus helping seedlings to come out of soil. During germination of seedling imbibition pressure develops. .

6.Water moves up against gravity and even for a tree of 20 m height, the tip receives water within two hours. The most important physiological phenomenon which is responsible for the upward movement of water is___________ .
Soln.Water moves up against gravity and even for a tree of 20 m height, the tip receives water within two hours. The most important physiological phenomenon which is responsible for the upward movement of water is transpiration pull.

7.The plant cell cytoplasm is surrounded by both cell wall and cell membrane. The specificity of transport of substances are mostly across the cell membrane, because___________
Soln. The plant cell cytoplasm is surrounded by both cell wall and cell membrane. The specificity of transport of substances are mostly across the cell membrane, because cell wall is freely permeable while cell membrane is selectively permeable, for solutes.

8.TheC₄ plants are twice as efficient as C₃ plants in terms of fixing C02 but lose only___________ as much water as C₃ plants for the same amount ofC0₂ fixed.
Soln. The C₄ plants are twice as efficient as C₃ plants in terms of fixingC0₂ but lose only half as much water asC₃plants for the same amount of C0₂ fixed.

9.Movement of substances in xylem is unidirec-tional while in phloem it is bidirectional. Explain.
Soln. Direction of transport is determined by the sink or area of utilisation of the material under transport.
Xylem transport is unidirectional and up-wards from roots to shoot tips. Phloem trans-port food from source to sink where source is the part of plant which stores or synthesises food and sink is the part which needs or consumes food. These source and sink parts of a plant vary depending on the season or need of the plants, thus the food needs to travel in both upward and downward direction. So, phloem shows bidirectional movement of substance.

10.Identify the processes occurring in I, II and III

Soln.
I – Uniport
II – Antiport
III – Symport

11 .Given below is a table. Fill in the gaps.
.

Soln.

12.Define water potential and solute potential.
Soln. Water potential (ψ_w ) is difference in chemical potential per molar volume of water in a system and that of pure water at the same temperature and pressure.Solute potential (ψs) is the decrease in chemical. potential of pure water due to presence of solute particles in it.

13. Why is solute potential always negative? Explain ψ_w = ψ_s + ψ_p
Soln. Water potential is zero for pure water. Addition of solutes further decreases the potential and therefore, chemical potential is always negative or less than zero,
ψ_w = ψ_s + ψ_p   
ψ_w= Water potential of a system
ψ_s = Solute potential (Value negative)
ψ_p  = Pressure potential (Value positive)

14. An onion peel was taken and
(a) Placed in salt solution for five minutes.
(b) After that it was placed in distilled water. When seen under the microscope what would be observed in (a) and (b)?
Soln.In condition (a) plasmolysis or shrinkage of protoplasm away from the cell wall will be observed.
In condition (b) deplasmolysis or swelling of shrunken protoplasm will be observed. As a result, the protoplasm will again come in contact with cell wall

15.Differentiate between apoplast and symplast pathways of water movement. Which of these would need active transport?
Soln. In apoplast pathway, non-living parts of plant body are involved as passage way i.e., cell walls and intercellular spaces.
In symplast pathway living parts of plant body are involved as passage way i.e., protoplasts connected by plasmodesmata.
Symplast pathways of water movement need active transport.

16.How does most of the water moves within the root?
Soln. Most of the water moves passively in the root through the apoplast except in the region of functional endodermis because the casparian strip present in endodermis blocks the apoplastic pathway and water has to enter the symplast.

17. Give the location of Casparian strip and explain its role in the water movement.
Soln. Casparian strips are found in the endodermal cell walls of plant roots. It prevents water movement from returning to the cortex from pericycle, consequently a positive hydrostatic pressure is established in vascular tissue.

18. Differentiate between guttation and transpiration.
Soln. Differences between guttation and transpiration are as follows.

19. Transpiration is a necessary evil in plants. Explain.
Soln. Transpiration causes loss of huge amount of water absorbed by plants and leads to wilting and injury in plants. It also checks photosynthesis, reduces growth and if it is too severe, it may cause death by desiccation. Inspite of various detrimental disadvantages the plants cannot avoid transpiration due to their peculiar structure of leaves which is basically meant for gaseous exchange during respiration and photosynthesis. Besides this, transpiration provides the necessary pull required for ascent of sap. Therefore, transpiration is also regarded as “necessary evil” by Curtis (1926) or “unavoidable evil” by Steward (1959).

20. Describe briefly the three physical properties of water which help in ascent of water in xylem.
Soln.Three properties of water essential for its ascent in xylem are cohesive or cohesion force, adhesive or adhesion force and surface tension.
(i) Cohesion force: It is the force by which water molecules remain attached to one another. The force develops due to hydrogen bonds amongst the water molecules. Cohesion provides tensile strength against negative pressure exerted by transpiration pull.
(ii) Adhesion force: It is the force of attraction between water molecules and inner surface of xylem channels. Adhesion force adds tc tensile strength of water.
(iii) Surface tension: It refers to the higher attraction present amongst water molecules at the interphase between liquid and gaseous phase.

21.A gardener forgot to water a potted plant for a day during summer, what will happen to the plant? Do you think it is reversible? If yes, how?
Soln.Yes, watering of potted plant in summer for a day will cause partial water deficit in the plant. It will result in loss of turgidity in softer tissue. The plant will show wilting or shrivelled and droop appearance of leaves. The condition is reversible if it is not watered only for a day. As the plant is watered next
day, the softer tissue will again become turgid and the leaves will appear stretched again.

22.Identify a type of molecular movement which is highly selective and requires special membrane proteins, but does not require energy.
Soln. Facilitated diffusion is a type of movement which is highly selective and requires special membrane protein, but does not require energy.

23. Correct the statements.
(a) Cells shrink in hypotonic solutions and swell in hypertonic solutions.
(b) Imbibition is a special type of diffusion when water is absorbed by living cells.
(c) Most of the water flow in the roots occurs via the symplast.
Soln.(a) Cells shrink in hypertonic solution and swell in hypotonic solution.
(a) Imbibition is a special type of diffusion when water is adsorbed by non-living parts.
(b) Most of the water flow in the roots occur via the apoplast.

Short Answer Type Questions
1.Minerals absorbed by the roots travel up the xylem. How do they reach the parts where they are needed most? Do all the parts of the plant get the same amount of the minerals?
Soln. Minerals absorbed are transported up the stem, to all parts of plant through the transpirational stream. They are needed the most in the growing region of the plant such as the apical meristem, young leaves, developing flowers, fruits, seeds and the storage organs. All parts do not require same amount of the minerals therefore they do not get the same amount of minerals. Minerals exit the xylem and enter the cells where they are needed by the mechanisms similar to ones by which they entered the xylem. Concentration of minerals is lower in the sink cells than that in the xylem sap, thus these minerals enter them passively. In some cells minerals already present in higher concentration may be taken in by active transport.

2.If one wants to find minerals and in the form they are mobilised in the plant, how will an analysis of the exudate help?
Soln.Exudate (plant sap) consists of xylem sap and small quantity of phloem sap. It is mixture of the organic/inorganic compounds and ions, minerals, sugar and amino acids.
Chemical analysis of plant sap will indicate which, mineral nutrient is transported in –
which form in the plants, e.g., nitrogen is absorbed and transported asN0₂  and N0 ₃ and sulphur as sulphate ion forms.

3.From your knowledge of physiology can you think of some method of increasing the life of cut plants in a vase?
Soln.Method of increasing the life of cut plants in a vase are as follows:
(i) Immerse the bases of cut plants immediate ly  in water to prevent entry of air in the xylem channels i.e. cavitation. :
(ii)Adding a small quantity of cytokinin in water of the vase. Cytokinin delays the senescence of plant.

4.Do different species of plants growing in the same area show the same rate of transpiration at a particular time? Justify your answer.
Soln.Different species of plants growing
in the same area do not show the same rate of transpiration at a particular time. This is
because rate of transpiration depends upon various factors like the leaf area, thickness of cuticle, number and duration of opening of stomata and the amount of water absorption etc., and these factors are specific for each type of plant.

5.Water is indispensable for life. What properties of water make it useful for all biological processes on the earth?
Soln. Properties of water which make it useful for all biological processes on the earth are as follows:
(i) Water is a polar molecule which has both positive (hydrogen) and negative (oxygen) ends. Polarity of water molecules makes
water an excellent solvent. That is why, water forms 90% of the protoplasm and provides a medium for biochemical reactions.
(ii)Due to its solvent properties and strong adhesive and cohesive forces water serves as the means to transport, nutrients upwards (ascent of sap) to the shoot system in plants
(iii)Compared to other liquids water requires a relatively large energy input to raise its temperature. This large energy input requirement is important for organisms because it helps to buffer temperature fluctuations
(iv)The high latent heat of vaporisation of water enables organisms to cool themselves by evaporation of water (i.e. transpiration and sweating).

6.How is it that the intracellular levels of K⁺  are higher than extracellular levels in animal cells?
Soln. Animal cells operate ATP-energised   Na⁺-K⁺  pump. It sends out 3Na⁺ ions into extracellular fluid and 2 K⁺  ions from extracellular fluid pass into inside of cells. As a result, intracellularK⁺  levels become higher than extracellular levels.

7.Cut pieces of beetroot do not leave colour in cold water but do so in hot water. Explain.
Soln. Cell membranes rupture at high temperatures. As a result the pigment contained in cell vacuoles of beetroot pieces leak out.

8.In a girdled plant, when water is supplied to the leaves above the girdle, leaves may remain green for some time then wilt and ultimately die. What does it indicate?
Soln.In a girdled plant, when water is supplied to the leaves above the girdle, leaves may remain green for some time because leaves can synthesise their food by photosynthesis. But, roots not only supply water to the leaves, they supply minerals too. Even when water is supplied to the leaves, they will not get minerals. Minerals are required for photolysis of water during photosynthesis (Mn), for completion of various reactions as they act as cofactors for various enzymes, for integrity of certain ribosomes (Mg) and production of chlorophyll (Mg, N) etc. Thus, leaves of girdled plant will die even when supplied with water due to deficiency of minerals.

9.Various types of transport mechanisms are needed to fulfil the mineral requirements of a plant. Why are they not fulfilled by diffusion alone?
Soln. Diffusion is very slow process for movement of non gaseous substances and allows movement of molecules for short distance only that too along the concentration gradient. In higher plants, requirements of minerals is quite high in plants due to contihued photosynthesis and growth which is not fulfilled by diffusion alone besides, some minerals have to be transported against the concentration gradient. Therefore plants use various channels for mineral transport like facilitated diffusion and active transport.

10.How can plants be grown under limited water supply without compromising on metabolic activities?
Soln. Plants can be grown under limited water supply without compromising on metabolic activities by using antitranspirants e.g. besides, some minerals have to be transported against PMA (Phenyl Mercuric Acetate) ABA (Abscisic Acid). Antitranspirants reduce water loss without affecting diffusion of gases and metabolic activities of the plants.

11.Will the ascent of sap be possible without the cohesion and adhesion of the water molecules? Explain.
Soln.No, the ascent of sap is not possible without cohesion and adhesion of the water molecules. In ascent of sap, continuous column of water is required which is maintained by cohesive and adhesive properties of water molecules. These together provide a very high tensile strength to the water column in xylem which prevents cavitation of the xylem vessels and the breaking of water column that may occur due to continuous transpiration.

12.Keep some freshly cut flowers in a solution of food colour. Wait for some time for the dye to rise in the flower, when the stem of the flower is held up in light, coloured strands can be seen inside. Can this experiment demonstrate which tissue is conducting water up the stem?
Soln. Coloured strands indicate that the food colour has passed upward through a conducting channel. This conduction channel can be xylem. This can be confirmed through microscopic observation of T. S. of stem.

13.When a freshly collected Spirogyra filament is kept in a 10% potassium nitrate solution, it is observed that the protoplasm shrinks in size:
(a) What is this phenomenon called?
(b) What will happen if the filament is replaced in distilled water?
Soln.(a) When a freshly collected Spirogyra filament is kept in a 10% potassium nitrate solution the protoplasm shrinks in size, because the concentration of the solution is higher than the cell cytoplasm. This phenomenon is called plasmolysis.
(b) If the filament is replaced in distilled water it reabsorbs water and protoplast will come back in its original shape. This phenomenon is known as deplasmolysis.

14. Sugar crystals do not dissolve easily in ice cold water. Explain.
Soln. At low temperature, kinetic energy of the system decreases with more water molecules forming lattice structure. Few water molecules remain mobile. As a result water molecules striking sugar crystals are small in number. This results in slow dissolution of sugar crystals in ice cold water.

15.Salt is applied to tennis lawns to kill weeds. How does salting tennis lawns help in killing of weeds without affecting the grass?
Soln. Salting causes increase in the ion concentration outside the cells, it causes exosmosis from cell. As a result, cell cytoplasm shrinks and death of the plant will occur. Salting has no selective effects. It will kill all the plants on which it is sprayed. Yet, to prevent grasses present from being killed the following steps can be taken:
(i) Salt is sprayed selectively only on the weeds preventing it from affecting grass.
(ii)Grass plant are sprayed with water while weed plants are not. It helps in leaching salt down the soil, without allowing it sufficient time to contact with the grass plant and affect it.

16.What is the chemical composition of xylem and phloem sap?
Soln. Xylem sap consists of water and dilute concentration of most minerals.
Phloem sap consists of sucrose (5—10%), amino acids (1%), traces of bound minerals and water.

17. If you are provided with two tubes (A and B), where one is narrow and the other is relatively wider and if both are immersed in a beaker containing water as shown in the figure given.

Why does B show higher water rise than A?
Soln. Rise in water in the tubes is due to surface tension. Surface tension is inversely proportional to surface area. Surface area is less in narrow tube which, therefore has more surface tension and hence shows higher rise in water level.

18 .What are ‘aquaporins’? How does presence of aquaporins affect osmosis?
Soln. Aquaporins are membrane proteins which form pores or channels in membrane. It helps in transport of water soluble substances. In presence of aquaporins, osmosis becomes more rapid.

19. ABA (abscisic acid) is called a stress hormone.
(a) How does this hormone overcome stress conditions?
(b) From where does this hormone get released in leaves?
Soln.(a) Abscisic acid (ABA) is called stress hormone because it helps in overcoming stress condition by:
(i)Causing closure of stomata and reducing transpiration.
(ii)Reducing growth activity and metabolism.
(iii)inducing dormancy of buds and seeds, (b) Abscisic acid is released by mesophyll cells where it is formed from violaxantin.

20. We know that plants are harmed by excess water. But plants survive under flooded condition. How are they able to manage excess water?
Soln. Plant roots can tolerate temporary anaerobic conditions but not permanent anaerobiosis. Excess water in soil drives away air and causes permanent anaerobiosis. Flooding is a temporary phase. A lot of air remains trapped in the soil. Therefore, plants are able to tolerate flooding but not excess water or water logged conditions of soil as a permanent condition.

21.Differentiate between diffusion and translocation in plants.
Soln.Diffusion is the passage of substances from the region of their higher concentration to the region of their low concentration due to kinetic energy of the particles. It usually occurs in all directions.
Translocation is bulk transport of materials in solutions form, inside plant channels in particular directions caused by forces other than kinetic energy of the particles.

22.How is facilitated diffusion different from diffusion?
Soln. Facilitated diffusion is different from diffusion in following ways:
(i)Facilitated diffusion is passage of particles from the area of higher concentration to the area of lower concentration through specific sites (channel proteins) whereas diffusion is a passage of particles from the area of higher concentration to the area of lower concentration, throughout the available space.
(ii)In facilitated diffusion, only one type of particle can pass through its specific sites whereas in diffusion a number of different types of particles can diffuse simultaneously through the same space.
(iii)Facilitated diffusion stops or, slows down when saturation of carrier molecules occurs. In diffusion no saturation occurs.

23.Explain the mass flow hypothesis of transport in phloem.
Soln.Mass flow hypothesis was proposed by E. Munch (1930) and was elaborated by Crafts (1938). According to this hypothesis, organic substances move from the region of high osmotic pressure to the region of low osmotic pressure in a mass flow due to the development of a gradient of turgor pressure. Sieve tube system is fully adapted to mass flow of solutes. Here, the vacuoles are fully permeable because of the absence of tonoplast (Esau, 1966). A continuous high osmotic concentration is present in the source or supply region, e.g., mesophyll cells (due to photosynthesis). The organic substances present in them are passed into the sieve tubes through their companion cells by an active process. A high osmotic concentration, therefore, develops in the sieve tubes of the source. The sieve tubes absorb water from the surrounding xylem and develop a high turgor pressure. It causes the flow of organic solution towards the area of low turgor pressure. A low trugor pressure is maintained in the sink region by converting soluble organic substances into insoluble form. Water passes back into xylem.

24.0bserve the diagram and answer the following:

(a) Are these types of guard cells found in monocots or dicots?
(b) Which of these shows a higher water content (i) or (ii)?
(c) Which element plays an important role in the opening and closing of stomata?
Soln.(a) In given figure, guard cells are bean shaped which are mainly found in dicots.
(b) Figure (i) shows higher water content in the guard cells, because the cells are turgid and the stoma is open.
(c) K+ ions play an important role in the opening and closing of stomata.

25.Define uniport, symport and antiport. Do they require energy?
Soln. Uniport is one sided movement of a substance through the cell membrane independent of other solutes.Symport and antiport are two types of cotransport. Symport is simultaneous movement of two or more solutes across cell membrane in the same direction. Antiport is simultaneous movement of two solutes in opposite directions across the cell membrane.

Uniport, symport and antiport are types of facilitated diffusion which do not require energy. Similar type of passage also occur in case of active transport where energy is required.

Long Answer Type Questions
1. Minerals are present in the soil in sufficient amounts. Do plants need to adjust the types of solutes that reach the xylem? Which molecules help to adjust this? How do plants regulate the type and quantity of solutes that reach xylem?
Soln. Yes, plants need to adjust the types of solutes that reach the xylem. Transport proteins present on endodermis help to adjust this. The solute ions are checked and transported inwardly by transport proteins present over the endodermal cells. Endodermis allows the passage of ions inwardly but not outwardly. Endodermis acts as the checkpoint because before endodermis, water and dissolved minerals are carried upto the cortex by both apoplast and symplast. Symplastic movement can be regulated as plasma membrane is selectively permeable but apoplastic movement occurs through completely permeable non-living spaces, thus cannot be regulated. At the level
of endodermis, the apoplastic movement is stopped, due to presence of Casparian strip, hence only required minerals are allowed selectively to pass through the symplast. Plasma membranes of endodermal cells represented the final point at which the root could control entry of any disssolved solute.

2.Plants show temporary and permanent wilting. Differentiate between the two. Do any of them indicate the water status of the soil?
Soln. Wilting is the loss of turgidity of leaves and other soft aerial parts of a plant causing their drooping, folding and rolling. The symptoms of wilting are not shown by thick walled tissues. Therefore, they are less conspicuous in sclerophyllous plants.
It is mainly of three types:
(i) Incipient wilting
(ii) Temporary wilting
(iii)Permanent wilting
Incipient wilting shows no external symptoms of wilting.
Differences between temporary and permanent wilting are as follows:
(i) Temporary wilting is the temporary drooping down of leaves and young shoots due to loss of turgidity during noon. At this time the rate of transpiration is maximum. The rate of water absorption is less due to shrinkage of roots and depletion of water around the root hairs, lower leaves show wilting earlier than the upper ones. Whereas permanent wilting occurs when the soil is unable to meet the water requirement of plant.
(ii)Temporary wilting recovers as soon as water is replenished in the soil around root hair whereas permanent wilting cannot be recovered because cells do not regain their turgidity even in presence of plentiful water.
(iii)In temporary wilting plant regain its normal growth, whereas in permanent wilting plant eventually dies.

3.Which of these is a semipermeable membrane (S.P) and which is selectively permeable (S.L) (a) Animal bladder
(b) Plasmalemma
(c) Tonoplast
(d) Parchment membrane
(e) Egg membrane
Soln.
(a) Animal bladder – Selectively permeable membrane
(b) Plasmalemma – Selectively permeable membrane
(c) Tonoplast – Selectively permeable membrane
(d) Parchment membrane – Semipermeable mem¬brane
(e) Egg membrane – Selectively permeable membrane

4.Halophytes may show precell pressure very much higher than atmospheric pressure. Explain how this can happen?
Soln.Halophytes grow in soil with high concentration of salts. There is accumulation of salts in the cytoplasm, as a result the osmotic concentration of cytoplasm is increased, which causes entry of water into the cells. As a result, turgor pressure of the cells in the halophytes is comparatively higher. To limit it, halophytes perform two steps:
(i) They accumulate salts away from the cytoplasm in vacuoles.
(ii)They have special salt secreting glands which remove excess salts.

5.The radiolabelled carbon in carbon dioxide supplied to potato plants in an experiment was seen in the tuber eventually. Trace the movement of the labelled carbon dioxide.
Soln. If’ a radiolabelled carbon C₁₄ is supplied to potato plants, they will carry out photosynthesis in the presence of light,
and theC₁₄O₂ will be fixed and will form radioactive products of photosynthesis, i.e., glucose C₆¹⁴ H₁₂O_6.
This radioactive glucose is converted to sucrose which would again be radioactive due to transfer of C₁₄ from previous sugar molecule. These sucrose molecule then move into phloem and transported to other parts of plant and eventually reach the tuber where they are converted into radiolabelled starch and is stored.

6.Water molecule is very polar. Polar end of molecule attracts opposite charges on another water molecule (acts like magnet). How will you explain this property of water with reference to upward movement of water? Comment on the upward movement of Soln.water given the intermolecular hydrogen bonding in water.
Soln. Water molecules remain attached to one another by a strong mutual force of attraction called cohesion force, the mutual attraction is due to hydrogen bonds formed amongst adjacent water molecules.
On account of cohesion force, the water column can bear a tension or pull of up to 100 atm (Mac Dougal, 1936). Therefore, the cohesion force provides the tensile strength. Its theoretical value is about 15000 atm but the. measured value inside the tracheary elements ranges between 45 atm to 207 atm (Dixon and Jolly, 1894). Water column does not further break its connection from the tracheary elements (vessels and tracheids) because of another force called adhesion force between their walls and water molecules. Water molecules in liquid state are attracted to one another more than the water molecules in the gaseous state. It produces surface tension that accounts for high capillarity through tracheids and vessels.

7.Comment on the experimental setup.

(a) What does the setup demonstrate?
(b) What will happen to the level of water if a blower is placed close to setup.
(c) Will the mercury level fluctuate (go up/ down) if phenyl mercuric acetate is sprayed on leaves?
Soln.(a) The given setup is demonstration of pull due to transpiration.
(b) If a blower is placed close to set up, rate of transpiration will increase because movement of air increases the rate of transpiration. The air from blower is low in moisture concentration and thus will
increase transpiration. Now, humid air will move away quickly (as the blower is still on) and the newly arrived dry air will cause further transpiration. As a result, overall rate of transpiration will increase. If rate of transpiration increases, water level will go down.
(c) Phenyl mercuric acetate is an antitranspirant. If it is sprayed on leaves, transpirational loss of water will stop and the mercury level will remain stable.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Entrepreneurship Chapter 2 An Entrepreneur

TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS SOLVED

1.Answer the following questions in about 15 words:
(i)Who is an Intrapreneur?
(ii)Define Entrepreneurial Motivation.
(iii)What do you mean by competency?
(iv)Which value provides goal direction to entrepreneurs?
(v)State one crucial feature of Fabian entrepreneurs?
(vi)‘Hero Motocorp manufactures two wheelers and provide services.’ This is an example of which type of entrepreneur?
(vii)“They are highly ambitious and normally not satisfied by slow progress in their jobs.” This applies for which entrepreneurs?
(viii)“When it wanes, as it surely will in difficult times, take some guilt time.” This statement shows which attitude of an entrepreneur?
Ans.(i) Definition: “Intrapreneur”: An entrepreneur-like individual works inside a large company, and acts to get things done, to manage large critical projects, and/or to develop new products. These individuals usually start as successful project managers.
Or
• An inside intrapreneur or an entrepreneur within a large firm, who usually used/ uses entrepreneurial skills without incurring the risks associated with those activities.
• Intrapreneur uses his skills, talent and share his idea associated with those activities.
• They are usually an employees within a company who are assigned a special idea or project.
(ii)It is defined as the process that activated the entrepreneurs to exert a high level of effort for the achievement of his/her goal.
Or
In other words it can be defined as drive or forces within an entrepreneur that effect his/her direction, intensity and persistence of voluntary behaviour.
Or
Entrepreneurial motivation is the drive of an entrepreneur to maintain an entrepreneurial spirit in all their actions.
(iii)Competency is a set of defined behaviours that provide a structured guide enabling the identification, evaluation and development of the behaviours in an individual.
(iv)‘Respect for work’. All entrepreneur believe that they can achieve anything through hardwork. This value provides goal direction which encourages them to persue a path and incentives are linked to the degree and quality of efforts made.
(v)Fabian entrepreneurs are very shy, lazy, cautious and do not venture or take risk.
(vi)Industrial Entrepreneur.
(vii)Innovative Entrepreneurs.
(viii)Attitude are gradually learnt over a period of time. The process of learning attitude starts from childhood and it continues throughout the life of a person.

2.Answer the following in about 50 words:
(i)Why attitude is called pervasive?
(ii)Explain any two features of attitude.
(iii)Explain these core values:
(a)Respect for work
(b)Innovation and creativity.
(iv)Name the types of entrepreneurs according to Danhof.
(v)What is the importance of an intrapreneur in an organisation?
(vi)What is “Innovation time off’ in an intrapreneurship program?
Ans.(i) They are formed in the process of socialisation and may relate to anything in the world.
For example: A person may have positive and negative attitudes towards religion, politics, politicians or countries.
(ii)(a) Affects behaviour: People have a natural tendency to maintain consistency between attitude and behaviour. Attitudes can lead to intended behaviour if there is no external intervent.
(b)It is invisible: It constitutes a psychological phenomenon which cannot be directly observed. However, we may observe an attitude indirectly through observing its consequences. For example, if a person is highly productive, we may infer that he has a positive attitude towards his/her work.
(ii)(a)Respect for work: Entrepreneur culture respects and values work. Entrepreneur who are successful believe that to achieve one has to do hard-work. To them work is worship.
(b)Innovation and creativity: These are the most important values found among most of the entrepreneurs. Creativity is the ability to bring something new into existence or new ways of doing things and innovativeness is the ability to make it work in practice. For example, earlier, hair oil was available only in tins and introducing it in plastic small packs has become convenient for customers to carry and use.
Innovation refers to the process of doing new things. It brings into reality a new idea, a new process, a new product or innovativeness can be seen through actions such as: Sachet Market – small sachet of shampoo, oil, etc.
(iv)C. Danhof has broadly classified entrepreneurs into four types. These are:
(a)Innovative Entrepreneur (b) Imitative Entrepreneur
(c)Fabian Entrepreneur (d) Drone Entrepreneur
(a)Smart organisations will seek out individuals who like to invent, innovate, and want to the best idea within them.
These individuals can work independently but even more important can work seamlessly as part of an integrated team structure and also effectively embrace and embody the culture of the entrepreneur’s host organisation. Intrapreneurs are most successful when management empowers and supports them and in turn the intrapreneurs represent the best interests of their organisations, while earning the respect of corporate peers.
(vi)“Innovation time off’ is an intrapreneurship programme firstly introduced by Google. The main features of this programme was:
(a) All the employees are empowered and encouraged to spend 20% of their time
on projects that interest them and their thinking will benefit Google and their customers.
(b) It has a formal process for their selection of entrepreneurial projects, for the formal evaluation process and the monitoring of each Google approved entrepreneurial project.
(c) All those employees who want to participate in the programme must submit a project proposal within a specified timeline.
(d) After implementation of the intrepreneurship programme, it was observed several of Google’s newest products and services such as Gmail, Google news, Orkut and AdSense were all originated through this program and has given a good results.

3.Answer the following in about 75 words:
(i)“The thoughts, feelings and tendencies to behave are acquired gradually.” In the light of this statement describe the sources of attitudes.
(ii)”Attitude is not by birth, it is acquired”. Explain.
(iii)“Entrepreneurs venture to take risks but some entrepreneurs are very shy and lazy by nature.” Mention the name of such entrepreneurs and explain.
(iv)“Innovation and creativity both are interrelated.” Explain.
(a)“We can appoint an employee but not an entrepreneur.” Describe difference between an employee and an entrepreneur in the light of this statement.
(vi)Differentiate between an Intrapreneur and Entrepreneur.
(vii)Explain the following Entrepreneurial competencies:
(a)Persistence
(b)Leadership
(c)Systematic planning
(viii)Why is systematic planning a must for an entrepreneur?
(ix)Define Business Ethics. Why is it important to an entrepreneur?
(x)Explain types of entrepreneurs on the basis of use of technology.
(xi)Explain types of entrepreneurs on the basis of motivation.
(xii)What are the entrepreneurial values? Show by diagram.
(Xiii)“Human beings require respect in the society.” Explain the esteem needs in the Maslow—Hierarchy of Needs Theory.
(xiv)How competency in creativity and innovation helps an entrepreneur meet the challenges of a situation?
(xv)Do you think Intrapreneur is necessary for an organisation? Support your answer with strong reasons.
Ans.(i) The central idea running through the process of attitude formation is that, the thoughts, feelings and tendencies to behave are acquired or learned gradually. The attitudes are acquired from the following sources:
1.Direct Personal Experience: The quality of an individual’s direct experience with the attitude object (work area) determines his/her attitude towards it.
For example if a worker:
• finds his/her job challenging,
• always tries to understand supervisors and co-workers
• is nature wise very cooperative
• creates an healthy environment
• completes the task on time
• is satisfied and happy with the entire environment
then he/she will have a positive attitude towards his/her job because of the quality of his/her direct experience with the job.
2.Group Associations: Each and every individual working in an organisation are always influenced to one degree or another by other members in the group to which they belong. Their attitudes toward products ethics warfare and a multitude of other subjects are influenced strongly by groups that they value and with which they do or wish to associate. All those people involved in a group are, including family, working members, and peer groups, and cultural and sub-cultural groups, are important in affecting a person’s attitudinal development.
3.Influential to Others:
• A consumer’s attitude can be formed and changed through personal contact with influential persons such as respected friends relatives and experts.
• Opinion leaders are examples of people who are respected by their followers and who may strongly influence the attitudes and purchase behaviour of followers.
• To capitalize on this type of influence, advertisers often use actors and actresses who look similar to or act similar to their intended audiences.
People tend to like others who are similar to themselves because they believe that they share the same problems, form the same judgments and use the same criteria for evaluating products. Another application which advertisers use to influence audience attitudes is the so called slice of life commercial.
For example: Sachin Tendulkar: Boost: Boost is the secret of my energy.
Aishwarya Rai Bachchan in Kalyan Jewellers.
These advertisements show typical people confronting typical problems and finding solutions in the use of the advertised brand, some examples include the advertisement of a specialised shampoo (to solve dandruff problems).
(ii)Yes, it is a true statement. The process of learning attitudes starts right from childhood and continues throughout the life of a person. It means attitudes are gradually learnt over a period of time. However, in the beginning, the family members have a greater impact on the attitude of a child.
(iii)Fabian Entrepreneurs: According to C. Danhof, Fabian entrepreneur are categorized in third group. Such entrepreneurs are very shy and lazy. They are very cautious. They do not venture or take risks. They are rigid and fundamental in their approach. Usually, they are second generation entrepreneurs in a family business enterprise. They follow the footsteps of their predecessors. They imitate only when they are sure that failure to do so would result in a loss of the relative position in the enterprise.
(iv)Yes, Innovation and Creativity both are interrelated.
These are the most important values found among most of the entrepreneurs. They are guided by these values when they come out with creative ideas, new products, services, processes, etc. to solve specific problems of the society.
Creativity is the ability to see new ways of doing things and innovativeness is the ability to make it work in practice.
For example, earlier hair oil was available only in tins and introducing it in plastic small packs has become convenient for customers to carry and use. Innovativeness can be seen through actions such as:
(a)Sachet Market – small sachet of shampoo, oil, etc
(b)Experimenting with new ideas for example introduction of debit and credit cards in the banking sector.
(c) Facing uncertainty in order to try out new ideas.
(d)Not giving up or becoming upset when errors occur.
(v)Generally, the difference between entrepreneur and employee is that an entrepreneur is the owner of the enterprise and an employee is in the service of the enterprise and both work in the interest of the enterprise. The following are the basic differences:


(vi)Differences between Entrepreneur and Intrapreneur are as follows:



(vii)1.Persistence:
(a)It is the ability of an entrepreneur to continue with the course of action despite obstacles and difficulties.
(b)He must persist with behavioural skills even when the failure is visible as a quality successful entrepreneurs are determined and persistent in their march towards excellence.
(c)He always create a need for goods and services in the market forenterprise. For example: (i) In India when mixers was introduced, numbers of users/customers were less but today, we find it to be an essential appliance of kitchen accessories.
(d)When Mahima Mehra brought out her product – Haathi Chaap, she had experimented on various other material before using elephant dung to manufacture handmade paper.
2.Leadership: An entrepreneur should also be an effective leader who should be able to guide and motivate his/her entire team. Whenever a company faces problem it is the will power and effective business acumen and communication skills which oversees the success of the corporation.
3.Systematic planning: An entrepreneur with a systematic and well defined plan has always more chances of success. Before commencing actual operation, he is required to develop. Every entrepreneur has limited resources in terms of time, finance and manpower. They invest their life’s saving and total energy in creating entrepreneurial ventures and cannot afford to lose or waste these. Before putting the whole enterprise into operation, he is required to develop a detailed blueprint of activities including all necessary information regarding the objectives of the business, legal, financial and administrative aspect, likely obstacles. It provides a blueprint for building new enterprise.
(viii)Planning provides a blueprint for building new enterprise.
An entrepreneur is expected to have systematic planning which will help him to prepare an action plan for performing all the activities in every area of operation in order to achieve the pre-determined goals.
• It will also help the entrepreneur to carefully monitor his/her business’ actual performance against desired performance and turn to other alternatives whenever the need arises; so as to achieve his/her set goals.
• It helps to evaluating the positive and negative aspect associated with each alternative.
(ix)“Business Ethics” can be defined as the critical, structured examination of how people and institutions should behave in the world of commerce. It is the study of standards of business behaviour that promote human welfare and the good.
(x)

The entrepreneurs may be classified into the following categories on the basis of application of new technology in various sectors of the economy:
(a)Technical Entrepreneurs are technical by nature in the sense of having the capability of developing new and improved quality of goods and services out of their own knowledge, skill and specialisation are called a technical entrepreneur. They are essentially compared to craftsmen who concentrate more on production than marketing.
(b)Non-technical Entrepreneurs are those who are mainly concerned with developing alternative marketing and distribution strategies to promote their business. They are not concerned with the technical aspects of the product and services they are dealing with.
(xi)Based on their motivating factors, entrepreneurs can be classified into three types such as spontaneous, induced and motivated entrepreneurs.

(a)Spontaneous Entrepreneurs
They are also known as entrepreneurs:
They are motivated by their desire for self-fulfillment and to achieve or prove their excellence in job performance.
They undertake entrepreneurial activities for their personal satisfaction in work, ego, or status.
Their strength lies in their creative abilities.
They are the natural entrepreneurs in any society. And do not need any external motivation.
(b)Induced Entrepreneurs
Induced entrepreneurs enter into entrepreneurship because of various governmental supports.
Interested entrepreneurs get support from the government to set up of their new enterprises in terms of financial assistance (in the form of Grants and Aids), incentives, concessions and other facilities.
Sometimes prospective entrepreneurs are induced or even forced by their special circumstance, such as loss of job or inability to find a suitable job according to their talent and merit to adapt to entrepreneurship.
(c)Motivated Entrepreneurs
Motivated Entrepreneurs are motivated by their desire to make use of their technical and professional expertise and skill in performing the job or project they have taken up.
They have enough confidence in their abilities.
They are highly ambitious and are normally not satisfied by the slow progress in their jobs.
They enter entrepreneurship because of the possibility of making and marketing of some new products or service for the use of the prospective consumers. If the product or service is developed to a saleable stage and the customers accept the same, the entrepreneur is then further motivated by reward in terms of profit.
(xii)In a civilized society some qualities like honesty, truthfulness, cooperation, integrity etc. as important for happy and healthy living. They are a set of beliefs or ideas that provide standards which guide behaviour. Such guiding principles established in a cultured society are called values. They provide us the direction in our life and helps us achieve our potential. Entrepreneurs share some of these qualities that guide and direct them and hence they have come to be called entrepreneurial values. They are a combination of a number of factors that shape an individual’s life in an environment. It implies that when an individual interacts with his environment, certain characteristics emerge to guide the individual in his pursuit.
This diagram shows that a person develops certain core values as a result of an active interaction between the environmental factors, the personality factors and action factors. A study of such core values reveals that a set of four values are found to be prominent among entrepreneurs. They are:

1.Innovativeness and Creativity
2.Independence or Ownership
3.Quest for Outstanding Performance or Achievement
4.Respect for Work.
However, these values are not found in the same degree in all the entrepreneurs. In some, innovativeness and creativity may be stronger than
other values while in some quest for achievement may be the strongest driving force. But, to become successful entrepreneurs, a knowledge of all these values is essential.
(xiii)Esteem needs include the desire for self-respect, self-esteem, and the esteem of others.
• When focused externally, these needs also include the desire for reputation, prestige, status, fame, glory, dominance, recognition, attention, importance and appreciation.
• An individual eventually needs to feel that he/she has a social status. This goes beyond just having social relationships; the individual must feel that in work or at home he/she is making a contribution. This also includes recognition of achievement from others. And the need to feel good about themselves.
(xiv)Creativity is the merging of ideas which have not been merged before. New ideas are formed by developing current ones within our minds. It is ranked by the ability to create, bring into existence, to invent, a new form to produce through imaginative skills, something new, it is an ability to generate new idea as by combining changing or re-applying existing ideas and innovation means doing something new or something different. The entrepreneurs are constantly on look out to do something and unique to meet the requirements of the customers.
Competency in creativity and innovation are sometimes basic traits of certain individuals. He/she might not have any new ideas or may not inventors of new products and new methods of production but they have the ability to vision the future and have the possibility of making use of the inventions of their enterprise. He/she may use the creative ideas and innovative products and services to meet the challenges of a situation and to satisfy the changing taste and preference of customers adopt and apply new technique to meet the customers changing demand for product and take advantage of the utility of an idea or a product to create wealth.
For Example,
• Changes in the packaging of potato chips.
• Tea bags.
• Cup cakes.
• Pidilite Industries introduced ? 5 pack of feviquick.
• Introducing it in plastic small packs has become convenient for customers to carry and use.
• Use and throw ballpoint pen for students worth ?
• Cadbury introduced ‘Celebration’s ? 100 single attractive pack with all types of Cadbury chocolates.
(xv)Yes, I do agree that Intrapreneur is necessary for an organisation. The reasons are:
• It is the best way to retain the talented, creative and innovative staff, who transform a dream and idea into viable project.
• It describes easiest way of developing new product and services within the company through him.
• Intrapreneur’s new way of thinking making organisations.

4.Answer the following in about 150 words:
What do you mean by entrepreneurs? Mention the types of entrepreneurs. ‘Motivation is a process.’ Explain by a model.
“Entrepreneurs cannot survive and grow without fulfilling the ethical responsibilities of the society.” Explain.
Explain in detail the McClelland Theory of Motivation.
Explain the type of business entrepreneurs.
Explain any four entrepreneurial competencies.
Explain features of attitudes.
How do systematic planning and persistence help entrepreneurs become effective leaders?
Ans.(i)Entrepreneur is one who starts an enterprise, undertakes risk, problem solver, bears uncertainty and also performs the managerial functions of decision-making and coordinate with all employees.
Types of entrepreneur are as follows:

Motivation is essentially a process. It can be well expressed in the form of a model. On a careful analysis of the model, it can be understood that every individual possesses an urge or a need, or a multitude of needs, desires or expectations. The unsatisfied need leads to tension within the individual and motivates one to search for ways to relieve one’s own tension. That tension leads one to certain drives and searching alternatives to achieve one’s goal which will eventually reduce tension.
(iii)Yes, it is true. Entrepreneurs cannot survive and grow without fulfilling the ethical responsibilities of the society. Ethics is the knowledge of what is wrong and what is right. Business ethics are often guided by law, and it provides a basic framework that a businesses may chose to follow in order to gain public acceptance. An entrepreneur has to follow his ethics to make sure the proper usage of human resources, country’s natural resources, serve the society and the proper development of the country.
It includes:
• Giving proper wages to workers.
• Prohibiting child labour.
• Not polluting the environment with harmful industrial smoke and wastages.
• Ensuring proper and fuller utilization of natural resources.
There are many duties and responsibilities of a person towards a society, and towards nation. An entrepreneur as a part of the society and nation must follow ethical standards and if the enterprise abide the social and ethical responsibility then his /her business will flourish and then:
(a)Reputation in the society: The reputation of the firm will be badly affected and the people would not like the company and, who does not serve the society.
(b)Employees may leave: If the company/firm does not provide actual wages to the workers/employees then they may strike or may leave the organisation which will result in loss of production.
(c)Product dissatisfaction: If the correct amount of quantity and good quality of the product is not provided, definitely the interest of people will move and they prefer other substitute goods.
(d) Government can shut-down: If the firm does not follow its ethical responsibility, government has the power to seal and shut down, they can even arrest and charge penalties for not following the laws.
These are the consequences which can take place if the enterprise does not follow.
(iv)McClelland’s Need for Achievement Theory is one of content theories of motivation emphasising that human needs and incentives cause human behaviour.
McClelland has identified three types of basic motivating needs:

(1)Need for Achievement or Achievement Motive:
• It refers to one’s desire to accomplish something with own efforts and an intense desire to achieve.
• This theory has identified four basic characteristics of high achievers:
(a)Moderate risks: Taking moderate risks is the simple most descriptive characteristic of the person possessing high achievement need.
(b)Immediate feedback: Person with high need for achievement desires activities which provide immediate and precise feedback information how he is progressing towards a goal.
(c)Accomplishment: Person with high need for achievement finds accomplishing a task intrinsically satisfying in and of itself, or he does not expect or necessarily want the accompanying material rewards.
(d)Preoccupation with the tasks: Once a high achiever selects a goal, he tends to be totally preoccupied with the task until it is successfully completed. He will not feel satisfied unless he has put his maximum effort in completing the task.
• The need for achievement is characterized by the wish to take responsibility for finding solutions to problems, master complex tasks, set goals and get feedback on level of success.
(2)Affiliation Motive or Need for Affiliation (N-Affil):
• This refers to needs to establish interact and maintain friendly relations with others. ,
• According to this theory, people with high need for affiliation usually derive pleasure from being loved and tend to avoid the pain of being rejected.
• They are concerned with maintaining pleasant social relationships, understanding, and enjoy consoling and helping others in trouble.
• It is characterized by a desire to belong, an enjoyment of teamwork, a concern about interpersonal relationships, and a need to reduce uncertainty.
(3)Need for Power or Power Motive (N-Pwr):
• The ability to induce or influence behaviour is power.
• These means the one’s desire to dominate and influence others by using actions.
• The need for power is characterized by a drive to control and influence others, a need to win arguments, a need to persuade and prevail.
Such individuals are generally seeking positions of leadership; they are forceful, outspoken, hard headed and demanding.
According to McClelland, the presence of these motives or drives in an individual indicates a predisposition to behave in certain ways. Therefore, from a manager’s perspective, recognizing which need is dominant in any particular individual affects the way in which that person can be motivated.
People with achievement motives are motivated by standards of excellence, delineated roles and responsibilities and concrete, timely feedback. Those with affiliation motives are motivated when they can accomplish things with people they know and trust. And the power motive is activated when people are allowed to have an impact, impress those in power, or beat competitors.
•(v)Types of Business
Depending on the nature, size and type of business, entrepreneurs are divided into five categories:
1.Business Entrepreneur:
• Business entrepreneurs are those who develop an idea for a new product or
service and then establish an enterprise to materialise their idea into reality.
• Generally these types of entrepreneurs are found in the field of small trading and manufacturing concerns.
2.Trading Entrepreneur:
Entrepreneurs who undertake trading activities, whether domestic or overseas.
• They deal in buying and selling of manufactured goods.
• Before launching the business they identify the potential market for the product in order to stimulate the demand.
• They believe in creating a demand in the market, do market survey and push many ideas ahead of others in the form demonstration to promote their businesses.
For example: Vegetable sellers, fruit sellers, grocery shops, retail shops,
supermarkets, wholesalers, etc.
3.Industrial Entrepreneur:
• Industrial entrepreneurs are also known as manufacturing entrepreneurs generally they convert the raw material into finished product.
They manufacture products and offer services, which have an effective demand in the marketing.
• They have the ability to convert economic resources and technology into a profitable venture.
For example: Enterprises like Hero Motorcorp and Hyundai Corporation.
Carpentry workshops, pottery, mat and basket weaving, tailoring, welding, making cars, saucepans, etc.
Other manufacturing businesses process agricultural products to produce different products, for example, milling factories, food processing and packaging, etc
• Textiles manufacturing businesses, which make clothes.
4.Corporate Entrepreneur:
• Corporate entrepreneurs are those who through their innovative ideas and skill able to organise, manage and control a corporate undertaking very effectively and efficiently.
• They are promoters of the undertakings/corporations, engaged in business, trade or industry.
5.Agricultural Entrepreneur:
» Agricultural entrepreneurs are those who undertake agricultural as well as allied activities in the field of agriculture.
• They engage in raising and marketing of various agricultural base products.
Ex:crops, fertilisers and other inputs of agriculture through employment of modern techniques, machines and irrigation.
Types of Agriculture Business:
(a)Crop production: The businesses are engaged in the production and selling of crops like fruits, vegetables, coffee, cotton, maize, tea, flowers, tobacco, etc.
(b)Livestock production: The businesses are engaged in the rearing and selling of different animals for their meat and other products like milk and skins, etc.
(c)Poultry keeping: The businesses concentrate on rearing and selling different types of birds for their meat, eggs, skins and feathers.
(d)Agricultural support businesses: Such businesses provide extension services, inputs like fertilizers, drugs, etc.
6.Use of Technology: The entrepreneurs may be classified into the following
categories on the basis of application of new technology in various sectors of the economy.
(a)Technical Entrepreneur: The entrepreneurs who are technically skill by nature in the sense of having the capability of developing new and improved quality of goods and services out of their own knowledge, skill and specialisation are called a technical entrepreneur. They are essentially compared to craftsmen who concentrate more on production than marketing.
Example, The roots of India’s tech entrepreneurship boom extend back to the early 1980s, when a group of software engineers decided to form a business to provide technology services to overseas clients, based on the wide availability and low cost of India’s human talent base. They called their company Infosys (INFY). It became the company that would go on to flatten the world.
(b)Non-technical Entrepreneur: Non-technical entrepreneurs are those who are mainly concerned with developing alternative marketing and distribution strategies to promote their business.
They are not concerned with the technical aspects of the product and services they are dealing with.
7.Professional Entrepreneurs:
• Professional entrepreneurs make it their profession to establish business enterprise, initially they work hard, and put maximum efforts and efficiency get a reputation with a purpose, to sell them once they are established.
• He/she is always looking forward to develop alternative projects by selling the running business.
• They are not interested in managing operations of the business established by him. By nature they are dynamic.
8.Motivation: Based on their motivating factors, entrepreneurs can be classified into three types such as spontaneous, induced and motivated entrepreneurs.
(a)Spontaneous Entrepreneurs: Spontaneous entrepreneurs are otherwise known as pure entrepreneurs, who are motivated by their desire for self¬fulfilment and to achieve or prove their excellence in job performance. They undertake entrepreneurial activities for their personal satisfaction in work, ego, or status. Their strength lies in their creative abilities. They are the natural entrepreneurs in any society. They do not need any external motivation.
(b)Induced Entrepreneurs: Induced entrepreneurs enter into entrepreneurship because of various governmental supports provided in terms of financial assistance, incentives, concessions and other facilities to the people who want to set up their new enterprises. Sometimes prospective entrepreneurs are induced or even forced by their special circumstance, such as loss of job or inability to find a suitable job according to their talent and merit to adapt to entrepreneurship.
(c)Motivated Entrepreneurs: Motivated entrepreneurs are motivated by their desire to make use of their technical and professional expertise and skill in performing the job or project they have taken up. They have enough confidence in their abilities. They are highly ambitious and are normally not satisfied by the slow progress in their jobs. They enter entrepreneurship because of the possibility of making and marketing of some new products or service for the use of the prospective consumers. If the product or service is developed to a saleable stage and the customers accept the same, the entrepreneur is then further motivated by reward in terms of profit.
McClelland theorized that individuals have three basic motivational needs: affiliation, power and achievement. The affiliation motive can be explained as a strong desire for individual and/or group approval, and it reflects the desire for social acceptance and friendship. The power motive can be satisfied by being in control, and it can be expressed as a strong desire to change events and to exercise influences over others. The achievement motive is based on the need to achieve and win; it is characterized by working hard, and succeeding. For management, all three motives—affiliation, power, and achievement are import when it comes to motivating employees.
(vi) Following are four entrepreneurial competencies:
(a) Initiative:
• It is the first step in the enterprise.
• It is the ability to make decisions and take action without asking for the help or advice of others.
• It is essential for an entrepreneur to be active quick decision-maker.
• An entrepreneur has to be keen observer of the society, the commercial trends, the product types, the change dynamics and the consumer trends.
(b) Creativity and Innovation:
• Competency in creativity and innovation are sometimes basic traits of certain individuals.
• He/she might not have any new ideas.
• He/she may use the creative ideas and innovative products and services to meet the challenges of a situation, take advantage of the utility of an idea or a product to create wealth. Example, changes in the packaging of potato chips.
(c) Risk Taking and Risk Management:
• Risk refers to the condition of not being able to predict the outcome of an activity or decision. He/she treads into areas of uncertainty.
• It provides the entrepreneur with the set of controls to monitor the venture.
• Every entrepreneur must identify the risk, by considering all factors economic conditions, political factors, market research and financial resource mobilization, demand supply in the market, acceptability of the product design and service which throw a potential challenge to the entrepreneur.
In order to attune oneself in the skill of risk taking and management he should practice in several areas of entrepreneurial functions such as entering into new market.
• For example, when Dhirubhai Ambani faced cash crunch he took the risk of issuing shares in 1977 to the public when they were not aware about the share market.
(d)JProblem Solving:
Entrepreneur must be aware that he has started a new business and many problems are bound to hinder in the path of progress and he cannot escape from them. He/she should
• understand that there is more than one way of solving problems,
look for alternative strategies, resources that would help to solve the problem, generate new ideas, products, services, etc.
In problem solving an entrepreneur has to take various decisions which should be effective and arriving at creative solution and give better results thereof.
For example: When an entrepreneur faces cash crunch he should look for alternative sources for receiving funds. Ratan Tata shifted the manufacturing plant of Nano cars from Singur to Sanand due to unforeseen complexities.
(vii)Features of Attitude:
1.Affects behaviour: People have a natural tendency to maintain consistency between attitude and behaviour. Attitudes can lead to intended behaviour if there is no external intervention.
2.It is invisible: It constitutes a psychological phenomenon which cannot be directly observed. However, we may observe an attitude indirectly through observing its consequences. For example, if a person is highly productive, we may infer that he has a positive attitude towards his/her work.
3.Attitudes are acquired: Attitudes are gradually learnt over a period of time. The process of learning attitudes starts right from childhood and continues throughout the life of a person. However, in the beginning, the family members have a greater impact on the attitude of a child.
4.Attitudes are pervasive: They are formed in the process of socialisation and may relate to anything in the world. For instance, a person may have positive and negative attitudes towards religion, politics, politicians or countries.
(viii) Systematic means “in an orderly way”. Planning is deciding what action you are going to take in future. All entrepreneurs before going to start an enterprise must make a systematic plan which will help them to prepare an action plan for every area of operation in order to achieve the pre-determined goals and persistence refers a ‘never say die’ attitude, not giving up easily, striving continuously until success is achieved. Entrepreneurs have the determination to persevere in the face of obstacles. Whenever any problem arises he takes the following steps:
• Take action in the face of significant obstacles and challenges;
• Take persistent actions, or switch to an alternative strategy to meet a challenge or obstacle; and
• Take personal responsibility for the performance necessary to achieve goals and objectives.
It means after making a systematic planning, whenever an entrepreneur faces certain obstacles/barriers in business, he continues in his pursuit of excellence and become an effective leader.

5.Answer the following in about 250 words:
(i)Explain any six essential attitudes of an entrepreneur.
(ii)Explain Maslow’s Theory of Motivation.
(iii)Differentiate between an entrepreneur and an employee.
(iv)“Competencies is a set of defined behaviours.” State the types of competencies required by an entrepreneur? Explain.
(v)“Entrepreneur’s decisions can strengthen or seriously weaken a firm’s future business viability.” Discuss this statement in the light of necessity of ethics for society and development of business.
Ans.(i)The following twelve attitude attributes can put one in the right mindset for achieving entrepreneurial success.
1.Have passion for the business: Entrepreneur’s should always work with fun and in passion, which will help to overcome difficult moments and he will be able to persuade people to work for him.
Passion can’t be taught. When it wanes, as it surely will in difficult times, take some quiet time. Whether it be an hour or a week, take inventory of all the reasons one started the business and why one likes being one’s own boss.
2.Set an example of trustworthiness: Trustworthy entrepreneurs are always welcomed by the people/employees, as they feel confident and want to work for them in a culture of integrity. The same is true for customers.
3.Be flexible, except with core values: Entrepreneurs make plans and strategies and it will change as time goes on. It is the ability of an enterprise able to anticipate changes in environment, consumer preferences, government policies, fashion and style of living and to adapt to changing circumstances and thus remain a profitable enterprise. A responsible entrepreneur strikes a balance between making profits, flexibility in plans and core values i.e. doing good for their employees, customers, vendors, the environment and other stakeholders.
4.Don’t let fear of failure hold one back: Failure is an opportunity to learn. All things being equal, venture capitalists would rather invest money in an individual who tried and failed founding a company than in someone who never tried.
5.Make timely decisions: Failures flow from bad decision, decision-making is like moving from darkness to light, it is creating events and shaping a future. To use one’s intuition is good but procrastination leads one to miss opportunities. So it is suggested to make timely decisions.
6.The major company asset is oneself: Health is wealth. It means each one should take care of oneself. The most important and valuable asset of an enterprise is health of each people involved in the business. One doesn’t have to choose between one’s family or company, play or work. Maintain one’s own health for balance and energy, which will, in turn, enhance one’s outlook.
7.Keep one’s ego under control: Don’t take profits and spend them on expensive toys to impress others. Build a war chest for unexpected needs or opportunities. This also means hearing out new ideas and suggestions no matter how crazy they sound.
8.Believe in oneself: To be a successful entrepreneur one needs to believe in one’s own self, in one’s company, one’s employees, customers, stakeholders, suppliers and must be capable of with everyone with full confidence.
9.Encourage and accept criticism graciously. Admitting one’s mistakes: An entrepreneur must play a dual role, as he needs to constantly work on convincing one’s employees by encouraging them and other side even when necessary to state their honest opinions wherever required.
10.Maintain a strong work ethic: When an enterprise is beating other competitors, particularly those who are dealing with the same product or services. As a responsible entrepreneur he must follow the various business ethics and maintain a strong work ethic.
11.Rebound quickly from setbacks: The entrepreneur should be aware of the obstacles and certain ups and downs which is likely to occur in a business. He must learn and understand it from the setbacks and always try to move ahead.
12.Periodically getting out of one’s comfort zone to pursue something important: Many times one feels uncomfortable while implementing a needed change in technology, people, mission, competing, etc. For the company and one to grow personally, one sometimes has to step out of one’s comfort zone.
(ii)Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
In 1943, Abraham Maslow developed one of the earliest theories of human motivation, commonly referred to as Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Maslow’s theory of motivation is called the “hierarchy of needs”. Maslow believes that people would not move down on this list to be motivated by the next set of needs until the previous set(s) had been satisfied.
Maslow believes that people have five main needs in the following order of importance:

Physiological Needs: are deemed to be the lowest-level needs. These needs include: (a) the need to eat (b) the need to drink (c) the need to work (d) the need to sleep (e) the need to reproduce.
• As long as physiological needs are unsatisfied, they exist as a driving or motivating force in a person’s life.
• A hungry person has a felt need. This felt need sets up both psychological and physical tensions that manifest themselves in overt behaviours directed at reducing those tensions (getting something to eat). Once the hunger is stated, the tension is reduced, and the need for food ceases to motivate. At this point (assuming that other physiological requirements are also satisfied) the next higher order need becomes the motivating need.
Safety Needs: The needs for shelter and security become the motivators of human behaviour. This include the following twelve motivating factors: (1) job security and stability, (2) sympathetic help with personal problems, (3) personal loyalty to employees, (4)interesting work, (5) good working conditions, (6) tactful discipline, (7) good wages, (8) promotions and growth in the organization, (9) feeling of being in on things, (10) full appreciation of work done, (11) freedom from fear and anxiety, and (12) need for structure, order and law.
In the workplace this needs translates into a need for at least a minimal degree of employment security; the knowledge that we cannot be fired on a whim and that appropriate levels of effort and productivity will ensure continued employment. Social Needs/Belonging Needs include the need for belongingness and love.
(a)The need to feel part of a group
(b)The need for acceptance
• Generally, as gregarious creatures, human have a need to belong.
• In the workplace, this need may be satisfied by an ability to interact with one’s co-workers and perhaps to be able to work collaboratively with these colleagues.
Self-Esteem Needs:
• After social needs have been satisfied, ego and esteem needs become the motivating needs.
• Esteem needs include the desire for self-respect, self-esteem, and the esteem of others.
• When focused externally, these needs also include the desire for reputation, prestige, status, fame, glory, dominance, recognition, attention, importance, and appreciation.
• An individual eventually needs to feel that he/she has a social status. This goes beyond just having social relationships; the individual must feel that in work or at home he/she is making a contribution. This also includes recognition of achievement from others and the need to feel good about themselves.
Self-actualization Needs/Seif-Realisation Needs:
This is the final and highest level of needs. Meeting this need is characterized by continuously focusing on personal growth, problem solving, life appreciation, and peak experiences for oneself.
(i)the need for personal fulfilment
(ii)the need to grow and develop.
The need for self-realization, continuous self-development, and the process of becoming all that a person is capable of.
(iii)See Answer to Q.3 (v).
(iv)A competency is an attribute, knowledge, skill, ability or other characteristic that contributes to successful job performance to a given task.
Yes, it is a set of defined behaviours as it can be observable and measurable, it also includes knowledge, skills, abilities, teamwork, cooperation and communication contribute to individual success in the organization. It provides a structured guide enabling the identification, evaluation and development of behaviours in an individual. Entrepreneur should also acquire and follow certain basic competencies. They are as follows:

These relate to the type of behaviour exhibited in the performing of various tasks in the discharge of his functions.
Some of these competencies are latent in the entrepreneur, which need to be identified, nursed and nurtured. Others are acquired through training and practice.
Initiative:
• It is the first step in the enterprise.
• It is the ability to make decisions and take action without asking for the help or advice of others.
• It is essential for an entrepreneur to be active quick decision-maker.
• An entrepreneur has to be keen observer of the society, the commercial trends,
the product types, the change dynamics and the consumer trends.
Creativity and Innovation: Competency in creativity and innovation are sometimes basic traits of certain individuals.
He/she might not have any new ideas.
He/she may use the creative ideas and innovative products and services to meet the challenges of a situation, take advantage of the utility of an idea or a product to create wealth.
Example, changes in the packaging of potato chips.
Risk Taking and Risk Management:
• Risk refers to the condition of not being able to predict the outcome of an activity or decision. He/she treads into areas of uncertainty.
• It provides the entrepreneur with the set of controls to monitor the venture.
• Every entrepreneur must identify the risk, by considering all factors, economic conditions, political factors, market research and financial resource mobilization, demand supply in the market, acceptability of the product design and service which throw a.potential challenge to the entrepreneur.
• In order to attune oneself in the skill of risk taking and management he should practice in several areas of entrepreneurial functions such as entering into new market.
• For example, when Dhirubhai Ambani faced cash crunch he took the risk of issuing shares in 1977 to the public when they were not that aware about share market.
Problem Solving: Entrepreneur must be aware that he has started a new business and many problems are bound to come in the path of progress and he cannot escape from them. He/she should—
• understand that there is more than one way of solving problems,
• look for alternative strategies,
• resources that would help to solve the problem,
• generate new ideas, products, services, etc.
In problem solving an entrepreneur has to take various decisions which should be effective and arriving at creative solution and give better results thereof.
For example: When an entrepreneur faces cash crunch he should look for alternative sources for receiving funds. Ratan Tata shifted the manufacturing plant of Nano cars from Singur to Sanand due to unforeseen complexities.
Leadership:
• Leadership is the ability to exert interpersonal influence by means of communication towards the achievement of goals.
• Entrepreneurs as the effective leaders should provide the necessary spark to motivation by guiding, inspiring, assisting and directing the entire team for achievement of unity of action, efforts and purpose.
• An entrepreneur should also be an effective leader who should be able to guide and motivate his/her entire team.
• Whenever a company faces problem it is the will power and effective business acumen and communication skills, sense of confidence and conviction which oversees the success of the corporation.
Persistence:
• A ‘never say die’ attitude, not giving up easily, striving information seeking continuously until success is achieved.
• Creating a need in the market for the enterprise is one of the main requirements of the entrepreneur. This calls for intense perseverance on the part of the entrepreneur. Failures or Roadblocks to success should not deter the entrepreneur. For example:(a)Mixers when introduced, did not have many customers but today, we find it to be an essential part of kitchen accessories.
(b)When Mahima Mehra brought out her product – Haathi Chaap, she had experimented on various other material before using elephant dung to manufacture hand-made paper.
Quality Performance: A successful entrepreneur values outstanding performance, one of the behavioural skills necessary is the sensitivity to and concern for the ‘standards’ and ‘quality of work’.
One develops the skill of comparing the quality of the product/services with certain standards, which he/she himself evolves or are set by others.
For example: Steve Jobs, the brain behind Apple and I-pod, is known to value quality in all the products introduced by the company.
Information Seeking:
• Information plays a very crucial role at every stage of enterprise building and management. An entrepreneur has an urge to look for the required information in order to make an informed decision.
• The success and failure of any business totally depend upon the information collected (should be quality information) and decision-making by the collected information, for example, selecting, starting and successfully managing the desired business.
The information collected can be of different sources like—
• by personally conducting research,
• using feedback from previous related experience, etc.
• by personally observing the on-going and related business or activities,
• by personally conducting research, trials and developing prototype and organizing trials on smaller scales,
• by establishing contacts with the reliable information network.
Systematic Planning:
• All entrepreneurs before going to start an enterprise, he must have systematic planning which will help him to prepare an action plan for every area of operation in order to achieve the pre-determined goals.
• Every entrepreneur has limited resources in terms of time, finance, and manpower and he cannot to loss or waste. Before putting the whole enterprise into operation, he is required to develop a detailed blueprint.
Persuasion and Influencing Others:
• Persuasion in entrepreneurship refers to the ability of entrepreneurs to link, convince and influence other individuals, groups, agencies, creditors, debtors, customers and even competitors in order to create a contact, good foothold in the market and maintain good rapport.
• Each and every entrepreneur has to influence the environment comprising of individuals and institutions, for mobilizing resources, obtaining inputs, organizing production and selling products and services.
• All these require skill of persuation and convincing and have to practice highlighting the strong points of their products and services in the market explaining the technological competencies of their enterprise to produce quality goods and services.
Enterprise Launching Competencies: Opportunities exist, but not all people respond to them. Large groups in society can perceive only the apparent and traditional openings of earning.
At the same time, resources are also available to all members of the society, but very few make efforts to ensure best use of these resources.
Entrepreneurs should identify and avail the facilities and resources needed to launch their enterprises.
Enterprise Management Competencies: The enterprise may be small or big but it demands management abilities on the part of its owner or manager.
Various management functions such as production, marketing, finance, etc., are crucial functions to entrepreneurs. These influence the result directly, and therefore, are necessary determinants for the sustenance of an enterprise/
(v)Entrepreneur’s decision can strengthen a firm’s future business viability, by following some ethical standards in their business practices:
(а) Providing quality and correct quantity of goods to consumers
(b) Keeping in mind the environmental issues during production
(c) Paying the minimum and correct wages to the workers
(d) Not to use child labour in their production
(e) Judicious use of natural resources.
(f) Integrity, promise keeping, commitment, and truthfulness towards employee, consumers other competitors, etc.
For example: Karsan Bhai Patel, the creator of Nirma Washing Powder, who was working as a factory chemist in Gujarat Mineral Development Corporation, started making detergent powder in his kitchen for poor rural women of Gujarat and selling his product by visiting different villages. His efforts culminated in the whitish yellow detergent powder named Nirma. The idea behind was need and the problem of the society that could not afford other brands of detergent powders because of their high cost. Today, Nirma is one of the world’s biggest detergent powder manufacturer. The strength of being capable is the plus point in an entrepreneur.
Entrepreneurs make choices and take actions that affect many, usually without the moral guidance available in established organisations. “Entrepreneur’s decisions can seriously weaken a firm’s future business viability.” Some common types of unethical action by an enterprise or an entrepreneur.
• Theft, manipulating suppliers, bribery, embezzlement, evading taxes, failure to
withdraw a defective product from the marketplace, adulteration, stealing supplies, falsification, etc.
For example: The cases of Enron, WorldCom are the examples of results of unethical decisions by key personnel of those enterprises. For example: The collapse of Enron is a scandal of a major energy provider that used to be the seventh largest corporation in America and became the biggest bankruptcy in the US corporate history. Unethical issues are:
• Enron used many manipulative accounting practices,
• Sophisticated accounting techniques to keep its share price high,
• Raise investment against its own assets,
• Artificially inflated profits, questionable accounting practices and fraud.
For example: Ramalinga Raju. We all are aware of the fraud at Satyam – a case of unethical practice.

6.HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS
(i)The government launched a programme for pollution free zones and provides financial assistance to entrepreneurs. By inducing such assistance, Ms. A was induced to enter into entrepreneurship. This included in which category? Explain.
(ii)What are the basic differences between Maslows and McClellands Theory of needs?
(iii)“An entrepreneur who is fulfilling the ethics and moral responsibility towards society is an asset for society and should be survive and grow.” Explain.
(iv)“Many problems are bound to come in the path of progress, Ratan Tata shifted the manufacturing plant for Nano Cars from Singur to Sanand due to unforeseen complexities”. Which type of competency is shown here? Discuss.
(v)“Raju is a 16 year young boy, working hard to earn his living. He also tries to save some part of his earnings to acquire basic education”. He falls in which level of need as propounded by Maslow in his Motivational Theory?
Ans.(i) It is based on motivating factor, included in the category of Induced Entrepreneur. Induced Entrepreneurs:
• Induced entrepreneurs enter into entrepreneurship because of various governmental supports.
• Interested entrepreneurs get support from the government to set up of their new enterprises in terms of financial assistance (in the form of Grants and Aids) incentives, concessions and other facilities.
• Sometimes prospective entrepreneurs are induced or even forced by their special circumstance, such as loss of job or inability to find a suitable job according to their talent and merit to adapt to entrepreneurship.
(ii)


(iii) According to Prof. Robert Dahd, Ethics is an obligatory on the part of business enterprise to be a socially responsible as they primarily exist to benefit society. Mahatma Gandhi observed, “If God has given you more wealth it is for the welfare of others. Keep what you need and distribute rest among less fortunate brethren.”
The following are some ethical standards in their business practices like which is to be followed by an entrepreneur:
(а) Providing quality and correct quantity of goods to consumers.
(b) Paying adequate taxes to government.
(c) Giving true information to employee, bankers, consumers, creditors, government.
(d) Fair practices for promotion, compensation, lay-off, fringe benefits, other facilities.
(e) Give proper information to customers about dangers of using a product.
(f) Respect property rights.
(g) Keeping in mind the environmental issues during production.
(h) Paying the minimum and correct wages to the workers.
(i) Not to use child labour in their production.
(j) Judicious use of natural resources.
All those entrepreneurs who is following the ethics and moral responsibility towards society is an asset for society and should be survive and grow.
Examples of such entrepreneurs:
• Parker brothers withdrew its best selling toy, when children were chocked to death by swallowing some parts of the toy and remain successful for long term.
• Nandita Bijur owner of Uma Food Products, an enterprise worth several crores of rupees.
• Karsan Bhai Patel, creator of Nirma Washing powder.
• Dhirubhai Ambani most successful entrepreneur of the world.
Their ethical value system provided them with rational economic attitude and successful entrepreneurs of the world.
(iv) Type of competency is shown here is Problem Solving.
Competency relates to the type of behaviour exhibited in the performing of various tasks in the discharge of his functions. These competencies are latent in the entrepreneur, which need to be identified and acquire by which he should be able to face the problems with attention confidence and conviction. In the business world, problem solvers take risk but often create value by solving a problem related to, within a business or outside business like customer, market-key to creating a profitable enterprise. The more or larger problems an entrepreneurial organization solves, the more profit it can generate.
A business entrepreneur Ratan Tata is a person who had undertaken some effort with risk for the benefit of others. He was aware that, the venture he started was established on a new area and he has taken certain calculated risks, he was also aware
of, that many problems are bound to come in the path of progress, during that time only taken a firm decision and when any problems like unforeseen complexities had come in the path of progress, then only he had taken a firm decision and shifted the manufacturing plant for Nano Cars from Singur to Sanand.
It clearly shows that most of the entrepreneur identified and understand the problem, find more than one ways for solving problems and, look for alternative strategies or resources that would help to solve the problem, generate new ideas, products, services, etc. At last, He has taken an entrepreneurial action with systematic efforts to solve problems.
(v)Raju falls in Safety Needs as propounded by Maslow in his Motivational Theory. Reason: In the workplace this needs translates into a need for at least a minimal degree of employment security; the knowledge that we cannot be fired on a whim and that appropriate levels of effort and productivity will ensure continued employment.

7. APPLICATION BASED EXERCISE:
Ans. 1. Read the following story.
A young man was passing through a site of construction. He saw three labourers working at the site. He went to one of them and asked “What are you doing here?” The worker answered,
“Don’t you see? I am making out a living. I am working to earn.”
The young man moved towards the second man and asked him the same question. Pat came the reply “Don’t you see? I am constructing a wall”.
The young man moved towards the third man and repeated the same question.
The labourer replied “Don’t you see? I am building a beautiful mansion”.
Answer the following questions:
A.All the three were doing the same work, then what differentiates them?
B.What is important to do a piece of work effectively and efficiently?
C.Whose answer reflected a positive attitude?
Ans. A.Yes, all the three labourers were doing the same work, their attitude to work differentiated them.
B.Right attitudes are important for doing work efficiently and effectively. An entrepreneur should have a right and positive attitude.
C.The third labourer, when he replied that “he is building a beautiful mansion”. As his attitude was right and positive.

MORE QUESTIONS SOLVED [1 MARK]

I. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1.How can an entrepreneur be classified based on the type of business?
Ans. Depending on the nature, size and type of business, entrepreneurs are divided into the following categories:
1.Business Entrepreneur
2.Trading Entrepreneur
3.Industrial Entrepreneur
4.Corporate Entrepreneur
5.Agricultural Entrepreneur
6.Use of Technology:
(i) Technical Entrepreneur (ii) Non-technical Entrepreneur
7.Professional Entrepreneur
8.Motivational Entrepreneur:
(i) Spontaneous Entrepreneur (ii) Induced Entrepreneur
(iii) Motivated Entrepreneur

2.How do sometimes prospective entrepreneurs become induced entrepreneurs?
Ans. Sometimes prospective entrepreneurs are induced or even forced by their special circumstance, such as loss of job or inability to find a suitable job according to their talent.

3.What do you understand by Ethical Entrepreneurship?
Ans. Ethical Entrepreneurship is an amount to the achievement of ethical goals through entrepreneurship.

4.Maslow defines one of the needs in the need hierarchy “As the desire to become everything one is capable of becoming.” Identify and explain.
Ans. Self-actualisation needs refers to final stage under the need hierarchy model. It refers to self-fulfilment which means to become actualised in what one is potentially good and creative at. After his need is fulfilled a man has the desire for personal achievement. He want to do something challenging job, creative tasks, advancement opportunities and achievement in work. All those entrepreneurs who may achieve self-actualisation are called as a successful entrepreneur.

5.Give two examples of esteem needs.
Ans.(i) Self-respect (ii) Self-recognition (iii) Self-image

6.Give two examples of self-actualisation needs.
Ans. (i) Growth (ii) Self-fulfilment

7.Define psychological needs.
Ans. Psychological needs can be defined as the basic needs of the survival.

8.Give an example of security needs of an individual.
Ans. Job Security.

9.Which needs are referred to as ‘Belonging Needs’?
Ans. Sense of belongingness, affection.

10.Define Attitude.
Ans. It may be defined as the way a person feels about something—a person, a place, a commodity, a situation or an idea.

ll.Name two necessary backdrop for acquiring the sense of enterprise.
Ans. The entrepreneurial values and attitudes provide the necessary backdrop for acquiring the sense of enterprise.

12. Define Ethics.
Ans. Oxford definition of ethics:
“The characteristics, spirit and beliefs of community, people.”

13. Define Business Ethics.
Ans. These are principles which govern business activities and provide a code of conduct for the managers and other concerned.

14. What happens in the absence of entrepreneurial competencies?
Ans. In the absence of entrepreneurial competencies, the entrepreneur may be well oriented, but may not be successful in venture.

I5. What do you think creativity is an ability of an entrepreneur or an activity of an entrepreneur?
Ans. Creativity is not an activity but it is an ability to bring something new into existence and give some value to the product.

16.Who brings new things into existence?
Ans.An innovator brings new things into existence, he only converts an idea into reality.

17.State the importance of entrepreneurial values and attitudes.
Ans.The entrepreneurial values and attitudes provide the necessary backdrop for acquiring the sense of enterprise.

18.How an entrepreneur can develop the competency of creativity and innovation?
Ans.By continuous practice.

19.Name the highest need in Maslow’s hierarchy.
Ans.The highest need in Maslow’s hierarchy is that of self-actualization.

20.Name the lowest-level needs in Maslow’s hierarchy.
Ans.Physiological needs are deemed to be the lowest level needs in Maslow’s hierarchy.

21.Who are called inherited entrepreneurs?
Ans.Inherited entrepreneurs are those, who run the enterprise/firms which are passed from one generation to another. They inherit the family business.

22.Name the other term used for ‘Ethical Entrepreneurship.
Ans.Ethical Entrepreneur is also merge with the terms ‘Social Entrepreneurship’, ‘Social Corporate Entrepreneurship’ and ‘Corporate Social Responsibility’.

23.Who are called as Professional Entrepreneurs?
Ans.Professional entrepreneur first establish their business with a purpose and after that they sell it off to other to earn high amount of profit.

24.Name the entrepreneur who introduced the logo given and the idea behind the same.
Ans.Mahima Mehra started Hathi Chaap. It was totally a new venture where different raw materials were tried out to make hand-made paper. After researching a lot, they found that elephant dung had more fibre content which made it easy to make hand-made paper.

25.Name and explain the type of entrepreneur who seldom survive long.
Ans.Drone Entrepreneurs:
The fourth type is the Drone Entrepreneurs, who refuse to copy or use opportunities that come their way. They are conventional in their approach. They are not ready to make changes in their existing production methods even if they suffer losses. They resist changes. They may be termed as laggards. They are the type of entrepreneur who seldom survive long.

26.How the people with achievement motives are motivated?
Ans.People with achievement motives are motivated by:
(i) Standards of excellence, (ii) Delineated roles
(iii) Responsibilities and concrete, (iv) Timely feedback.

27.How the people with affiliation motives are motivated?
Ans.Those with affiliation motives are motivated by when they can accomplish things with people they know and trust.

28.How the people with power motives are motivated?
Ans.The power motive is activated when people are allowed to have an impact, impress those in power, or beat competitors.

29. “Passion can be taught.” This statement shows which attitude of an entrepreneur? What does this statement show?
Ans. This statement shows attitude of passion for the business.

30. Name the type of an entrepreneur who built the modern capitalism.
Ans. Innovative entrepreneurs who build the modern capitalism.

31. Name the competency which deals with the “Standards” and “Quality of work”?
Ans. Quality performance is the competency which deals with the “Standards” and “Quality of work”.

32. When do Fabian entrepreneur exhibit the property of imitative entrepreneur?
Ans. Fabian entrepreneur imitate only when they are sure that failure to do so would result in a loss of the relative position in the enterprise.

33. Which value enables an entrepreneur to develop a ‘mission’ concept which drives them to achieve their goal with clear vision?
Ans. Independence or ownership (self-reliance).

II. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [2/3 MARKS]

l. Who are Fabian Entrepreneurs? Give one example.
Ans. (i) Fabian entrepreneurs are very shy and lazy.
(it) They are very cautious and skeptical while practising any change.
(iit) Their dealings are determined by costumes, religion, tradition and past practices and experience.
(in) They do not venture or take risks. They are rigid and fundamental in their approach.
(v) They are second generation entrepreneurs in a family business enterprise. They follow the footsteps of their predecessors.
(ui) They imitate only when they are sure that failure to do so would result in a loss of the relative position in the enterprise.

2. Name few first generation entrepreneurs.
Ans. (i) Dhiru Bhai Ambani (Reliance)
(it) Naresh Goyal (Jet Airways)
(iii) N.R. Narayan Murthy (Infosys).

3. Who are called technical entrepreneurs?
Ans. Entrepreneurs have a science and technology background who is building a business where technology is core to the business. For example: N.R. Narayan Murthy (Infosys)

4. Define women entrepreneurs.
Ans. The Government of India has defined an enterprise owned and controlled by women having a minimum financial interest of 51 per cent of the capital and giving 51 per cent of the employment generated in the enterprise to women.

5. Who are called women entrepreneur?
Ans. Women entrepreneurs are those who belong to female sex. They establish a business enterprise, initiate it, organise all resources, operate and undertake risk and give contribution for the growth of the countries. They are generally found in developed and developing countries.

6. Why are innovative entrepreneurs generally aggressive?
Ans. Innovative entrepreneurs are generally aggressive. They believe in experimentation and attractive possibilities into practice. They are one who quickly introduces new products, new methods of productions and new technology and explore new markets.

7. Give common examples of unethical action performed by an enterprise or entrepreneur.
Ans. Some common examples of unethical action by an enterprise or an entrepreneur.
(i) Theft
(ii) Manipulating suppliers
(iii) Bribery
(iv) Embezzlement (v) Evading Taxes
(vi) Failure to withdraw a defective product from the market place (vii) Adulteration (viii) Stealing supplies (ix) Falsification

8. Name few institutions in India which are famous for giving away innovation awards.
Ans. In India few institutions like, Marico, manufacturers of Parachute hair oil, Saffola, Kaya Skin Clinic Industries have institutionalised innovation awards, where they receive 30-40 entries every year for innovations across the spectrum, including factories, brand, sales and HR, virtually covering the whole organisation.

9. When and by whom was Kinetic engineering Ltd. founded?
Ans. Kinetic Engineering Limited is the flagship company of Firodia Group of companies, one of the pioneering groups in automobiles in India, founded in 1972 by Mr. H.K. Firodia.

10. Name the model of bicycle introduced by Kinetic Engineering Ltd. through intrapreneurship.
Ans. The company encourages employees to use their time efficiently for innovation in its upcoming products. The Kinetic Zing model of bicycle was the idea of an employee working in the corporation.

11. Explain the consequences of not encouraging intrapreneurship with the help of an example.
Ans. The important consequences of not encouraging intrapreneurship:
(i) Employee may leave the job and may start his/her own business.
(ii) He may get frustrated.
(iii) He may sell his idea to a competitor.
(iv) He may not work with efficiency and will not work on time.
Example: A classic case of entrepreneurs is that of the founders of Adobe, John Warnock and Charles Geschke. They both were employees of Xerox. As employees they were frustrated because their new product ideas were not encouraged. They quit Xerox in the early 1980s to begin their own business. Currently, Adobe has an annual turnover of over $3 billion.

12. Name the Latin word for ‘motivation’.
Ans. The word ‘motivation’ has its origin in the Latin word ‘movere,’ meaning “to move.” Psychologically, it means an inner or environmental stimulus to action, forces or the factors that are responsible for initiation, sustaining behaviour.

13. List out the competencies and state which one is the most important and why.
Ans. Entrepreneurial competencies are as follows:
(a) Creativity and Innovation (b) Risk Taking and Risk Management
(c) Problem Solving (d) Leadership
(e) Persistence (f) Quality Performance
(g) Initiative (h) Information seeking
(i) Systematic Planning (j) Persuasion and Influencing Others
(k) Enterprising Launching Competencies
Persistence is one of the most important competencies because this quality enables the entrepreneur to continue with the task and also to fight against the difficulties and obstacles faced. Hard-work always leads to the success of the enterprise.

14.Name the person who introduced first motivational theory and when.
Ans. Motivation theory is being considered the first theory that is being recalled is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs which he has introduced in his 1943 article named as “A Theory of Human Motivation”. According to this theory, individual strives to seek a higher need when lower needs are fulfilled. Once a lower-level need is satisfied, it no longer serves as a source of motivation. Needs are motivators only when they are unsatisfied.

15.Why are imitative entrepreneurs are also revolutionary and important?
Ans. The imitative entrepreneurs are also revolutionary and important because they contribute to the development of underdeveloped economies. Example: The local mobile companies using the same technology as big companies to manufacture their products.

16. What do trading entrepreneurs do to promote their business?
Ans. They have to identify the potential market for his product in order to stimulate the demand and they push many ideas ahead of others in the form demonstration to promote their businesses.

17. What is the strength of industrial entrepreneur?
Ans. They have the ability to convert economic resources and technology into a profitable venture. For example: Enterprises like Hero Motorcorp and Hyundai Corporation.

18. Name the type of an entrepreneur who concentrate more on production than marketing.
Ans. The entrepreneurs who are technical by nature in the sense of having the capability of developing new and improved quality of goods and services out of their own knowledge, skill and specialisation are called a technical entrepreneur. They are essentially compared to craftsmen who concentrate more on production than marketing.

19. “Professional Entrepreneurs are dynamic in nature”. How?
Ans. Professional entrepreneurs make it their profession to establish business enterprises with a purpose, to sell them once they are established. He/she is always looking forward to develop alternative projects by selling the running business.
He is not interested in managing operations of the business established by him that is why they are called as dynamic entrepreneur.

20. Why can’t attitude he directly observed?
Ans. Attitude cannot be directly observed as it constitutes a psychological phenomenon. However, we may observe an attitude indirectly through observing its consequences. For example, if a person is highly productive, we may infer that he has a positive attitude towards his work.

21. Why do prospective entrepreneurs become induced?
Ans. Sometimes prospective entrepreneurs are induced or even forced by their special circumstance, such as loss of job or inability to find a suitable job according to their talent and merit to adapt to entrepreneurship.

III. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [4 MARKS]

l. What is the common value between Narayan Murthy and Steve Jobs? Explain.
Ans. Dynamic entrepreneurs are guided by the value of outstanding performance. It is the quest for outstanding performance on the part of Narayana Murthy that saw the emergence and speedy growth of Infosys.
Steve Jobs, case study always believed in outstanding performance, for example, when Apple phone was launched, he took great care to make the package eco-friendly and light weight with 3D (Three dimensional) images on it. Such was his dedication for extraordinary performance.
Challenges seem to stimulate and motivate entrepreneurs. As they have strong motivation to succeed, they value performance of a high order.
Thus the entrepreneur, due to his quest for excellence, is an “overcomer” who can resolve problems under pressure. They are persistent and hardworking when things go wrong.

2. Explain various features of attitude.
Ans. Features of attitude:
1. Attitude affects behaviour: People have a natural tendency to maintain consistency between attitude and behaviour. Attitudes can lead to intended behaviour if there is no external intervention.
2. It is invisible: It constitutes a psychological phenomenon which cannot be directly
: observed. However, we may observe an attitude indirectly through observing its
consequences. For example, if a person is highly productive, we may infer that he has a positive attitude towards his/her work.
3. Attitudes are acquired: Attitudes are gradually learnt over a period of time. The process of learning attitudes starts right from childhood and continues throughout the life of a person. However, in the beginning, the family members have a greater impact on the attitude of a child.
4. Attitudes are pervasive: They are formed in the process of socialisation and may relate to anything in the world. For instance a person may have positive and negative attitudes towards religion, politics, politicians or countries.

3. Give an example of unethical action performed by an employee of Satyam Computer Services.
Ans. Ramalinga Raju is a former Founder-Chairman of Satyam Computer Services which he founded in 1987 and chaired till January 7, 2009. Stepping down admitting to faking financial figures of the company to the tune of? 7,136 crore (approximately $1.5Billion USD), including ? 5,040 crore (approximately $1 Billion USD) of non-existent cash and bank balances. Raju resigned from the Satyam board after admitting to falsifying revenues, margins and over ? 50 billion of cash balances as the company.

4. “As entrepreneurs climb the ladder of success, they should not forget that for success to be long lasting they will have to follow some ethical standards in their business practices.”. Give some examples related to it.
Or
Give five examples of ethical standards to be followed by an entrepreneur in their business practices for long lasting success.
Ans. Some examples related to the ethical standards followed by an entrepreneur are as follows:
(a) Providing quality and correct quantity of goods to consumers.
(b) Keeping in mind the environmental issues during production.
(c) Paying the minimum and correct wages to the workers. id) Not to use child labour in their production.
(e) Judicious use of natural resources.

5. How has ethics become an essential element in entrepreneurship?
Ans. (a) Ethics corresponds to basic needs.
(b) Helps in better decision.
(c) Ethics and profit go together.
(d) Law cannot protect society, ethics can.
(e) Value create credibility with the public and employees.

6. Given below are examples of certain enterprises depending upon nature, size and type of business. Categorise them according to their type.
(a) Motor Vehicle Repair Garage
(b) Poultry farming
(c) Plastic products, jerycans, tarpaulins.
Ans. Motor Vehicle Repair Garage: Industrial Entrepreneur: Industrial entrepreneurs essentially manufacture products and offer services.
(а) Poultry Farming: Agricultural Entrepreneur:
Agricultural entrepreneurs are those who undertake agricultural as well as allied activities in the field of agriculture.
(b) Plastic product, jerycans, tarpaulins: Industrial Entrepreneur
Industrial entrepreneurs essentially manufacture products and offer services.

7. What are the main assumptions of Maslow’s theory of needs?
Ans. (i) Behaviour of all people is based on their needs. Satisfaction at each level will influence their behaviour.
(ii) Needs are always arranged in a hierarchical order, i.e. from lowest to highest.
(iii) A satisfied need can no longer motivate a person only next higher level need can motivate.
(iv) Next higher level movement of the hierarchy can only be possible, if the lower level need is satisfied.

8. Write down the features of innovative entrepreneurs.
Ans. Following are the main features of innovative entrepreneurs:
• They are one who quickly introduces new products, new methods of productions and new technology.
• They explore new markets and new sources of supply of raw-materials.
• They are generally aggressive in experimentation and put attractive possibilities into practice.
• They convert technical resources into economic performance and give new value to the product.
• They always apply new improvised techniques to provide better goods and services.
• They are generally found in developed countries.
• Example: Walt Disney who started huge theme parks such as the Disney Land.

9. Write down the features of Fabian entrepreneurs.
Ans. Following are the main features of Fabian entrepreneurs:
• They are shy, inactive and basically lazy and do not show any enthusiasm.
• They are not interested and willing to accept risk and likely to perform only such activities where success is guaranteed.
• They are also influenced by customs, traditions, religions and past experiences.
• Most of the time they adopt old age or traditional method of production.
• They are very cautious, timid and skeptical while practicing any change.
• They do not venture or take risks.
• They are rigid and fundamental in their approach.
• Usually, they are second generation entrepreneurs in a family business enterprise. They follow the footsteps of their predecessors.
• They are generally found in underdeveloped countries.

10. Write down the features of drone entrepreneurs.
Ans. Following are the main features of drone entrepreneurs:
• They are leggards as they continue to operate in their traditional way and resist change.
• These entrepreneurs are not interested in revising and to make changes in their existing production methods even if they suffer losses.
• They take least interest in finding out new resources, new methods or more time saving method and always refuse to copy or use opportunities that come their way.
• Most of the time they struggle to survive not to grow.
• They try to perform their functions in a routine manner.
• When their product looses marketability and their operations become uneconomical, they are pushed out of market.
• They do not survive for long period.
• They are conventional in their approach.

ll. Who are called first generation entrepreneurs?
Ans. First Generation Entrepreneurs are those, who start the business on the basis of his/ her innovative skills. With innovation, new and improved ideas they develop and use an innovative business plan. They always use the modern concept of marketing and create large number of customers by fulfilling and satisfying their demands. They can also compete fiercely by standing against those businesses who follow the traditional business norms. The first generation entrepreneur is driven by his own belief and he is the master of his own fate. They do not have any family entrepreneurial background prior to start his/ her own business venture. Entrepreneur is very innovative, decision-maker, risk-taker, leadership quality, etc.

12. What is corporate intrapreneurship? Give two examples.
Ans. Corporate intrapreneurship/intrapreneurship relates to the innovations of some companies or corporate ventures leading to establishment of new ventures, new subsidiaries or new divisions. It often happens that managers of some leading companies exhibit a sense of enterprise combining their resources, systems, in unusual ways to get new products, new ventures or to provide new services. Sometimes this is also called intrapreneurship.
Examples of intrapreneurship:
(a) A classic case of intrapreneurs is that of the founders of Adobe, John Warnock and Charles Geschke. They both were employees of Xerox. As employees of Xerox, they were frustrated because their new product ideas were not encouraged. They quit Xerox in the early 1980s to begin their own business. Currently, Adobe has an annual turnover of over $3 billion.
(b) Dr. Pavan Goenka, designed and gave a pattern of Scorpio model for M&M (Mahindra and Mahindra). He utilized his vast experience of working with General Motors (prior company) to redefine the model in a new car design and sure shot development of the company.

IV. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [6 MARKS]

l. What are the features of adaptive/imitative entrepreneurs?
Ans. Following are the main features of imitative or adaptive entrepreneurs:
• They have high level tendency to adopt knowledge and technology and innovation created by innovative entrepreneurs and implement them in their own ways.
• They are adaptive and more flexible.
• They are less creative and innovative but more active and hardworking.
• They are always interested to adopt used up ideas and carry on the business activities.
• Such entrepreneurs are found in developed and developing countries and called as a contributor of underdeveloped countries.
• Usually, they are second generation entrepreneurs in a family business enterprise.
Example: The local mobile companies using the same technology as big companies to
manufacture their products.

2. How are drone Entrepreneurs different from Fabian Entrepreneurs?
Ans.Basis Drone Entrepreneurs Fabian Entrepreneurs
Nature They are leggards as they continue to operate in their traditional way and resist change. They are shy, inactive and basically lazy and do not show any enthusiasm.
Functions They take least interest in finding out new resources, new methods. They try to perform their functions in a routine manner. They are not interested and willing to accept risk and likely to perform only such activities where success is guaranteed.
Period They seldom survive for a long period. They survive for a long period.
Flexibility They are not flexible. They are flexible to some extent.
Influence They are not influenced. They are influenced.
Countries They are generally found in developing countries. They are generally found in underdeveloped countries.
Generation They are fourth generation entrepreneurs in a family business enterprise. Usually, they are second generation entrepreneurs in a family business enterprise.

V. VALUE-BASED QUESTIONS

l. Abhishek is a renowned entrepreneur. Few workers in his organisation are too lazy and always try to show inability and unwillingness to take up any kind of new work given to them. As a manager, how would you motivate lazy employees?
Ans. As a manager, I will take the following steps to motivate these employees to accomplish the desired target of an organisation.
McClelland’s Acquired Needs Theory—needs are to some extent acquired and can therefore be influenced, just as several simultaneous needs influence a person’s behaviour.
• Start with some team building exercises.
• Without hiring an outside consulting company as they are costly and do not know your company the way you do. Get your employees involved in your decision-making process. They will feel happy and great with you and your company with full responsibility
v and work enthusiastically.
• As a group have your employees brainstorm ideas for workplace values and ethics. Then be sure they each have a copy of the values they come up with.
• Recognize their accomplishments and listen to their ideas. Give them awards for their accomplishments. Let them make the decision about who gets the award.
• Incentives: Offering incentives, be it in the form of cash bonuses, promotions or even physical rewards, is a great way to make them work and get your employees eager to meet their goals.
• Lead with trust: To get the best from his team members, the leader needs to have their trust. You must become that General and get your team to believe in whatever goals you set. Now, lead them into battle.
• Be Nice to People: Too many bosses think of their staff as numbers and robots instead of humans. Treat your team as you would your family and friends and you’ll see how quickly they respond and put their best feet forward.
• The above given techniques will be sufficient for Abhishek to motivate lazy employees.

2. Motivation can be defined as stimulating, inspiring and inducing the employees to perform
to their best capacity. Motivation is a psychological term which means it cannot be forced on employees or it comes automatically from inside the employee as it is the willingness to do the work. List the social motive behind entrepreneurial motivation.
Ans. Social motive behind entrepreneurial motivation are:
(z) Providing employment opportunities (ii) Optimal use of local resources (Hi) Sustainable development (iv) Visionary towards society (v) Making society more competitive.

3.“Babita and Co. started a leather factory near Kanpur. As an entrepreneur she always helps her employees and motivate them in different ways”. You are a senior manager in an organisation according to you what motivational technique would Babita take to achieve an objective of an organisation. Explain using Maslow’s theory of motivation.
Ans. Maslow’s theory relates motivation to a hierarchy of needs. At the bottom are essential physiological needs such as air, food, shelter and clothing. As individuals satisfy one level of need, their motivations change as they aspire to reach the higher order needs. Therefore, to motivate an individual Maslow suggests that it is necessary to know where within the hierarchy each employee is placed so that these factors can be taken into account. Within enterprise every employee is motivated to work through each of these levels.
For example:
(a) Physiological needs
• Enterprise can offers competitive salaries. This gives people the means to acquire the basic needs for living.
• Enterprise may provide different beneficial programme allows employees to choose those benefits that suit them. Like childcare vouchers, cash alternatives to company cars and discounted life assurance schemes, mediclaim policy, etc.
• It will help workers’ improve their standard of living and motivate them to be loyal to the company.
(b) Entrepreneur may provide safety needs
Babita, an entrepreneur, must value the safety of all employees.
• The company is committed to providing a safe and healthy work environment to prevent accidents. Each employees are accountable and responsible to take care for observing the health and safety rules and practices.
• An entrepreneur may check with range and working conditions of an employees (Part-time or full time). This helps employees to choose the best option for a healthy work-life balance.
(c) Social needs
These are associated with a feeling of belongingness.
• By providing compatible work group and friendship at work.
• Good communication and proper instruction keeps everybody focused on the company’s aims helps individuals contribute to the company’s K-Values.
• They include values such as being positive, seeing the best in people and recognising diversity. Babita can positively recognise and reward staff achievements.
• This helps strengthen teams and enhances workers’ sense of belonging.
Esteem or egoistic—a need both for self-esteem and the esteem of others, which involves self-confidence, achievement, competence, knowledge, autonomy, reputation, status and respect.
• Self-actualisation—Babita can provide employees with the opportunity to take on challenging job, creative task demands, advancement opportunities and stimulating responsibilities, achievement for work, etc.
The above given methods and motivational technique would help Babita to take firm decisions and to achieve an objective of an organisation and get entrepreneurial success.

4. Read the following case study and answer the following questions:
A young village boy, who wanted to compete the I.A.S. examination, could not succeed because he got ^stuck at the interview level. He opened an institute for aspiring youngsters. What started as a single teacher coaching center grew into a big education institute that provides tutorials to wide range of courses. The young manal who could not materialise his dream of becoming a civil servant, has become an entrepreneur in the field of education.
(a) Name the associated with the case study.
(b) Explain the value associated with.
Ans. (a) Independence or ownership (self-reliance).
(b) • Analysts of entrepreneurial processes have found that a very strong and positive ego drive is involved in the action plan of all significant entrepreneurial ventures.
• It enables them to develop a ‘mission’ concept which drives them to achieve their goal with a clear vision.
• They drive great satisfaction in their sense of ‘independence’ or ‘ownership’. Commitment, sense of complete identification, sincerity and hard work to achieve their ‘mission’ constitute the ingredients of the ‘ownership’ factor.

The post NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Entrepreneurship An Entrepreneur appeared first on Learn CBSE.

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Entrepreneurship chapter 3  Entrepreneurial Journey

TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS SOLVED

l.Answer the following in about 15 words:
(i)List the fields in which ‘Trailblazer’ has business strengths.
(ii)List the fields in which ‘Motivator’ has business strengths.
(iii)List the fields in which ‘Collaborator’ has business strengths.
(iv)List the fields in which ‘Diplomat’ has business strengths.
Ans.(i) The trailblazers business strengths include the medical, technology, finance, legal and consulting fields.
(ii)Motivators do well in business with partners, or in a business that involves others.
(iii)Collaborators are good at running customer service-oriented or retail businesses, or any business where being convincing is an important aspect of getting the job done, and done right.
(iv)The diplomats excel in retail or other people-oriented environments. Both outgoing and empathetic, they tend to be well-liked, but they sometimes have a hard time asserting them self and holding others accountable.

2.Answer the following in about 50 words:
(i)Describe the characteristics of a ‘go-getter’ type of personality.
(ii)What is brainstorming?
(iii)What do you mean by ‘Environment Scanning’?
(iv)What are focus groups?
(v)Explain ‘feasibility study’.
(vi)What do you think is the reason for failure of business plan execution?
Ans.(i) Go-getters
(a)have dominance and sociability,
(b)are very driven and independent,
(c)are competitive,
(d)have great deal of initiative,
(e)have sense of urgency to get things done,
(f)are good leaders and good managers,
(g)work well in ambitious and unfamiliar environments.
(ii)Brainstorming is a way of generating idea in which a group of persons sit together and generate a number of business ideas by innovating alternative ways of meeting the needs and solving problems.
(iii)Environment scanning means the screening of large amounts of information to detect emerging changes or trends. Information is scanned from news magazines, reviews, government and consumer publications, trade publications, commercials, etc. Lot of effort is put in but in the end it is energy well spent.
(iv)Focus groups is a way of generating idea in which the groups of individuals provide information about proposed commodity (good or service) in a structured setting. Group provides an excellent way to generate new ideas and to screen proposed ideas and concepts.
(v)Following are the types of feasibility study:
1.Market Feasibility: This involves a complete description of the industry, current situation of the market, anticipated future of the product, competition, sales projections, etc.
2.Technical Feasibility: This involves the issues like how to deliver a product or service, transportation, location of the enterprise, technological requirement, etc.
3.Financial Feasibility: It involves the issues like requirement of the start-up capital, seed capital, sources of capital, returns on investment, etc.
4.’ Organisational Feasibility: It involves the legal and corporate structure of the business, size of the venture, legal formalities and requirements, etc.
(vi)Many plans fail because of following reasons:
(a)Companies often fail to deliver on their promises.
(b)The strategy followed was wrong.
(c)Strategies not executed well.
(d)The failure to execute the plan.
(e)Ineffective linkage of strategy, people, and work processes.

3.Answer the following in about 75 words:
(i)What do you mean by ‘Opportunity Assessment’?
(ii)Why are feasibility studies more important?
(iii)Why do you think the role of family in an entrepreneur’s life is important?
Ans.(i) Opportunity Assessment includes in-depth review of business opportunity, market research, intellectual property analysis, opportunity development timing, legal liability issues, applications of the opportunity, barriers to entry, industry trends, growth potential, market positioning, competitive analysis, financial projections and pricing, resource requirement analysis and licensing, etc.
(ii)Following are the main features of feasibility study:
(a) Process: A feasibility study is a process in which an idea is studied to see whether it will work and if going to work then how it will work.
(b)Comprehensive: A feasibility study looks at the total structure, needs, requirements, operations of a business, etc.
(c)Specific: Feasibility study looks at one issue, i.e. specific task, program, idea, or problem.
(d)Pros and cons: A feasibility study looks at both sides, i.e. merits and demerits. It also takes into consideration potential problems.
(e)Foundation: A feasibility study serves as a foundation for developing a successful business plan.
(f)Essential requirement for loan: Lending financial institution require the feasibility study considering the proposal for loan by the entrepreneur.
(iii)(a)What family and friends think or opine about entrepreneurship has a crucial role to play.
(b)Besides, the view of the family, their support and the society with regard to failure is also a very important factor.
(c)Family’s support is very essential as the entrepreneur need to borrow initial finances from the family and friends.
(d)The family’s attitude towards education and other careers in fields like medicine, engineering, etc. are also likely to dominate the youth’s mindset towards entrepreneurship.
(e)A prospective bride-groom can also become a deciding factor, promoting or inhibiting entrepreneurship.

4.Answer the following in about 150 words:
(i)According to Dell, what was the final outcome of the study about women entrepreneurs.
(ii)Explain in detail any four entrepreneurial types.
(iii)Explain any four main sources of ideas.
(iv)Explain the types of feasibility study.
(v)Differentiate between feasibility study and business plan.
(vi)What purposes does a business plan serve?
Ans.(i) According to a new study commissioned by Dell in January 2012, the ideal country to be where a woman starting a business in 2012 could well be India. Women entrepreneurs in India anticipate, an average of 90 per cent over the next five years.
(ii)Following are the details of four types of entrepreneurs:
(a)Trailblazers: Trailblazers are:
1.very competitive
2.ambitious
3.goal-oriented
4.tend to be aggressive
5.sometimes take a steamroller approach
6.restless and energetic
7.a strong drive
8.sense of urgency
9.logical, analytical, practical and realistic
10.calculated risk takers
Trailblazers tend to have two speeds: fast and faster. They aren’t happy unless they are in charge. Trailblazers tend to take their decisions on facts rather than feelings. The trailblazers business strengths include the medical, technology, finance, legal and consulting fields. Trailblazers prefer being the driving force of a business.
(b)Go-getters
1.have dominance and sociability
2.are very driven and independent
3.are competitive
4.have a great deal of initiative
5.have sense of urgency to get things done
6.are good leaders and good managers
7.work well in ambitious and unfamiliar environments Go-getters represent the largest percentage of the founders.
Go-getters show a great deal of initiative, coupled with a compelling sense of urgency to get things done. Go-getters are typically good leaders and good managers, excelling at motivating themselves and those around them.
The go-getter’s business strengths could include doing well in retail, but may prefer being the outside rainmaker.
They work well in ambitious and unfamiliar environments. They can invest in, buy or start a business that’s totally new to you and still make a success of it. They don’t need to be an expert in the field to start the business, they are good collaborators and can learn as they go.
(c)Managers. The features of managers are:
1.dominant and independent
2.very goal-oriented
3.quite analytical
4.focusing more on processes and outcomes than on people
5.straightforward style of communication
6.have a higher-than-average level of relaxation
7.loyal, sometimes to a fault, as they consider their employees to be an extension of their family.
The manager’s business strengths are:
1.doing things on their own
2.they excel at competitive selling because they enjoy overcoming rejection and achieving goals.
3.they enjoy working by themselves. Managers excel at competitive selling because they enjoy overcoming rejection and achieving goals despite obstacles.
(d)Motivators. Motivators have following features: They:
1.have a high level of sociability.
2.have the ability to work well under pressure and in autonomous situations.
3.are great consensus builder and a good collaborator
4.are a driver of change
The motivator’s business strengths is:
1.Retail can be their game – or any environment where people are a large part of the equation.
2.They do well in any business that involves people, as long as it’s a somewhat non-confrontational environment.
3.They can be convincing and avoid most confrontations by creating a strong emotional argument.
4.They do well in the toughest of customer service roles, as they are able to see both sides of the argument.
Motivators tend to deal with the negative arguments by using the three F’s—feel, felt and found—saying, —I understand how you are feeling. In fact, I have felt the same way, but when I learned, what I found was (again, insert your point).
Motivators excel at leadership or sales.
Motivators do well in business with partners, or in a business that involves others.
(iii)The different structured approaches adopted to generate ideas are:
1.Environment Scanning: It means the screening of large amounts of information to detect emerging changes or trends. Information is scanned from news magazines, reviews, government and consumer publications, trade publications, commercials, etc. Lots of effort is put in but the end it is energy well spent.
2.Creativity and Creative Problem Solving: Creativity is the ability to combine ideas in a unique way or to make unusual associations between the ideas. It involves cross thinking by seeing new angles, connections and approaches. The role of creativity and creative problem solving for generating ideas is that a number of specific creative approaches can be used. For example attribute listing, free association, etc.
3.Brainstorming: Here a group of persons sit together and generate a number of business ideas by innovating alternative ways of meeting the needs and solving problems. A number of ideas are discussed and finally a concrete idea is the end result.
4.Focus Groups: In this way generating idea, the groups of individuals provide information about proposed commodity (good or service) in a structured setting. Here a moderator focuses the group discussion or issues are being examined. Such group can provide an excellent way to generate new ideas and to screen proposed ideas and concepts.
5.Market Research: This is a method of gathering information about products/ services that already exist in the market. Demand supply position for a particular product or service is studied in the market and based on it new ideas for products and services are obtained.
(iv)Following are the types of feasibility study:
1.Market Feasibility: This involves a complete description of the industry, current situation of the market, anticipated future of the product, competition, sales projections, etc.
2.Technical Feasibility: This involves the issues like how to deliver a product or service, transportation, location of the enterprise, technological requirement, etc.
3.Financial Feasibility: It involves the issues like requirement of the start-up capital, seed capital, sources of capital, returns on investment, etc.
4.Organisational Feasibility: It involves the legal and corporate structure of the business, size of the venture, legal formalities and requirements, etc.
(v)Following are the points of difference between Feasibility Study and Business plan:
(a)A feasibility study can be defined as a controlled process for identifying problems and opportunities, determining objectives, describing situations, defining successful outcomes, and assessing the range of costs and benefits associated with several alternatives for solving a problem. On the other hand, a Business Plan is a written summary of various elements involved in starting a new enterprise like arrangement of resources, mobilizing resources, etc. ib) The feasibility study can be completed prior to the business plan.
(c)The feasibility study helps determine whether an idea or business is a viable or not, whereas the business plan is developed after the business opportunity is created.
(d)A feasibility study is carried out to know if the business venture is worth the time, effort and resources while a business plan is made up of mostly tactics and strategies to be implemented in order to grow the business.
(e)A feasibility study can be converted to a business plan.
(f)The business plan is studied in terms of growth and sustainability whereas the feasibility study studied in terms of idea viability.
(vi)A business plan serves the following purposes:
(а)Blue print: It provides a blueprint of actions to be taken by the firm in future.
(b)Guidance: It guides the entrepreneur in raising and mobilising the factors of production.
(c)Organisation: It serves as a guide to the entrepreneur in organizing and directing the activities of the entrepreneurial venture.
(d)Progress: It helps in measuring the progress of the venture at various stages (e) Communication: It communicates to investors, lenders, suppliers, etc. initiating the programmes of the business.

5.Answer the following in about 250 words:
(i)Explain in detail the elements of business plan.
(ii)Although there is no singular process to manage the execution of a business plan, there are basic processes-and fundamentals to be followed. Enlist them.
(iii)Explain in detail any six problems faced by women entrepreneurs.
Ans.(i)Proposed Business Plan has the following parts:
1.General Introduction
(a)Name and address of business
(b)Name and address of entrepreneur
(c)Stakeholder of business
(d)Nature of business and customers
2.Business Venture
(a)Product(s) to be offered
(b)Service(s) to be offered
(c)Scale of business operation
(d)Type of technology used
(e)Type of skilled personnel required
3.Organized Plan
(a)Form of ownership, sole proprietorship, partnership or joint stock company
(b)Identification of business, associated partners/members, etc.
(c)Administrative structure
(d)Identification of management team
4.Production Plan
(а)Details of manufacturing process
(b)Physical infrastructure required
(c)Types of plant and machinery
(d)Raw materials to be used
(e)Requirement of power, water, etc.
5.Human Resource Plan
(а)Categories of human resources or staff required
(b)Human resource already identified
(c)Human resource required to be procured
(d)Time frame for procurement of human resource
6.Marketing Plan
(a)Products and services offered
(b)Pricing policies
(c) Promotional strategies
(d)Logistics for distribution
(e)Channels of distribution
7.Financial Plan
(a)Breakeven analysis
(b)Fixed capital requirements
(c)Working capital requirement
(d)Sources of capital
(e)Schedule of procurement of capital
(f)Schedule of procurement of asset
(h)Cash flow projection
8.Miscellaneous/Appendix
(a)Market research report
(b)Contract with venders
(c)Contract with financial institutions
(d)Type of business risk
(e)Contingency plan
(ii)Following processes and fundamentals to be followed for managing the execution of a business plan:
(a)Focus on Core competencies: Focusing on the core competencies, specific quantifiable goals to support the strategy must be drafted and formulated.
(b)Evaluation: The organization must be evaluated. It must ensure that the right people with the right skills are in the right jobs. It require reallocation of human
resources if required. Right number of employees in the various departments are to be appointed.
(c)Identification: Identification of the following is must—the key initiatives, broad actions that must be accomplished, transitional issues, or the gaps, between where you are today and where you plan to be. Every employee must understand his/ her individual role in accomplishing his/her aspect of the plan.
(d)Budget: Budget is to be prepared to support the plan.
(e)Communicate well: There is to be a effective way of giving the message out to the entire organization. Develop compensation and reward systems to support the future vision of the organization.
(f)Review process: Establishing a review process because the markets, customers, competitors, government regulations, economy, etc. evolve; some priorities, and possibly some goals, may change.
(iii)The following are some of the limitations faced by women entrepreneurs:
1.Patriarchal society: The gender bias exists in society and is due to the patriarchal attitude.
2.Lack of opportunities: In some area education still has not reached to every female, the lack of education is thus a barrier.
3.Enabling technologies for women: There is lack of more opportunities regarding new methods of production, marketing and other modern technologies for women.
4.Social barriers: In rural areas, more social barriers are faced. This is due to lack of education and positive legislation.
5.Attitude of creditors towards women: Women entrepreneurs suffer while raising and meeting the financial needs of their business. The society was slightly biased in their attitude towards women entrepreneurs.
6.Organised sector: The skilled women work more in the unorganised sector and hence does not get her due.

MORE QUESTIONS SOLVED

I. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [1 MARKS]
l.Does personality matter in becoming a successful entrepreneur?
Ans. Yes, successful entrepreneurs share a number of common features and these features are the predominant indicators of their success.

2.What are the benefits of choosing ventures that are in sync with the true personalities of the entrepreneur?
Ans. Such entrepreneur tend to experience the greatest level of success and fulfilment.

3.Who has the potential to grow a successful business?
Ans. Every person, has the potential to grow a successful business.

4.What does one need to determine for a successful entrepreneur?
Ans. One has to determine the right opportunity for becoming a successful entrepreneur.

5.What is needed to bridge the gap between who we are and what the opportunity requires?
Ans. Self-awareness.

6.Name the types of entrepreneurs.
Ans. Entrepreneurs can be divided into seven types:
1. Trailblazers 2. Go-getters
3. Managers 4. Motivators
5. Authoritarians 6. Collaborators
7. Diplomats

7.What are the two speeds of Trailblazers?
Ans. Trailblazers tend to have two speeds: fast and faster.

8. When are Trailblazers happy?
Ans. Trailblazers aren’t happy unless they are in charge.

9. What the Trailblazers tend to base their decisions on?
Ans. Trailblazers tend to take their decisions on facts rather than feelings.

10. What does the trailblazer’s business strengths include?
Ans. The trailblazers business strengths include the medical, technology, finance, legal and consulting fields.

ll. Why is a Trailblazer able to focus easily on marketing and operations?
Ans. Strong strategic thinking power enables the Trailblazer to focus easily on marketing and operations.

12. What is a challenge faced by the Trailblazers?
Ans. Their challenge faced is to be working with people as they are usually better leaders than managers.

13. What does Trailblazers prefer?
Ans. Trailblazers prefer being the driving force of a business.

14. What tasks are not normally taken by the Trailblazers? 
Ans. Trailblazers wouldn’t buy a franchise or distributorship.

15. When are Trailblazers highly innovative?
Ans. They are highly innovative, especially when it comes to taking an idea to the next level.

16. What makes the largest percentage of the founders?
Ans. Go-getters represent the largest percentage of the founders.

17. What does Go-getter’s business strength?
Ans. The Go-getter’s business strengths could include doing well in retail, but may prefer being the outside rainmaker.

18. Managers excel at competitive selling. Why?
Ans. Managers excel at competitive selling because they enjoy overcoming rejection and achieving goals despite obstacles.

19. How do the Motivators tend to deal with the most negative arguments?
Ans. Motivators tend to deal with the negative arguments by using the three F’s—feel, felt and found—saying,—I understand how you are feeling. In fact, I have felt the same way, but when I learned, what I found was (again, insert your point).

20. Motivators excel what?
Ans. Motivators excel at leadership or sales.

2I. Motivators do well in which business?
Or
List the fields in which ‘Motivator’ has business strengths.
Ans. Motivators do well in business with partners, or in a business that involves others.

22. What are motivators good at?
Ans. Motivators are good at nurturing relationships and do best in a business that involves keeping clients for the long term.

23. In what roles the Motivators do well?
Ans. Motivators do well in the toughest of customer service roles, as they are able to see both sides of the coin.

24. Give the examples of businesses that fit the authoritarians.
Ans. Dry cleaning stores, liquor or convenience stores where the need for the product or service is strong.

25. What does an Authoritarian see his customer as?
Ans. An Authoritarian see his customer as an extension of his family.

26. Why do Authoritarian dislike prospecting?
Ans. Authoritarian dislike prospecting as they are accommodating.

27. Till how long are the Authoritarian successful?
Ans. Authoritarian can be very successful as long as the organization is well-supported with advertising and marketing.

28. What is the difference between Collaborator and Authoritarian?
Ans. The difference between Collaborator and Authoritarian is that they have a personality gift called sociability.

29. What characteristics allows Collaborator and Authoritarian to use their influence?
Ans. Sociability allows to use their influence to get what they want.

30.Collaborators are good at what?
Ans. Collaborators are good at running customer service-oriented or retail businesses, or any business where being convincing is an important aspect of getting the job done right,

31. When does the collaborators do well?
Ans. Collaborators do well within structured environments where people are an element of success.

32. Collaborators can be great salesman. Why?
Ans. Collaborators can be great salesmen in a warm selling market because they use their sociability to sell their expertise.

33. What is the meaning of ‘warm selling’?
Ans. ‘Warm selling’ means that the collaborators bring the prospect to them, often through a letter or advertisement enticing the prospect to contact them for more information about their product or service.

34. What does ‘cold selling’ mean?
Ans. ‘Cold selling’ is the one that involves picking up the phone and dialling for dollars, or hitting the streets looking for prospects door to door.

35. Collaborators are not comfortable with what?
Ans. Collaborators aren’t comfortable with cold calling or pitching new ideas as they like to follow prescribed rules and guidelines.

36. Why the Diplomats work at their full capacity?
Ans. Diplomats work at full capacity because of their compliance and their need to do things right, their work at their full capacity.

37. Diplomats can experience difficulty in what?
Ans. Diplomats can experience difficulty in delegating details, but do a great job when they can do the work themselves.

38. What are the two important elements to success of Diplomats?
Ans. Sociability and drive in their personalities are two important elements to success.

39. What do you mean by Generating ideas?
Ans. Generating ideas is an innovative and creative process. In the process of generating ideas, ideas come from, ways to generate ideas and the role of structured approach, analysis and intuition.

40. What is Creativity?
Ans. Creativity is the ability to combine ideas in a unique way or to make unusual associations between the ideas.

4I. What is attribute listing?
Ans. Attribute listing is a method in which entrepreneur develops a new idea by looking at the positive or negative features of a product or a service.

42. What do you mean by free association?
Ans. Free association is a process whereby an entrepreneur develops a new idea through a chain of word associations, etc.

43. What is intuition?
Ans. Intuition is a cognitive process by which subconsciously decisions are made on the basis of accumulated or cumulative knowledge and experiences.

44. What is a Business Plan?
Ans. A Business Plan is a written summary of various elements involved in starting a new enterprise like arrangement of resources, mobilizing resources, etc.

45. What is the key to a successful execution?
Ans. The key to a successful execution is alignment.

46. What is the ray of hope with respect to the women entrepreneurs?
Ans. The ray of hope is that rate at which women entrepreneurs are growing is slowly increasing.

II. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [2/3 MARKS]

l.What is Nandita’s advice to new entrepreneurs?
Ans. Nandita’s advice to new entrepreneurs is—
1.Don’t give up. Keep at it to succeed.
2.Pay the creditors, suppliers and vendors on time. It builds credibility.
3.Treat employees like family. If employees are happy, one’s business will be successful.

2. What are Go-Getters excellent in?
Ans. Go-Getters show a great deal of initiative, coupled with a compelling sense of urgency to get things done. Go-Getters are typically good leaders and good managers, excelling at motivating themselves and those around them.

3.In which environment the Go-getters work well?
Ans. They work well in ambitious and unfamiliar environments. They can invest in, buy or start a business that’s totally new to you and still make a success of it. They don’t need to be an expert in the field to start the business, they are good collaborators and can learn as they go.

4.What are manager’s business strength?
Ans.The manager’s business strengths are:
(a)Doing things on their own.
(b)They excel at competitive selling because they enjoy overcoming rejection and achieving goals.
(c)They enjoy working by themselves.

5.Give the characteristics of Motivators.
Ans.Motivators have following features: They—
(a)have a high level of sociability.
(b)have the ability to work well under pressure and in autonomous situations.
(c)are great consensus builder and a good collaborator.
(d)are a driver of change.

6. What are authoritarians’ business strength?
Ans. The authoritarians’ business strengths are:
(i)They often refer to themselves as—accidental entrepreneurs, because they may end up running a business that was never part of their original plan.
(ii)They’re best served by going into a business that embraces their level of expertise or allows them to develop a new level of expertise.

7.What are the main features of Collaborators?
Ans.The main features of collaborators are to:
(i)relish the people’s side of business.
(ii)benefit from having a partner who is more aggressive about developing new business.
(iii)follow prescribed rules and guidelines.
(iv)are good at running customer service-oriented or retail businesses.

8. Diplomats excel in which business and why?
Ans. The diplomats excel in retail or other people-oriented environments. Both outgoing and empathetic, they tend to be well-liked, but they sometimes have a hard time asserting themself and holding others accountable.

9.What does diplomats need to successfully leading a company?
Ans.To lead a company successfully, diplomats need—
(i)to hire stronger, more result-oriented personalities,
(ii)to be sure that deadlines are met,
(iii)commitments be fulfilled and staff members follow them through doing duties.

10. What is the role of intuition in generating ideas?
Ans. Intuition is a cognitive process by which subconsciously decisions are made on the basis of accumulated or cumulative knowledge and experiences. Intuition can be a powerful source of new ideas if you learn to use it. It provides an idea that is based on the idea of coming out and taking a viable form.

ll. What is the Feasibility Study?
Ans. According to Centre for Entrepreneurship at University of Rochester:
“A feasibility study can be defined as a controlled process for identifying problems and opportunities, determining objectives, describing situations, defining successful outcomes, and assessing the range of costs and benefits associated with several alternatives for solving a problem.”

12. What does Opportunity Assessment include?
Ans. Opportunity Assessment include in-depth review of business opportunity, market research, intellectual property analysis, opportunity development timing, legal liability issues, applications of the opportunity, barriers to entry, industry trends, growth potential, market positioning, competitive analysis, financial projections and pricing, resource requirement analysis and licensing, etc.

13. Do all business units need to prepare a business plan and will the plan vary depending on the size of the unit?
Ans. Not necessarily that all business units require a business plan.

But the plan size will vary from one unit to another depending on the nature of the enterprise. For example, for a new manufacturer of computer, would definitely need a comprehensive business plan, whilst for an entrepreneur who will be opening a small stationery shop would not need a detailed business plan.

14. What does a Business plan must define?
Ans. The plan must define the objectives, strategies, customer scenario, market segments, products and services to be offered, sales forecast and steps required to attain the objectives.

15. What does a Business plan must describe?
Ans. The plan should describe distribution systems, promotional activities and pricing decisions.

III. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [4 MARKS]

l.What are the motivator’s business strength?
Ans.The motivator’s business strength is:
(i)Retail can be their game or any environment where people are a large part of the equation.
(ii)They do well in any business that involves people, as long as it’s a somewhat non- confrontational environment.
(iii)They can be convincing and avoid most confrontations by creating a strong emotional argument.
(iv)They do well in the toughest of customer service roles, as they are able to see both sides of the argument.

2.Describe the importance of evaluating ideas.
Ans.Idea evaluation is an important step in researching the venture’s feasibility because of the following reasons:
1.Helps in deciding what is important: Idea evaluation forces the entrepreneur to decide what is important to the successful venture, which the entrepreneur is undertaking.
2.Helps to identify strengths and weaknesses of the idea: By evaluating the strengths and weakness of each idea, the entrepreneur identifies and assesses the strong and weak points. By this one gets information which helps to make a better decision.
3.Helps to make the best use of limited resources: It provides an idea about limited resources at disposal. Mostly entrepreneurs have limited resources in the form of money, time, people, etc. They can make sure that their choices make the best use of the available limited resources.
4.Helps to minimize risks while maximizing return:   Every entrepreneur like to have the least uncertainty or risk while getting the return from entrepreneurial decisions and actions. An entrepreneur puts in the effort to evaluate potential of the venture undertaken for maximizing the possible returns.

3.What do you think is the reason for failure of business plan execution?
Or
Why many plans fail?
Ans. Many plans fail because of the following reasons:
(a) Companies often fail to deliver as per their promises.
(b) The strategy followed was wrong.
(c) Strategies are not executed well.
(d) The failure to execute the plan.
(e) Ineffective linkage of strategy, people, and work processes.

4.What is the role of society and family in the growth of an entrepreneur?
Or
Why do you think the role of family in an entrepreneur’s life is important?
Ans.(i)What family and friends think or opine about entrepreneurship has a crucial role to play.
(ii)Besides, the view of the family, their support and the society with regard to failure is also a very important factor.
(iii)Family’s support is very essential as the entrepreneur needs to borrow initial finances from the family and friends.
(iv)The family’s attitude towards education and other careers in fields like medicine, engineering, etc. are also likely to dominate the youth’s mindset towards entrepreneurship.
(v) A prospective bridegroom can also become a deciding factor, promoting or inhibiting entrepreneurship.

5. What challenges do the woman entrepreneurs need to overcome?
Ans. Woman entrepreneurs need to overcome the following challenges:
(а)Responsibility towards family, society and huge workload.
(b)Tough resistance from men.
(c)Women are considered as helpers.
(d)The attitude of society towards women.
(e)Constraints in which women have to live and work are not very conducive.

IV.LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [6 MARKS]

l.What are the main features of Authoritarians?
Ans. Authoritarians:
(i)are loyal workers who make the world function.
(ii)make their products, service their systems, and always do it right.
(iii)can be an excellent distributor, franchisee or owner of an existing business.
(iv)can do well when they purchase an ongoing operation.
(v)are detail and tactic-oriented.
(vi)are motivated by doing things one-way-the right way.
(vii)are very conscientious and cooperative, following rules, procedures and policies carefully.
{viii)are cautious, deliberate, logical and analytical.
They are also relaxed, patient and accommodating by nature, and are a great team player who tends to avoid confrontation.

2.Give the main characteristics of Diplomats.
Ans. Diplomats:
(i)are restless and enjoy working under a certain amount of pressure.
(ii)get things done quickly and work well with deadlines.
(iii)adjust easily to change and deal well with new situations.
(iv)have a high sense of urgency and like variety,
(v)work at their full capacity
(vi)they do multitask and keep a variety of jobs going at once.

3.Give and explain the misconceptions about great idea.
Ans. The misconceptions about great idea are:
1.Great ideas just appear out of nowhere: It’s not true as the best idea generators tend to do so in a structured systematic way. They don’t wait for the things to happen.
2.There are no illogical ideas: The reality is that, many ideas may not be very good, though to prevent others from feeling that their contribution are not valued; the belief is that, all ideas should be approached as worthy.
3.The customer will tell you what to do if you will only listen: Although customers can help identify unmet needs, they require more involvements in making a great idea workable than simply listening to the customers.
4.We can generate all the ideas we will ever need if we sit down at a meeting-Generating great ideas is not restricted to a meeting but are best shaped through an ongoing dialogue.
5.Great ideas aren’t the problem; implementing them is: The reality is that, problems with implementation arise from not screening carefully enough, the ideas that are generated.

4.Describe the ways to generate ideas.
Or
Describe the various structured approaches adopted to generate ideas.
Or
Explain any four main sources of ideas.
Ans. The different structured approaches adopted to generate ideas are:
1.Environment Scanning: It means the screening of a large amounts of information to detect emerging changes or trends. Information is scanned from news magazines, reviews, government and consumer publications, trade publications, commercials, etc. Lot of effort is put in but in the end it is energy well spent.
2.Creativity and Creative Problem Solving: Creativity is the ability to combine ideas in a unique way or to make unusual associations between the ideas. It involves cross thinking by seeing new angles, connections and approaches. The role of creativity and creative problem solving for generating ideas is that a number of specific creative approaches can be used. For example attribute listing, free association, etc.
3.Brainstorming: Here a group of persons sit together and generate a number of business ideas by innovating alternative ways of meeting the needs and solving problems. A number of ideas are discussed and finally a concrete idea is the end result.
4.Focus Groups: In this way if generating idea the groups of individuals provide information about proposed commodity (good or service) in a structured setting. Here a moderator focuses the group discussion or issues are being examined. Such group can provide an excellent way to generate new ideas and to screen proposed ideas and concepts.
5.Market Research: This is a method of gathering information about products/services that already exist in the market. Demand supply position for a particular product or service is studied in the market and based on it new ideas for products and services are obtained.

5.How is feasibility study important to the entrepreneurs?
Ans.The information gathered and presented in a feasibility study will help entrepreneurs to:
• List in detail all the things they need to make the business work;
• Identify logistical and other business-related problems and solutions;
• Develop marketing strategies to convince a bank or investor that their business is worth considering as an investment; and
• Serve as a solid foundation for developing their business plans.
Even if entrepreneurs have a great business idea they still have to find a cost-effective way to market and sell their products and services.For example, most commercial spaces lease place restrictions on businesses that can have a dramatic impact on income. A lease may limit business hours/days, parking spaces, restrict the product or service that can be offered in some cases, even limit the number of customers a business can receive each day.

6.List the features of feasibility study.
Or
Why are feasibility studies more important?
Ans.Following are the main features of feasibility study:
(i)Process: A feasibility study is a process in which an idea is studied to see whether it will work and if going to work then how it will work.
(ii)Comprehensive: A feasibility study looks at the total structure, needs, requirements, operations of a business, etc.
(iii)Specific: Feasibility study looks at one issue, i.e. specific task, program, idea, or problem.
(iv)Pros and cons: A feasibility study looks at both sides, i.e. merits and demerits. It also takes into consideration potential problems.
(v)Foundation: A feasibility study serves as a foundation for developing a successful business plan.
(vi)Essential requirement for loan: Lending financial institution requires the feasibility study considering the proposal for loan by the entrepreneur.

7.Give an outline of a good feasibility study.
Ans. Following is an outline of a good feasibility study:
(a)Introduction (b)Product or Service
(c)Technology (d)Market Environment
(e)Competition (f)Industry
(g)Business Model (h)Market and Sales Strategy
(i)Production Operations Requirements (j)Management and Personnel Requirements
(k)Regulations and Environmental Issues (l)Critical Risk Factors
(m)Financial Predictions Including: Balance Sheet, Income Statement, Cash Flow Statement, Break Even Analysis and Capital Requirements
(n)Conclusion.

8.What purposes are fulfilled by a Business Plan?
Ans.A business plan serves the following purposes:
(a)Blue print: It provides a blueprint of actions to be taken by the firm in future.
(b)Guidance: It guides the entrepreneur in raising and mobilising the factors of production.
(c)Organisation: It serves as a guide to the entrepreneur in organizing and directing the activities of the entrepreneurial venture.
(d)Progress: It helps in measuring the progress of the venture at various stages.
(e)Communication: It communicates to investors, lenders, suppliers, etc. initiating the programmes of the business.

9. Give the main elements of a proposed business plan.
Or
Explain in detail the elements of business plan.
Ans. Proposed Business Plan has the following parts:
1.General Introduction
(a)Name and address of business (c)Stakeholder of business
(b)Name and address of entrepreneur (d)Nature of business and customers
2.Business Venture
(a)Product(s) to be offered (b) Service(s) to be offered
(c)Scale of business operation (d) Type of technology used
(e)Type of skilled personnel required
3.Organised Plan
(а)Form of ownership, sole proprietorship, partnership or joint stock company
(b)Identification of business, associated partners/members, etc.
(c)Administrative structure
(d)Identification of management team
4.Production Plan
(a)Details of manufacturing process (b)Physical infrastructure required
(c)Types of plant and machinery (d)Raw materials to be used
(e)Requirement of power, water, etc.
5.Human Resource Plan
(a)Categories of human resources or staff required
(b)Human resource already identified
(c)Human resource required to be procured
(d)Time frame for procurement of human resource
6.Marketing Plan
(a)Products and services offered (b)Pricing policies
(c)Promotional strategies (d)Logistics for distribution
(e)Channels of distribution
7.Financial Plan
(a)Breakeven analysis (b)Fixed capital requirements
(c)Working capital requirement (d) Sources of capital
(e)Schedule of procurement of capital (f)Schedule of procurement of asset
(h)Cash flow projection
8.Miscellaneous/Appendix
(a)Market research report (b)Contract with venders
(c)Contract with financial institutions (d)Type of business risk
(e)Contingency plan

The post NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurial Journey appeared first on Learn CBSE.

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Entrepreneurship Chapter-4 Entrepreneurship as Innovation and Problem Solving

TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS SOLVED.

1.Answer each of these questions in about 15 words:
(i)Name any two institutions involved in Entrepreneurship Development Program.
(ii)Who is a social entrepreneur?
(iii)What are insurable risks?
(iv)What are non-insurable risks?
(v)What is economic barrier?
(vi)Give an example of a social entrepreneur.
Ans.(i) 1. National Institute for Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development (NIESBUD).
2.Indian Institute for Entrepreneurship.
3.National Institute for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (NIMSME).
(ii)According to Martin and Osberg, “The Social Entrepreneur aims for value in the form of large-scale transformational benefit that accrues either to a significant segment of society or to society at large.” Moreover, “The social entrepreneur targets his/her programs at the underserved, neglected, or highly disadvantaged population that lacks the financial means or political clout to achieve the transformative benefit on its own.”
(iii)These are the risks which are related to life and property against fire, theft, accidents, etc. They are covered and protected by insurance.
(iv)These are the risks whose probability cannot be determined and which cannot be insured against. For example: Fluctuations in price and demand. These are further divided into two types
(a)Internal Risks: Those risks which arise from the events taking place within the business enterprise.
(b)Business risks: These are of a diverse nature and arise due to innumerable factors. These risks can be insurable or non-insurable.
(v)The factors of production land, labour, capital, material, etc. contribute equally towards the development of entrepreneurship in any country. If all the factors are readily available to the entrepreneurs, then entrepreneurship is naturally promoted and developed. But if any of the factor of production are not available or not readily available or available in inadequate quality and quantity, they can become barriers to entrepreneurship.
(vi)(a)Vinoba Bhave: He was the founder of the Bhudaan Andolan, which resulted in redistribution of more than 7,000,000 acres of land to aid India’s untouchables and landless.
(b)Ela Bhatt: She founded Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) in 1972 is a trade union of poor, unorganised, self-employed women who work as vendors, hawkers and labourers.

2.Answer each of these questions in about 50 words:
(i)What is business incubation?
(ii)Explain business intelligence.
(iii)List two examples of incubation centres in India
(iv)Write about any two innovations which led to entrepreneurial ventures.
(v)Differentiate between social entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship.
Ans.(i)Business incubation are programs designed to support the successful development of entrepreneurial ventures through an array of business support resources and services, developed and orchestrated by incubator management and offered both in the incubator and through its network of contacts. Business support resources and services comprises of providing physical space, capital, coaching, networking connections, etc.
(ii)Business intelligence is the ability of an organization to collect, maintain, and organize data.
(iii)NZTE, Technology NZ.
(iv)(a) Potato Chips:
Aim: George Crum, a chef at the Carey Moon Lake House was trying to make a plate of fried potato.
Creation: One day, a customer repeatedly sent back the plate of potatoes for more frying and having thinner fried potatoes. In anger Crum sliced the potatoes insanely thin and fried them until they were hard as a rock. On serving it to the customer, the customer loved it and wanted more. This is how potato chips came into existence.
(b)The Pacemaker:
Aim: John Hopps, an electrical engineer was trying to use radio frequency heating to restore body temperature.
Creation: During his experiment, he realized that if a heart stopped beating due to cooling, it could be made to beat again by artificial stimulation. This led to the creation of pacemaker.
(v)Following is the difference between Entrepreneurship and Social Entrepreneurship:
(a)The entrepreneur’s final objective is wealth creation but for the social entrepreneur, wealth creation is simply a means to an end.
(b)The entrepreneur participates in entrepreneurial venture with the aim of earning profit. On the other hand, the social entrepreneur participates in profit seeking business ventures if only to use the profits generated to create valuable social programs for the whole community.
(c)Entrepreneur has individual motive of self-development whereas social entrepreneur has the motive of societal development.

3.Answer each of these questions in about 75 words:
(i)What is cloud computing?
(ii)How did KFC begin its operations?
(iii)Explain the various external factors which lead to business risk?
(iv)Enumerate three ways as to how incubators help start-ups get funding.
Ans.(i)The origin of the term cloud computing appears to be derived from the practice of using drawings of stylized clouds to denote networks in diagrams of computing and communications systems. The word cloud is used as a metaphor for the internet, based on the standardized use of a cloud-like shape to denote a network.
Cloud computing helps the firms to upload all its data on to a cloud and then it can be
used it remotely wherever it is required.
(ii)In 1930, Sanders was operating a service station in Corby, USA and he observed that travellers who stopped for gas were normally hungry and they wanted to eat something. Sanders saw and understood the problem. He knew how to cook, and so he cooked chicken recipe for the travellers. This spicy chicken receipe became super hit among travellers. This prompted him to start a restaurant which was beginning of the world famous fast food chain “KFC – Kentucky Fried Chicken”.
(iii)The various external factors which may give rise to such risks are as follows:
1.Economic factors: These arise due to prevalent economic condition and changes in the prevailing market conditions. These can be of following types:
(a)changes in demand
(b)price fluctuations
(c)changes in tastes and preferences of the consumers
(d)changes in income, output or trade cycles
(e)increased competition for the product
(f)inflationary tendency in the economy
(g)rising unemployment
(h)fluctuations in world economy
For example: Audio cassette player to CD player
2.Natural factors: These are the unforeseen natural calamities like earthquake, flood, famine, cyclone, lightening, etc. These may cause loss and damage to life and property. Entrepreneurs have very little or no control. For example, the land slide in Uttarakhand damaged the business and have adversely affected the whole economy of the State.
3.Political factors: These are due to political changes in a country like
(a)fall or change in the Government,
(b)communal violence
(c)civil war
(d)hostilities with the neighbouring countries.
(e)changes in Government policies and regulations
4.Change in taste and preference: Tastes change with the change of time and factors.
For example: Earlier home made food was preferred and fast food was considered as luxury. In the present scenario, there has been an increase for the liking towards fast food.
(iv)Incubators help the companies/firms to secure capital in the following ways:
(a)Helps in connecting companies with angel investors (high-net-worth individual investors).
(b)Working with companies to perfect venture capital presentations and connecting them to venture capitalists.
(c)Helping and guiding companies in applying for loans.
(d)Helping and guiding companies in accessing government agency.

4.Answer each of these questions in about 150 words:
(i)Explain the various internal factors which lead to business risk?
(ii)Explain in detail the personal barriers.
(iii)Explain.
(a)Smart, (b)Explain Information Collection as new business forms.
Ans.(i)Every business organization contains various risk elements while doing the business.
Business risks implies uncertainty in profits or danger of loss and the events that could pose a risk due to some unforseen events in fugure, which causes business to fail. The Business risk is classified into different 5 main types:
1.Strategic Risk: They are the risks associated with the operations of that particular industry. These kind of risks arise from
• Business Environment: Buyers and sellers interacting to buy and sell goods and services, changes in supply and demand, competitive structures and introduction of new technologies.
• Transaction: Assets relocation of mergers and acquisitions, spin-offs, alliances and joint ventures.
• Investor Relations: Strategy for communicating with individuals who have invedted in the business.
2.Financial Risk: These are the risks associated with the financial structure and transactions of the particular industry.
3.Operational Risk: These are the risks associated with the operational and administrative procedures of the particular industry.
4.Compliance Risk (Legal Risk): These are risks associatd with the need to comply with the rules and regulations of the government.
5.Other Risks: There would be different risks like natural disaster(floods) and others depend upon the nature and scale of the industry.
(ii)Following are the personal barriers to entrepreneurship:
1.Perceptual: Perceptual barriers that can adversely affect the progress of an entrepreneur and the enterprise. Lack of proper knowledge, lack of clear vision, misunderstanding of a situation, etc. can result in a faulty decisions. These features leave the entrepreneur with limited options and stubbornness in the decisions.
2.Motivational: Regular motivation is an essential for keeping the same tempo in the enterprise. Lack of motivation becomes a strong barrier to entrepreneurship. Many entrepreneurs start with enthusiasm, but when they face some difficulties in the execution of their plans, they lose motivation.
(iii)(a)Smart Mobility: Those devices which are mobile help in the growth of business.
Smart mobility is changing the way people interact. Smart devices have become a part of our lives. It includes Mobiles, smart phones, I-pads, I-phones, etc.
In the last quarter of 2010, sales of smart phones overtook the sale of Personal Computers for the first time.
• By 2014, more smart devices could be used to access the internet than traditional computers.
• More mobile world is creating new players and new opportunities for a variety of industries.
• Smart mobility will enable firms to profit more quickly from new technology.
(b)Need of customer detail: In order to attract a customer, the entrepreneurs have
to know the customer in detail so that they can know about those customers who are loyal to their product and the company. ,
Understanding taste and preference of customers: Information collected about the customers related to age, regularity of customer to the shop, preference of purchase, etc. enable the firm to understand the taste and preference of the customer so that customer services can be improved in a better way. Competition: Firms are now competing on analytics to differentiate themselves. The growing number of methods of data collection, growing number of data collecting firms, ways of analysis are generating immense quantities of information.

5.Answer each of these questions in about 250 words:
(i)Enumerate the characteristics of social entrepreneurs.
(ii)Explain in detail three new forms of business which is created because of technological changes.
(iii)Explain ‘barriers to entrepreneurship’.
Ans.(i)Social entrepreneurs have following characteristics:
1.Social Catalysts: Social entrepreneurs are the visionaries who create fundamental, social changes by reforming social systems and creating sustainable improvements. Their efforts and actions have the potential to bring global improvements in the various fields like education, health care, economic development, the environment, the arts, etc.
2.Socially aware: Social improvement, is the ultimate goal of the social entrepreneurs. The success of their efforts is measured by their social changes and impact on various social groups of the society.
3.Opportunity-seeking: Social entrepreneurs view every obstacle as an opportunity. They develop their business on the same grounds.
4.Innovative: Social entrepreneurs are creative, willing to think differently and ready to apply ideas to new situations. They see failures as learning opportunities.
5.Resourceful: Social entrepreneurs’ visions are not limited by the resources which they acquire or have but they actively expand their resource pool through positive collaboration with others.
6.Accountable: Social entrepreneurs are accountable to their beneficiaries like customers, investors, etc. and they often take measures to keep themselves on the right track by asking themselves,—Am I creating value for the people I am serving? Do I understand their needs?
(ii)(A)Business intelligence: Sales data during an off season discount produces
large amounts of information. This can be use for developing new opportunities. Implementing an effective strategy for the new opportunity for gaining competitive edge and having long-term stability.
The importance of business intelligence is as follows:
(a)Strategy: Business intelligence is used to make better strategic decisions.
(b)Data: Business intelligence, enables organizations to gather quantifiable data on each area of the organization.
(c)Analysis: Business intelligence, enables organizations to analyse data in a way that yields information they can act on.
(d)Efficiency: It helps firms to enhance decision-making, improve performance
and mitigate risk.
(B)Smart Mobility: Those devices which are mobile help in the growth of business. Smart mobility is changing the way people interact. Smart devices have become a part of our lives. It includes mobiles, smart phones, I-pads, I-phones, etc.
• In the last quarter of 2010, sales of smart phones overtook the sale of Personal computers for the first time.
• By 2014, more smart devices could be used to access the internet than traditional computers.
• More mobile world is creating new players and new opportunities for a variety of industries.
• Smart mobility will enable firms to profit more quickly from new technology.
(iii)(a)Environmental Barriers to Entrepreneurship Following are the environmental barriers:
1.Economic: The factors of production land, labour, capital, material, etc. contribute equally towards the development of entrepreneurship in any country. If all the factors are readily available to the entrepreneurs, then entrepreneurship is naturally promoted and developed. But if any of the factor of production are not available or not readily available or available in inadequate quality and quantity, they can
2.Social: Sociological factors such as religion, caste structure, age groups, standard of living, mobility of labour, cultural heritage, respect for senior citizens, values, etc. have a deep impact on business. In India, attitudes have changed with respect to food and clothing, due to changes in educational pattern, rise in standard of living, increase in literacy rate among men and women, employment of women in factories and offices, etc. Due to it there is growth of food processing and garment manufacturing units.
3.Cultural: Every society has its own culture, cultural values, customs, beliefs and norms. If the culture of a society is encouraging creativity and risk-taking, entrepreneurship gets encouragement leading to development.
4.Political: Political factor provides the legal framework for the functioning of the enterprises in the economy. Political environment poses challenge in front of entrepreneurs. Political environment is affected by political parties, stability of the government, government’s interference in business world, taxation and subsidies policies, etc.
(b)Personal barriers. Following are the personal barriers to entrepreneurship:
1.Perceptual: Perceptual barriers that can adversely affect the progress of an entrepreneur and the enterprise. Lack of proper knowledge, lack of clear vision, misunderstanding of a situation, etc. can result in a faulty decisions. These features leave the entrepreneur with limited options and stubbornness in the decisions.
2.Motivational: Regular motivation is an essential for keeping the same tempo in
the enterprise. Lack of motivation becomes a strong barrier to entrepreneurship. Many entrepreneurs start with enthusiasm, but when they face some difficulties in the execution of their plans, they lose motivation.

6. HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS
Application based exercise:
Explain the success story of Lijjat Papad.
Ans.Lijjat Papad
• Started with a loan of? 80, the cooperative now has annual sales exceeding ? 301 crore.
• Lijjat was the brain child of seven Gujarati women from Bombay (now Mumbai).
• The women lived in Lohana Niwas, a group of five buildings in Girgaum. They wanted to start a venture to create a sustainable livelihood using the only skill they had i.e. cooking.
• The women borrowed ? 80/- from Chhaganlal Karamsi Parekh, a member of the Servants of India Society and a social worker.
• They took over papad making venture which was running in loss owned by Laxmidas Bhai, and bought the necessary ingredients and the basic infrastructure required to manufacture papads.
• On March 15, 1959, they gathered on the terrace of their building and started with the production of 4 packets of papads. They started selling the papads to a known merchant in Bhuleshwar.
• Initially, the women were making two different qualities of papads, in order to sell the inferior one at a cheaper rate.
• Chaganbapa advised them to make a standard papad and asked them never to compromise on quality.
• Lijjat expanded as a cooperative system. Initially, even younger girls could join, but later eighteen was fixed as the minimum age of entry.
• Within three months there were about 25 women making papads.
• Soon the women bought some equipment for the business, like utensils, cupboards, stoves, etc. In the first year, the organization’s annual sales were ? 6196/-. The broken papads were distributed among neighbours.
• During the first year, the women had to stop production for four months during the rainy season as the rains would prevent the drying of the papads. The next year, they solved the problem by buying a cot and a stove. The papads were kept on the cot and the stove below the cot so that the process of drying could take place in spite of the rains.
By the second year of its formation, 100 to 150 women had joined the group, and by the end of the third year it had more than 300 members. The members were called as Ben/Sister.
• They have accountants in every branch and every centre has to maintain daily accounts.
• Profit (or loss, if any) is shared among all the members of that branch.
They have a committee of 21, that decides how the profits are to be distributed.
• Each branch calculates its profit and divides it equally among all its members.
• Mumbai has 12,000 members, the rest of Maharashtra has 22,000, and Gujarat has between 5,000 to 7,000 members.
Exports alone account for ? 10 crores.

MORE QUESTIONS SOLVED

I. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [1 MARKS]

1.What are the distinguishing marks of an entrepreneur?
Ans. Creativity and innovation are the distinguishing marks of the entrepreneur.

2.How was Ink-Jet Printer created?
Ans. A Canon engineer accidently rested his hot iron on his pen, ink was ejected from the pens point a few moments later. This principle led to the creation of the inkjet printer for the world.

3.What is Social Entrepreneurship? 
Ans. According to J. Gregory Dees, Social entrepreneurship is which combines the passion of a social mission with an image of business-like discipline, innovation, and determination.

4.Who is a Social Entrepreneur in the words of Martin & Osberg?
Ans. According to Martin and Osberg, “The Social Entrepreneur aims for value in the form of large-scale transformational benefit that accrues either to a significant segment of society or to society at large.” Moreover, the social entrepreneur targets his/her programs at the underserved, neglected, or highly disadvantaged population that lacks the financial means or political clout to achieve the transformative benefit on its own.”

5.Who is referred as the father of Green Revolution?
Ans. Father of Green Revolution in India is M.S. Swaminathan and in the world is Norman Borlang.

6.How the social entrepreneurs improve their standard of living?
Ans. Social entrepreneur can assess a social problem and find a solution to remove poverty among the masses and thus improve their standard of living.

7.Define Risk.
Ans. Risk is the chance of loss and refers to the possibility of some adverse occurrence.

8.What are external risks?
Ans. External risks are the risks that arise due to the events occurring outside the firm or the business venture. These are beyond the control of entrepreneurs as they cannot be forecasted. Probability occurrence cannot be determined.

9.Wnat do you mean by Business Intelligence?
Ans.Business intelligence is the ability of an organization to collect, maintain, and organize data.

l0.Explain Business Intelligence using example.
Ans.Sales data during an off season discount produces large amounts of information. This can be used for developing new opportunities. Implementing an effective strategy for the new opportunity for gaining competitive edge and having long-term stability.

11. What do you mean by Smart Mobility?-
Ans. Those devices which are mobile help in the growth of business. Smart mobility is changing the way the people interact. Smart devices have become a part of our lives. It includes mobiles, smart phones, I-pads, I-phones, etc.

12. Cloud-based services is expected to grow sophisticatedly in the future. Give one example in support.
Ans. By 2016, Gartner-a consultancy firm, expects all Forbes’ Global 2000 companies to use public cloud services, transforming much of the current IT hardware, software and database markets into infinitely flexible utilities.

13. What is the future of cloud computing?
Ans. Over time, cloud-based services is expected to grow sophisticatedly and is expected to evolve into full-scale business processes as a service. It enables the firms to reduce cost, increase efficiency and will enable the firms to reduce risk.

14. What are the distinguishing marks of an entrepreneur?
Ans. Creativity and innovation are the distinguishing marks of the entrepreneur.

15. What do you understand by business risk?
Ans. Business risk means the possibility of some favourable occurrence.

16. How B.O. Wheeler has defined the term Business Risk?
Ans. According to B.O. Wheeler, “Risk is the chance of loss. It is the possibility of some adverse occurrence”.

17. ‘Fluctuations in price and demand’. Name the type of risk involved into it.
Ans. The type of risk is non-insurable risk.

18. What do you understand by social media?
Ans. Social media refers to an interaction among people in which they create, share, and/or exchange information and ideas between various people around the world and through networks.

19. Give an example of economic barrier to entrepreneurship.
Ans. If a prospective entrepreneur does not have access to capital for setting up his her new enterprise. He or she will feel discouraged to proceed further.

20. How does systematic study of barriers helps an entrepreneur?
Ans. Systematic study of barriers will lead to a proper understanding of the fields areas in which they occur.

21. Write some qualities an entrepreneur must have to become a successful entrepreneur.
Ans. Innovativeness, creativity and potential for hard work are some qualities an entrepreneur must have to become a successful entrepreneur.

22. For an entrepreneur, what is the main motivating factor which urges them to continue in their entrepreneurial pursuit?
Ans. For an entrepreneur, the main motivating factor which urges them to continue in their entrepreneurial pursuit is challenge.

23. Which qualities enables the entrepreneurs to enjoy challenge?
Ans. When the entrepreneurs are more intelligent, persistent and competent they enjoy a challenge.

24. To be a successful entrepreneur, one has to have which quality?
Ans. To be a successful entrepreneur, one has to be a problem solver.

25. Who is an entrepreneur?
Ans. Any person who undertakes risks, enjoys challenge and habitually creates and innovates to build something of recognised value around perceived opportunities can be referred as entrepreneur.

26. Why are entrepreneurs called problem solvers?
Ans. Entrepreneurs take efforts to solve problems faced by the people due to which they are referred as problem solvers. When one problem is solved a new commodity is created i.e. a new value is created.

II. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [2/3 MARKS]

l.Mention the features of problem solvers.
Ans. Problem solvers:
(i)take risks,
(ii)often create value by solving a problem faced by customer or market.
(iii)able to create a profitable enterprise.
(iv)the more or larger problems are solved by them, the more profit they generate.

2.Describe the beginning of world famous fast food chain KFC.
Or
How did KFC begin its operations?
Ans. In 1930, Sanders was operating a service station in Corby, USA and he observed that travellers who stopped for gas were normally hungry and they wanted to eat something. Sanders saw and understood the problem. He knew how to cook, and so he cooked chicken recipe for the travellers. This spicy chicken receipe became super hit among travellers. This prompted him to start a restaurant which was beginning of the world famous fast food chain “KFC – Kentucky Fried Chicken”.

3. Give examples of problem solution.
Ans. Following are the examples of problem solution:
1.Bigger boats were used for carrying more fishes.
2.Installation of freezers on the big boats for storing the fishes.
3.Installation of fish tanks for providing fresh fish in the market.
4.To improve taste of the fresh fish in the tank shark were kept along with the fishes.

4. Describe one example explaining solving problems to meet the needs and wants of people.
Or
“Most entrepreneurial ventures have survived when they solve problems of people, understanding their needs and accordingly changing the product to their needs.” Give an example in the support of this statement.
Ans. Dr. John Harvey Kellogg was superintendent of a famous hospital and health spa in Battle Creek, Michigan. His hospital stressed healthful living and kept its patients on a diet that eliminated caffeine, meat, alcohol and tobacco.
One day, after cooking some wheat, the men were called away. When men returned, the wheat had become stale. They decided to force the tempered grain through the rollers anyway.
But surprisingly, each wheat berry was flattened and came out as a thin flake. On baking the flakes and were realized that they have made a new invention i.e. a delicious cereal. Keith Kellogg, brother of Dr. Kellogg eventually opened his own cereal business which became the famous brand Kellogg’s Corn Flakes.

5. Write in brief about creativity is a continuous activity for the entrepreneur.
Ans. As creativity is a continuous activity for the entrepreneurs they keep on disturbing markets and keeps on challenging large established businesses. Entrepreneurs always see new ways of doing things with little concern creativity in the entrepreneur is a mixture of ability to innovate, to take the idea and make it work in practice. Once the project is accomplished, the entrepreneur look for new venture.

6. How were Microwave Ovens created? Describe.
Ans. Percy Spencer, an engineer was conducting a radar-related research project with a new vacuum tube. During his research he realized that the candy bar in his pocket began to melt during his experiments. On putting pop corn into the machine, the popcorns are started to pop. This led to the creation of commonly used household item Microwave Oven.

7. What is the difference between Entrepreneurship and Social Entrepreneurship?
Ans. Following is the difference between Entrepreneurship and Social Entrepreneurship:
(a)The entrepreneur’s final objective is wealth creation but for the social entrepreneur, wealth creation is simply a means to an end.
(b) The entrepreneur participates in entrepreneurial venture with the aim of earning profit. On the other hand, the social entrepreneur participates in profit seeking business ventures if only to use the profits generated to create valuable social programs for the whole community.
(c)Entrepreneur has individual motive of self-development where as social entrepreneur has the motive of societal development.

8. What are the similarities between Entrepreneurship and Social Entrepreneurship?
Ans. Following are the similarities between Entrepreneurship and Social Entrepreneurship:
(a)Creation: Both, entrepreneur and the social entrepreneur believe in creation of something new.
(b)Profit: Both aim for earning profit from the venture.
(c)Development: Both work for development of the society though with different motives.

9.Why is there a growing need for Social Entrepreneurs?
Ans. There is a growing need for Social Entrepreneurs because of following reasons:
(i)Social problems: In the current economic crisis, financial pressures are becoming a reason for the increase of intensity of social problems such as poverty and unemployment.
(ii)Financial repercussions: According to J. Gregory Dees, social entrepreneurship is essential to reduce the financial consequences among vulnerable.
(iii)Creativity and Innovation: With pay-cuts and job losses a common phenomenon all over the world, the need of the present is new ideas, innovations, creative solutions and fresh perspectives. These new ideas, etc. have potential to deal with the changing market demands, emerging economies and a new world, economic order.

10. Social entrepreneurs keep on asking themselves,—Am I creating value for the people I am serving? Do I understand their needs? Why did they do so?
Ans. Social entrepreneurs do so:
(i)to know how they are actually making an impact.
(ii)to reply to investors who want to know whether their contributions are indeed stimulating social improvements as was promised.

ll. What are the views of J. Gregory Dees on Social entrepreneurs as social catalysts?
Ans. According to J. Gregory Dees, though (Social entrepreneurs) they may act locally, their actions have the potential to stimulate global improvements in their chosen arenas, whether that is education, health care, economic development, the environment, the arts, or any other social field.

12.Mention the functions performed by SEWA.
Ans.Following functions are performed by SEWA:
(i)Initially, SEWA provided the required capital to the co-operatives.
(ii)The members of the co-operatives share their skills and expertise, develop new tools, designs and techniques.
(iii)Members are engaged in joint marketing efforts.
(iv)SEWA is helping women to get regular employment, easy access to credit, childcare, healthcare facilities.

13.Describe the various types of Risk Taking.
Ans.Risk are of following types:
(i)Insurable Risks: These are related to life and property against fire, theft, accidents etc.
(ii)Non-insurable: These are the risks whose probability cannot be determined and which cannot be insured against. For example: Fluctuations in price and demand. These are further divided into two types:
(a)Internal Risks: Those risks which arise from the events taking place within the business enterprise.
(b)Business risks: These are of a diverse nature and arise due to innumerable factors.
These risks can be insurable or non-insurable.
(iii)Dynamic risks: Risks which are caused by changes in the economy are known as ‘dynamic risks’. These are generally less predictable because they do not appear frequently.

14.Describe the types of risks on the basis of place of origin.
Ans. On the basis of place of origin the risks are of two types:
(i)Internal Risks: These risks arise from the events taking place within the firm during the ordinary course of a business. These can be forecasted. Their probability of occurrence can be determined. These are controllable.
(ii)Business Risks: These risks are of varied nature and may arise due to innumerable factors. These can either be insurable or non-insurable. The probability of an insurable risk can be determined. These risks can be forecasted.

15.Give one example describing the role of technology in making the complex process easier.
Ans. In Kenya, mobile phones are used to collect data and report on disease-specific issues from more than 175 health centres serving over 1 million people. This has reduced the cost of the country’s health information system by nearly 25%. The data is being obtained and collected very fast i.e. from four weeks to one week.

16.Describe the role of Information Collection in the present business scenario?
Or
Explain Information Collection as new business forms.
Ans. Need of customer detail: In order to attract a customer, the entrepreneurs have to know the customer in detail so that they can know about those customers who are loyal to their product and the company.
Understanding taste and preference of customers: Information collected about the customers related to age, regularity of customer to the shop, preference of purchase etc. enable the firm to understand the taste and preference of the customer so that customer services can be improved in a better way.
Competition: Firms are now competing on analytics to differentiate themselves. The growing number of methods of data collection, growing number of data collecting firms, ways of analysis are generating immense quantities of information.

17.What are the findings and suggestions of the IDC?
Ans. IDC, a market research firm, suggests that:
(i)the amount of digital information created each year will increase to 35 trillion gigabytes
by 2020, .
(ii)this will require 44 times more data storage than in 2009,
(iii)telemetric applications, similar to GPS (global positioning systems), will allow organizations to send, receive and store information via telecommunications devices while controlling remote objects,
(iv)telemetric applications are now being used in medical informatics, healthcare and other fields.

18.Describe the importance of business intelligence.
Ans. The importance of business intelligence is as follows:
(a)Strategy: Business intelligence is used to make better strategic decisions.
(b)Data: Business intelligence, enables organizations to gather quantifiable data on each area of the organization.
(c)Analysis: Business intelligence, enables organizations to analyse data in a way that yields information they can act on.
(d)Efficiency: It helps firms to enhance decision-making, improve performance and mitigate risk.

19.Smart mobility is changing the way people interact. Support the statement.
Ans. • In the last quarter of 2010, sales of smart phones overtook the sale of Personal Computers for the first time.
• By 2014, more smart devices could be used to access the internet than traditional computers.
More mobile world is creating new players and new opportunities for a variety of industries.
• Smart mobility will enable firms to profit more quickly from new technology.

20.Explain the meaning of cloud computing.
Ans.The origin of the term cloud computing appears to be derived from the practice of using drawings of stylized clouds to denote networks in diagrams of computing and communications systems. The word cloud is used as a metaphor for the internet, based on the standardized use of a cloud-like shape to denote a network.
Cloud computing helps the firms to upload all its data on to a cloud and then it can be used it remotely wherever it is required.

21.Describe the power of social media for the entrepreneurial ventures.
Ans. The power of social media for the entrepreneurial ventures can be understood as under:
(i)Needs and wants:Through the new possibilities for social listening, businesses are able to better understand the needs and wants of the customers.
(ii)Changes: More change are expected as the generation that has grown up with new technologies and instant information gratification joins the workforce after completing their desired educational attainment.
(iii)New form of businesses: Creation of new forms of business enterprises is expected in the near future which is going to change the way business ethics and the procedures.

22. What is business incubation? Explain.
Ans. Business incubation are programs designed to support the successful development of entrepreneurial ventures through an array of business support resources and services, developed and orchestrated by incubator management and offered both in the incubator and through its network of contacts. Business support resources and services comprises of providing physical space, capital, coaching, networking connections, etc.

23.How do incubators help start-ups get funding?
Or
Enumerate three ways as to how incubators help start-ups get funding.
Ans.Incubators help the companies/firms-to secure capital in following ways:
(a)Helps in connecting companies with angel investors (high-net-worth individual investors).
(b)Working with companies to perfect venture capital presentations and connecting them to venture capitalists.
(c)Helping and guiding companies in applying for loans.
(d)Helping and guiding companies in accessing government agency.

24. Enlist some sector specific schemes run by the government for the growth and development of Entrepreneurship in India.
Ans. Various sector specific schemes of the government are as follows:
1.Schemes implemented through KVIC (Khadi and Village Industries Commission)
2.Schemes implemented through Coir Board
3.Schemes for priority sector 4.Animal Husbandry Schemes
5.Dairy Development Schemes 6.Fisheries Development Schemes
7.Agriculture Development Schemes 8.Tea Board Schemes
9.Tourism Industry Schemes 10.Scientific and Engineering Research Schemes

25. Name the factors giving rise to internal risk.
Ans. The various factors giving rise to internal risk:
• Human Factors: Due to involvement of human beings.
• Technological Factors: Due to unforeseen changes in the techniques of production.
• Physical Factors.

26. Write down the features of insurable risk.
Ans. • Insurable risks are those which can be covered through different types of insurance policies.
• The probability of an insurable risk can be determined, means can be forecasted.
• It is related to life and property against fire, theft, riots, etc.

27. Write down the features of internal risk.
Ans. • Internal risks are those risks which arise from the events taking place within the business enterprise.
• Such risks arise during the ordinary course of a business.
• These risks can be forecasted and the probability of their occurrence can be determined.
• They can be controlled by the entrepreneur to an appreciable extent.

28. What is the outcome of human factor risk?
Ans. They may result from:
• strikes and lock-outs by trade unions;
• negligence and dishonesty of an employee;
• accidents or deaths in the industry;
• incompetence of the manager or other important people in the organization.

29. What is the outcome of natural factor risk?
Ans. They may result from:
• Events like earthquake, flood, famine, cyclone, lightening, tornado, etc.
• Such events may cause loss of life and property to the firm or they may spoil its goods.

30. What is the outcome of political factor risk?
Ans. They may result from:
• Political changes in a country like fall or change in the Government, communal violence or riots in the country, civil war as well as hostilities with the neighbouring countries.
• Changes in government policies and regulations may also affect the profitability and position of an enterprise.

31. “The Gujarat earthquake caused irreparable damage not only to the business enterprises, but also adversely affected the whole economy of the State”. Name the risk factor involved in it.
Ans. Risk is due to natural factor.

32. “Emerging markets will create plenty of opportunities related to smart technology”. How? Explain with the help of an example.
Ans. Emerging markets will create plenty of opportunities related to smart technology, by interconnecting with the world by providing more powerful devices and applications, at the same time introducing more cost-effective technology and meeting the demand of the consumers. In Kenya, for example, mobile phones are being used to collect data and report on disease-specific issues from more than 175 health centres serving over 1 million people. This technology has reduced the cost of the country’s health information system by 25% and cut the time needed to report the information from four weeks to one week.

33. Name five government schemes implemented by the Government for entrepreneurs.
Do you agree? How?
Ans. Yes, a conducive and stable political environment that encourages and rewards personal endeavour and hard work and favourable political policies can help and support the growth of entrepreneurial ventures in a country.

34. What do you understand by dynamic risk? Give one example.
Ans. Dynamic risk occurs due to changes in the economy like changes in demand for the product inflationary tendency in the economy, rising unemployment and fluctuations in the world economy and this type of risk are generally less predictable because they do not appear at regular intervals.
For instance,
1. Due to market fluctuations, a well-known product of a firm may either lose its demand or may occupy a larger market share.
2. Black and White TV to Flat screen, high definition TV.

III. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [4 MARKS]

l. “Invention is the mother of necessity.” How does an entrepreneur proves this statement? Give some example.
Ans. Following are the examples:
1. Bigger boats were used for carrying more fishes.
2. Installation of freezers on the big boats for storing the fishes.
3. Installation of fish tanks for providing fresh fish in the market.
4. To improve taste of the fresh fish in the tank shark were kept along with the fishes.

2. “Creativity is a continuous activity for the entrepreneur”. Explain.
Ans. As creativity is a continuous activity for the entrepreneurs they keep on disturbing markets and keeps on challenging large established businesses. Entrepreneurs always see new ways of doing things with little concern. Creativity in the entrepreneur is a mixture of ability to innovate, to take the idea and make it work in practice. Once the project is accomplished, the entrepreneur look for new venture.

3. What are the different forms of social media used frequently by the people and how these tools are helpful?
Ans. Here are the different forms of social media platforms today; Google, Facebook, Twitter, smart phones, tablets and e-readers, —MySpace, Orkut, Hi5, Linkedln 3.— technologies that originated in the consumer space, are now reshaping the way companies communicate and collaborate with employees, partners and customers.
There is an increasing trend towards using social media tools that allow marketers to search, track, and analyze conversation on the web about their brand or about topics of interest.
This can be useful in campaign tracking, allowing the user to measure return on investment competitor-auditing, and general public engagement. These changes will definitely lead to the creation of new forms of business enterprises which will surely change the way business will be conducted in the future scenario.

4. State any four ways adopted by incubators to help resident companies securing capital. Flow?
Ans. Incubators help resident companies secure capital in a number of ways:
• Connecting companies with angel investors (high-net-worth individual investors).
• Working with companies to perfect venture capital presentations and connecting them to venture capitalists.
• Assisting companies in applying for loans.
• Assisting companies in accessing government agency (example NZTE, Technology NZ) business assistance grant programmes.

5. Name five government schemes implemented by the Government for entrepreneurs.
Ans. Various government sehemes have been implemented for entrepreneurs by the government.
1.Schemes implemented by the Ministry of MSME (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises).
2.SIDBI (Small Industries Development Bank of India) Micro Finance Programme.
3.Memorandum of Understanding (MOUs) with foreign countries.
4.MSME National Award Scheme.
5.NSIC Schemes (National Small Industries Corporation).

6. Write down the main objectives of various Government Schemes for entrepreneurs.
Ans. The main objectives/functions of the various Government schemes:
• To provide financial assistance (long-term, medium term and short-term) to all forms of organization like sole tradership, partnership firms and joint stock company.
• To provide financial assistance enterprises engaged in service sector.
• To provide administrative and technical assistance for the promotion and expansion of the enterprise.

7. Briefly discuss the personal barriers to entrepreneurship.
Ans. The personal barriers to entrepreneurship can be classified into two types:
1.Motivational: Once the venture starts functioning, the obstacles faced in the initial stages can make the entrepreneurs to lose their commitment and consequently their level of motivation dips. The entrepreneurs who lack toughness and perseverance often quit.
2.Perceptional: Certain perception barriers can hamper the progress of the entrepreneur. Lack of a clear vision and misunderstanding can result in faulty perception. If the entrepreneur demands everything to be clear and well-defined in order to develop a perception, it will lead to disappointment. As entrepreneur’s world is basically disorderly and ambiguous, the people who excessively depend on order will find it a barrier to entrepreneurship.

8. Cite any three ways in which political environment can work against the interest of entrepreneurs?
Ans. The political environment can work against the interest of entrepreneurs in the following ways:
1.A political environment that is characterised by instability and insecurity will discourage entrepreneurs.
2.Political policies can retard the growth of entrepreneurial ventures in a country.
3.Excessive interference in the form of controls, delays etc. from the government can discourage prospective entrepreneurs.

9. How does environment play an important role for entrepreneurship?
Ans. In an entrepreneurial process, environment plays a vital role because all the opportunities exist in the environment and the entrepreneur is a part of it. A conducive environment throws up more entrepreneurs than an inhibiting environment.

10. How can the economic environment create negative influence for an entrepreneur?
Ans.The economic environment can create barriers for an entrepreneur because of the following reasons:
1.The capital for setting up the new venture is not accessible for the entrepreneur.
2.Non-availability of labour at reasonable cost.
3.If the labour market is unreliable and is fraught with indiscipline and selfishness, it will also become a barrier for entrepreneurship.
4.Shortfall in the availability of raw materials is the desired quality and quantity.
5.Inadequate infrastructure to transport the raw material to the factory.
6.Non-availability of easy access to the market for the finished goods.

ll. How can the economic environment create positive influence for an entrepreneur?
Ans. The factors which are responsible for economic development such as land, labour, capital, material, market, etc. are equally responsible for the development of entrepreneurship. Thus, an environment, where all these factors are available to the entrepreneurs, will naturally support and promote entrepreneurship.

12.How can the cultural factors create positive influence for an entrepreneur?
Ans.Every society has its own cultural values, beliefs and norms. If the culture of a society is conducive to creativity, risk-taking and adventurous spirit, in such a cultural milieu entrepreneurship will get encouragement.
For example: An entrepreneur will have to keep in mind the cultural reference of the region that he/she is going to cater to, this wall enable him/her to get a quicker acceptance in that region.

13.How can the cultural factors create positive influence for an entrepreneur?
Ans.Political: It provides the legal framework within which business is to function. The viability of business depends upon the ability with which it can meet the ch allenges arising out of the political environment. This environment is influenced by political organisations, stability, government’s intervention in business, constitutional provisions etc.
For example: War tension between two countries can also stop the trade between these countries.

14.Give one example each of environmental factors.
Ans.Social factor: Readymade garments, fast food, vending machines for tea and eatables are the result of social factors.
Political factor: War tension between two countries can also stop the trade between the two countries.
Economic factor: Unavailability of cash deters an entrepreneur from starting a new venture.
Cultural factor: Selling of more vegetarian food in the region comprising of vegetarians in majority.

15.Mention two types of barriers.
Ans.

16.Give three examples of how some innovations became successful ventures in the past.
Ans.Following are the examples:
(i)Penicillin:
Aim: Sir Alexander Fleming, was trying to make “wonder drug” that could cure diseases. However, it wasn’t until Fleming threw away his experiments that he found what he was looking for.
Creation: Fleming found that a contaminated and discarded Petri dish, contained a mold that was dissolving all the bacteria around it. When he grew the mold by itself, he learned that it contained a powerful antibiotic, penicillin.
(ii)Potato Chips:
Aim: George Crum, a chef at the Carey Moon Lake House was trying to make a plate of fried potato.
Creation: One day, a customer repeatedly sent back the plate of potatoes for more frying and having thinner fried potatoes. In anger Crum sliced the potatoes insanely thin and fried them until they were hard as a rock. On serving it to the customer, the customer loved it and wanted more. This is how potato chips came into existence.
(iii)The Pacemaker:
Aim: John Hopps, an electrical engineer was trying to use radio frequency heating to restore body temperature.
Creation: During his experiment, he realized that if a heart stopped beating due to cooling, it could be made to beat again by artificial stimulation. This led to the creation of pacemaker.

17.How can the social factors create positive influence for an entrepreneur?
Ans. Social factors such as caste structure, mobility of labour, customer needs, cultural heritage, respect for senior citizens, values, etc. might have a far reaching impact on business. In India, attitudes have changed with respect to food and clothing as a result of industrialisation, employment of women in factories and offices, and the increased level of education. This has resulted in the growth of food processing and garment manufacturing units thus the emergence and growth of a new class of entrepreneurs.
For example: Readymade shirts, instant food, vending machines for tea and eatables.

18.Do you think there are cultural barriers (Negative influence) to entrepreneurship in our society? Discuss with examples.
Ans. Yes, I agree that there are cultural barriers to entrepreneurship in our society.
Every society has developed its own cultural values, if the culture of a society is conducive for creativity, risk-taking and adventurous spirit, in such a cultural milieu entrepreneurship will thrive. At the same time, if the cultural values are bound by conventionalism, status- quo, rituals and strong cultural taboos, they may curb entrepreneurial spirit.
For Example:
• In the past, some societies in India discouraged people from going abroad believing that crossing the sea was a cultural taboo.
• Certain fields of work were considered unsuitable for people of a particular culture.
• In rural areas, negative attitude and discrimination towards women may curb their spirit.
• In India lack of interest and no support of in-laws and husband can be a big barrier to married women entrepreneurs.

19.Describe the beginning of world famous fast food chain KFC.
Ans. Harland David Sanders was born September 9, 1890 in Indiana, USA. He was a businessman owning a petrol service station in Kentucky. In 1930, Sanders was operating a service station in Corby, USA and he observed that many travellers stopped at his service station wanting refreshments and food. Sanders saw and understood the problem. He knew how to cook and considered this as a business opportunity and decided to offer chicken recipe to these customers. The Colonel enjoyed making his customers happy – he was passionate about entertaining them with excellent food and superb service. This spicy chicken recipe became super hit among travellers.
This prompted him to start a restaurant which was beginning of the world famous fast food chain “KFC—Kentucky Fried Chicken”.

20.Give the list of Institutions inv olved in Entrepreneurship Development Program (EDP).
Ans. Institutions involved in Entrepreneurship Development Program (EDP):
1.National Institute for Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development (NIESBUD).
2.Indian Institute for Entrepreneurship.
3.National Institute for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (NIMSME).
4.National Small Industries Corporation (NSIC).
5.Rural Entrepreneurship Development Institute (REDI).
6.Training and Development Centre (TDC).
7.Centre for Entrepreneurship Development (CEI).
8.Small Industries Service Institutions (SISI).
9.Small Industries Development Organisation (SIDO).
10. Entrepreneurship Development Institution of India (EDII).
11. National Alliances of Young Entrepreneur (NAYE).

21. List the various government schemes that have been implemented for entrepreneurs.
Ans.Following are the various schemes/programs started by the government for the:
1.Schemes implemented by the Ministry of MSME (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises).
2.SIDBI (Small Industries Development Bank of India) Micro Finance Programme.
3.Memorandum of Understanding (MoUs) with foreign countries.
4.MSME National Award Scheme.
5.NSIC Schemes (National Small Industries Corporation).
6.SIDBI Schemes.
7.Tax Holiday Scheme.
8.Composite Loan Scheme.
9.Industrial Estate Scheme.
10.Factoring Services.
11.Small Industry Cluster Development Programme.
12.National Equity Fund Scheme.

22.Describe the role of technology and social media in creating new forms of business.
Ans. The role can be described under the following headings:
(i)Digital Revolution: The digital revolution has changed the working system and the working procedure. World is now more interconnected and the technology is now going for 100% interconnectivity worldwide.
(ii)Consumer Choices: Consumers’ taste and preference have undergone tremendous changes. Consumers now demand more powerful devices and applications. Business world on the other hand prefer more cost-effective technology to face the complex challenges of the business world.
(iii)Consequences: Satisfying the demands of consumers and the firms will lead to an explosive growth in data and analytics, intense competition and realignment of many industries.
(iv)Opportunities: New and emerging markets are going to create plenty of opportunities related to smart technology, and they will not be limited to for-profit enterprises.

IV.LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [6 MARKS]

1.How can the economic environment create barriers for an entrepreneur?
Ans. Economic Environment: All entrepreneur need some important prerequisites to start an enterprise, they are capital, labour, raw material and market. If all these factors of production are easily available to an entrepreneur in an environment, then it will give a natural support to him and easily he can promote entrepreneurship and contribute to economic growth of the country. But, if any of these or all of these factors are either not available or any of them are of inadequate quality or less in quantity, they can become barriers to entrepreneurship.
For instance,
• If a prospective entrepreneur does not have access to capital for setting up his/her new enterprise, he or she will feel discouraged to proceed further.
• If capital is available but at an exorbitant rate of interest, it will also discourage entrepreneurship. In olden days it was only due to greedy money-lenders that many people were not able to start their own business.
• Another problem is the availability of labour. However, if the labour is not productive, it will in itself become a barrier.
• If labour of high productivity is not available at reasonable cost, it will inhibit entrepreneurial activities.
• In the labour market, if labour climate is unreliable and is fraught with indiscipline and selfishness then definitely it can discourage entrepreneurs.
• Cut-throat competition in the market.
• Lack of availability of raw materials in desired quantity and quality and availability
of raw-materials at high prices.
• Problem of infrastructure to transport raw-materials to the factory.
• Inaccessible market for the finished goods can become a serious barrier to entrepreneurship.

2.How can an entrepreneur overcome the hurdles that he comes across during the course
of entrepreneurship?
Ans. In the entrepreneurial process the environment plays a vital role because all the opportunities exist in the environment and the entrepreneur is a part of it. A conducive environment throws up more entrepreneurs than an inhibiting environment. An environment where all these factors are available to the entrepreneurs will naturally support and promote entrepreneurship.
• Self-esteem is a very important motive for personality development in the path of an entrepreneur.
• All successful entrepreneurs are highly motivated and their drive to achieve becomes their engine of accomplishment.
• Adequate quality or quantity all of these factors access to capital for setting up his/ her new enterprise.
• Availability of cheap labour of high productivity promotes entrepreneurship. Labour includes skilled, unskilled and technical workforce.
• Availability of raw materials in desired quantity and quality, infrastructure to transport them to the factories and an easily accessible market for the finished goods are some pre-requisites for economic development.
• Every society has developed its own cultural value. If the culture of a society is conducive for creativity, risk-taking and adventurous spirit, in such a cultural milieu entrepreneurship will thrive.
• A conducive political environment that encourages and rewards personal endeavour and hard work and that does not penalize the entrepreneur.
• Toughness and perseverance are certain emotional qualities that are required to boost the level of motivation.
• Sustained motivation is an important asset for an entrepreneur.
• Some political policies can help the growth of entrepreneurial ventures in a country.
• Counselling and support services.
• Government procurement programs for small businesses.
• Restrictions on imports and exports.
• All successful entrepreneurs are highly motivated and their drive to achieve becomes
‘ their engine of accomplishment.
• In some societies it can be seen even now that businessmen do not command a high social status. Rather, business is considered a profession of lower hierarchy.
All these above mentioned factors are interlinked and support entrepreneurship. An entrepreneur must understand and analyse social, cultural, economic technological, continuous change in demand of people, so that he can easily overcome the hurdles during the course of entrepreneurship.

3.Give two examples of barriers arising out of social environment.
Ans. Social Environment:
• People are to a great extent bound by the norms, practices of the society in which they live. As a result, the society influences the thought pattern and mind-set of its members. As a matter of fact, the rules of social behaviour are learnt at a very early age.
• If the social norms expect the people to value discipline and conformity over adventure, creativity and independence, it is likely to thwart entrepreneurial spirit. Similarly, if a society puts premium on safety and security in matters of securing a livelihood, such a value can become a strong social barrier to entrepreneurship.
• In some societies it can be seen even now that business people do not command a high social status rather, business is considered a profession of lower hierarchy. They are considered inferior to office-goers, engineers, doctors etc. Such a social response to entrepreneurs can be a big hurdle in developing and nurturing entrepreneurs.
• An excessively protective attitude to children in their formative years, and discouragement to mobility can all thwart creativity, innovative spirit and a sense of adventure, the values that are essential for entrepreneurship.
• Self-esteem is a very important motive for personality development and a society that denies access to it will be placing hurdles in the path of an entrepreneur.

4. In a given society some people are unable to avail entrepreneurial start in spite of many facilities and incentives. Explain the personal factors which prevent them.
Ans. Motivational:
• Certain shortcomings in the motivational aspect act as barriers to entrepreneurship.
• Many entrepreneurs after starting a new venture faces obstacles in the initial stages, they tend to lose their commitment and consequently their level of motivation dips.
• Lack of tolerance, toughness and perseverance often quit.
• Lack of sustained motivation.
Perceptional: There are certain perception barriers that can hamper the progress of an entrepreneur.
• Lack of a clear vision and misunderstanding a situation can result in faulty perception.
• All entrepreneurial venture involves some amount of risk taking, however not analysing perception of the risk and the strategy to manage could hamper the growth of an entrepreneur.
• If the entrepreneur demands everything to be clear and well-defined in order to develop a perception, it will lead to disappointment.
• An entrepreneur’s world is basically disorderly and ambiguous, and the entrepreneur should learn to cope with inevitable uncertainties that crop up.
• People who excessively depend on order will find it a barrier to entrepreneurship. They should have a high level of intolerance for ambiguity and chaos because they are breakers of status-quo.

5. Describe the environmental barriers to entrepreneurship.
Ans. Following are the Environmental Barriers:
(i)Economic (ii) Social (iii) Cultural (iv) Political
(i)Economic: The factors of production land, labour, capital, material, etc. contribute equally towards the development of entrepreneurship in any country. If all the factors are readily available to the entrepreneurs, then entrepreneurship is naturally promoted and developed. But if any of the factor of production are not available or not readily available or available in inadequate quality and quantity, they can become barriers to entrepreneurship.
(ii)Social: Sociological factors such as religion, caste structure, age groups, standard of living, mobility of labour, cultural heritage, respect for senior citizens, values, etc. have a deep impact on business. In India, attitudes have changed with respect to food and clothing, due to changes in educational pattern, rise in standard of living, increase in literacy rate among men and women, employment of women in factories and offices, etc. Due to it there is growth of food processing and garment manufacturing units.
(iii)Cultural: Every society has its own culture, cultural values, customs, beliefs and norms. If the culture of a society is encouraging creativity and risk-taking, entrepreneurship gets encouragement leading to development.
(iv)Political: Political factor provides the legal framework for the functioning of the enterprises in the economy. Political environment poses challenge in front of
entrepreneurs. Political environment is affected by political parties, stability of the government, government’s interference in business world, taxation and subsidies policies etc.

6.Describe the main characteristics of social entrepreneurs.
Ans. Social entrepreneurs have following characteristics:
(i)Social Catalysts: Social entrepreneurs are the visionaries who create fundamental, social changes by reforming social systems and creating sustainable improvements. Their efforts and actions have the potential to bring global improvements in various fields like education, healthcare, economic development, the environment, the arts etc.
(ii)Socially aware: Social improvement, is the ultimate goal of the social entrepreneurs. The success of their efforts is measured by their social changes and impact on various social groups of the society.
(iii)Opportunity-seeking: Social entrepreneurs view every obstacle as an opportunity. They develop their business on the same grounds.
(iv)Innovative: Social entrepreneurs are creative, willing to think differently and ready to apply ideas to new situations. They see failures as learning opportunities.
(v)Resourceful: Social entrepreneurs’ visions are not limited by the resources which they acquire or have but they actively expand their resource pool through positive collaboration with others.
(vi)Accountable: Social entrepreneurs are accountable to their beneficiaries like customers, investors, etc. and they often take measures to keep themselves on the right track by asking themselves—Am I creating value for the people I am serving? Do I understand their needs?

7. Mention some names and their contributions as social entrepreneurs of India.
Ans. (i)Vinoba Bhave: He was the founder of the Bhudaan Andolan, which resulted in redistribution of more than 7,000,000 acres of land to aid India’s untouchables and landless.
(ii)Ela Bhatt: She founded Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) in 1972 is a trade union of poor, unorganised, self-employed women who work as vendors, hawkers and labourers.
(iii)Dr. Varghese Kurien: He is the founder of the AMUL Dairy Project.
(iv)Bunker Roy: He is the founder of Barefoot College, which promotes rural development using new and innovative education programs.
(v)Nand Kishore Chaudhary: He is the founder of Jaipur rugs, which promotes rural development through capacity building in rural area.
(vi)Harish Hande: He is the founder of Selco India, a solar electric light company in 1995,
which emerged as India’s leading solar technology firm.

8.Describe the various internal factors giving rise to internal risk.
Ans.The various internal factors giving rise to such risks are:
(a)Human factors: These are mainly due to human behaviour and various related aspects. Like strikes lock-outs by trade unions; negligence, dishonesty of an employee; accidents, deaths, failure of suppliers to supply raw materials, default in payment, etc.
(b)Technological factors: These are unforeseen changes in the techniques of production or distribution and may result in technological obsolescence. For example: The packaging industry has increased the shelf-life of various products like chips, milk, etc. so small producers of these products are affected.
(c)Physical factors: These factors result in loss or damage to the property of the firm. These may be due to failure of machinery and equipment used in business; fire, theft, damages in transportation, etc. They also include losses to the firm arising from.

9. Explain the various external factors which give rise to external risks.
Ans. The various external factors which may give rise to such risks are as follows:
(i) Economic factors: These arise due to prevalent economic condition and changes in the prevailing market conditions. These can be of the following types:
(a)changes in demand
(b)price fluctuations
(c)changes in tastes and preferences of the consumers Cd) changes in income, output or trade cycles
(e)increased competition for the product
(f)inflationary tendency in the economy
(g)rising unemployment
(h)fluctuations in world economy
For example: Audio cassette player to CD player.
(ii)Natural factors: These are the unforeseen natural calamities like earthquake, flood, famine, cyclone, lightening, etc. These may cause loss and damage to life and property. Entrepreneurs have very little or no control. For example, the land slide in Uttarakhand damaged the business and have adversely affected the whole economy of the state.
(iii)Political factors: These are due to political changes in a country like:
(a)fall or change in the Government
(b)communal violence
(c)civil war
(d)hostilities with the neighbouring countries
(e)changes in Government policies and regulations.
(iv)Change in taste and preference: Tastes change with the change of time and factors. For example: Earlier home made food was preferred and fast food was considered as luxury. In the present scenario, there has been an increase for the liking towards fast food.

10.Explain the cloud computing.
Ans.The origin of the term ‘cloud’ computing appears to be derived from the practice of using drawings of stylized clouds to denote networks in diagrams of computing and communications systems. The word cloud is used as a metaphor for the internet, based on the standardized use of a cloud-like shape to denote a network.
Cloud computing helps the firms to upload all its data on to a cloud and then it can be used it remotely wherever it is required.
By 2016, Gartner—a consultancy firm, expects all Forbes’ Global 2000 companies to use public cloud services, transforming much of the current IT hardware, software and database markets into infinitely flexible utilities.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Entrepreneurship chapter 5A Concept of Market: Market, Market, Where are you?

TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS SOLVED.

1.Answer each of these questions in about fifteen words:
(i)What is meant by E-commerce?
Ans. (i) E-commerce is defined as the conduct of industry, trade and commerce using the computer networks.
An electronic communication among enterprises, including customers, suppliers, business partners, government organizations and financial institutions.

2. Answer each of these questions in about fifty words:
(i) Define Market.
(ii) Define ‘Traditional Markets’.
(iii) In what terms, with passage of time, did the industrial activity intensified?
(iv) t What range of activities business comprise of?
Ans. (i) “The term ‘market’ is not any particular place in which things are bought and sold But the whole of any region where buyers and sellers are in such free intercourse with one another that the price of the same goods tend to equality easily and quickly.”
(ii) According to the American Market Association:
• “At every point where a specific commodity is concentrated for sale a market is found”.
(iii) With the passage of time, the industrial activity has intensified in terms of:
Quantity • Quality
• Variety of the products • Competition
• Awareness on the part of consumers
• Emergence of laws and enactments to protect consumer’s interest.
(iv) Business include the following range of activities:
(a) Industry, i.e. production and related activities
(b) Commerce, i.e. trade and aides to trade.

3. Answer each of these questions in about 75 words:
(i) Give three points of difference between the Traditional Market and Modern Markets.
(ii) Discuss the role of E-business in promoting the business community.
Ans.

(ii) Following points describe the role of E-commerce :
(a) E-business allows quick response to the queries/doubts of various categories of customers and other business houses, thus facilitating sales and customer satisfaction.
(b) Provides not only the first hand but the latest information about the product related to price, discount, quality, features, range, etc. available to the consumers merely at the click of the mouse.
(c) It has made it possible to make things available in those areas too where there are no markets around like rural areas.
(d) Producers are having direct contact with the consumers, resulting in the reduction of middlemen and related cost. Prices have thus decreased.
(e) Customers can get information and the goods online because of e-commerce, thus saving time, cost and energy.

4. Answer the question in about 150 words:
(i) Differentiate between E-Commerce and E-Business.
Ans.

MORE QUESTIONS SOLVED

I. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [1 MARKS]
l. What is market?
Ans. The word “market” is derived from the Latin word ‘marcatus’ meaning merchandise, ware, traffic, trade or a place where business is conducted.

2. What is marketing?
Ans. Marketing is the process of communicating the value of a product or service to customers, for the purpose of selling that product or service.

3. What is Larter system?
Ans. ‘Barter system’ is the system where the exchange is of goods with goods only.

4. In olden days, what was referred as market?
Ans. In olden days, buying and selling was done by coming together at periodical fairs held at specific places on particular dates. The exchange was of goods with goods only.

5. What revolutionized the market system?
Ans. The invention of ‘money’ as a means of exchange revolutionized the market system.

6. Traditional concept of market focuses on what?
Ans. Traditional concept focuses that market means a place only, where actual buying and selling takes place.

7. What changed with reference to market in the fifties and sixties?
Ans. In the fifties and sixties, the size and character of the markets in many countries of the world changed.

8. What is the purpose of business activity according to Peter Drucker?
Ans. According to Peter Drucker the purpose of business is to create customer and customers do not have geographical boundaries.

9. What is the orientation of business activity?
Ans. Every business activity is consumer oriented.

10. In what terms is the business throughout the world changing?
Ans. Business throughout the world is changing in terms of organization, ways of working, use of technology and perspectives, scope and outlook.

11. Now the world seems to follow what adage?
Ans. Now the world seems to follow the adage “Market means people”.

12. What is said by DYDDY with respect to market?
Ans. Markets are people with money to spend and desire to spend it.

13. What remains permanent in the market?
Ans. The market is a dynamic and competitive arena, where “The only thing that is permanent is change”.

14. What is E-Business?
Ans. E-Business refers to “Carrying on business activities, both industrial and commercial through computer network i.e. Internet.”

15. Define trade.
Ans. Trade means buying and selling of goods or services.

16. What is responsible for making the economy strong and stable?
Ans. Markets are responsible for making the economy strong and stable, in itself is a very dynamic concept.

17. Now the world seems to follow what adage?
Ans. Now the world seems to follow the adage “Market means people”.

II. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [2/3 MARKS]

1. The traditional meaning of market emphasizes on which points?
Ans. The traditional meaning of market emphasis on:
(i) Place: The goods available for sale are bought to a specific place and the buyers of those goods reach those places for buying them.
(ii) Commodity: Different markets for different commodities such as vegetable market, food grains market, etc.

2. How has Clark and Clark defined a market?
Ans. Clark and Clark defined a market as: “In fact, for most commodities, the market must not be thought as a geographical meeting place but as any getting together of buyers and sellers in person by mail, telephone, telegraph or by any other means of communication.”

3. What are the main features of Clark and Clark’s definition?
Ans. The market is not taken as a geographical place but a combination of:
(i) Buyers and sellers
(ii) Given commodity
(iii) Close contact with each other through any means personally, by mail, phone, etc.
(iv) Buyers and sellers are in competition with one another.
(v) The place or area can be regional, national or international.

4. What is market in the modern sense?
Ans. A market is the atmosphere of a region in which the forces of demand and supply operate directly or by means of any kind of communication that are sufficient to bring about transfer in the title of the goods and it does not necessarily mean only a place where actual buying and selling is conducted.

5. What changes are seen in Indian economy after globalization?
Ans. After the opening up of the economy, the pace of change that India and its people are experiencing in their sociocultural milieu is mind boggling. The profile of the Indian market is vastly different from what it was ten years ago. Modem business is facing global competition due to globalization, and increased customer expectation due to changes in technology.

6. What does the concept of market by DYDDY advocates to?
Ans. The DYDDY concept of market advocates:
(i) People having money and desire to spend it are taken as market.
(ii) A market cannot exist without people willingness to buy and sell.
(iii) It ignores ‘the place of activity’.
(iv) It is practical in today’s scenario.

7. What is the concept of market after the inclusion of E-Business?
Ans. • ‘Market’ is emerging as any form where the transaction between the buyer and seller is because of interacting electronically using telecommunication network the world over.
• So the whole world is a potential market, with no requirement of physical presence of a buyer or seller.
• Internet—commerce has broadened the definition, scope and range of markets.

8. How E-Commerce have resulted in easy launching of new products?
Ans. Any company can launch its new product in the market through the medium of e-business much more easily. Various modes like mails, catalogues, photographs, etc. can help customers understand the product better.
Using internet the pictures and the feature can be uploaded for the information of the consumers. This helps the consumers in finding the right product as per their satisfaction.

9. How E-commerce have resulted in lowering personnel cost?
Ans. The number of personnel or employees required decreases with the help of E-business because a single computer is good enough to do the job of many employees. The job is done more quickly, efficiently and correctly. This leads to helping the entrepreneur increasing efficiency, lower cost of production, increased sales and profit.

III. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [4 MARKS]

l. Describe the role of E-business or E-commerce in the developing countries.
Ans. Following points describe the role of E-business in the developing countries:
• Opportunities: It is offering great opportunities to developing countries.
• Entry: It is helping them to enter the global markets merely at the click of the mouse.
• Cost effective opportunities: It is helping business in discovering new cost-effective opportunities not only locally but also internationally.
• Promotion: It is playing leading role for the promotion of the business community.

2. Describe the scope of E-Commerce.
Ans. (i)Business function: E-commerce and other electronically conducted business functions such as production, product development, accounting, finance human resource management, etc.
(ii)Interaction: Covers the interaction of the firm with its customers and suppliers, over the Internet, i.e. it revolves around buying and selling products and services over the internet.
(iii)Transaction: The internet users can now order goods, receive their delivery and make their payment while at home, on the internet.

3. Which points did the Carnot’s definition of marketing advocate?
Ans. Carnot’s definition of marketing advocated the following points:
(i)Region: Market is not restricted to a particular place but to a region.
(ii)Access: The buyers and sellers of the whole region have free access to one another.
(iii)Price determination:The forces of demand and supply operate and determine competitive prices.
(iv)Whole region: The whole region is taken as a place of market.

4. What do you mean by Traditional Market?
Ans. Traditional Market involves the marketing method, which emphasizes mainly on the ‘Four Ps’ principles that comprises of Product, Price, Promotion and Place. A marketer has to consider the ‘Four Ps,’ before launching a product or offering a service. In traditional marketing, more importance is given on selling the product. Here existing products are imposed on the market through aggressive selling and promotional pressures.

5. Give five points of difference between the selling and marketing.
Ans.

IV.LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [6 MARKS]

1. Describe the role of Role of E-business or E-commerce.
Ans.Following points describe the role of E-commerce:
1. Quick Solution: E-business allows quick response to the queries/doubts of various categories of customers and other business houses, thus facilitating sales and customer satisfaction.
2. Updated Information: A company’s web-site, which can be accessed anywhere in the world, provides not only the first hand but the latest information about the product related to price, discount, quality, features, range, etc. available to the consumers merely at the click of the mouse.
3. Extending Markets: Making sales to customers is spread over the different parts of the world. It has made it possible to make things available in those areas too where there are no markets around like rural areas.
4. Shortening of distribution channel: Producers are having direct contact with the consumers, resulting in the reduction of middlemen and related cost. Prices have thus decreased.
5. Saving time and cost: Customers now do not have to physically visit the market to purchase goods. They can get information and the goods online because of e-commerce, thus saving time, cost and energy.
6. Less risk in payments: Payments can be made on the Internet through debit cards, credit cards, E-banking, etc. thus reducing risks involved in the transfer of money.

The post NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Entrepreneurship Concept of Market: Market, Market, Where are you? appeared first on Learn CBSE.

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Entrepreneurship Chapter 5B Analysing the Market Environment

TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS SOLVED.

1. Answer each of these questions in about 15 words:
(i)What is micro environment?
(ii)Give one point of difference between the primary forces and secondary forces.
(iii)Who is a producer?
(iv)What is meant by the term ‘demographic forces’?
Ans.(i) Micro environment or internal environment refers to the forces operating in the market that are close or within the enterprise or firm and affect its ability to serve its customers directly. It comprises of the following forces: (1) Producer/Seller (2) Customers (3) Competitors (4) Suppliers (5) Marketing Intermediaries.
(ii) Primary forces refer to the forces which are close to firm or are within the control of firm. Secondary forces are those which are part of the larger society and are the “uncontrollable” to which companies mould itself.
(iii)Producer refers to an individual or a group of individuals who bring all the factors of production together and bring into existence something which has utility and commercial value.
(iv)Demographic forces refer to size, density, location, age, gender, race, and occupation of the population in the locality or in the area of the market.

2. Answer each of these questions in about 50 words: (i)Define Market environment.
(ii)Define Macro environment.
(iii)Define customers.
Ans. (i) The market environment refers to factors and forces that affect a firm’s abfi’ty to build and maintain successful relationships with customers.
(ii)Macro environment refers to all forces that are part of the larger society and are the “uncontrollable” to which companies mould itself through setting the “controllable” factors.
(iii)Customers refer to a person(s)or firms who buy/s goods or services from a shop, enterprise or business. They are the ultimate consumers of the product.

3. Answer each of these questions in about 75 words:
(i)Performing sellers sustain and succeed in the market. How?
Ans. (i) Performing sellers sustain and succeed in the market because—
(a)They keep themselves aware of market needs and trends.
(b)They give market a solution for their ‘unmet’ needs.
(c)They identify opportunities and threats in the environment.

4. Answer each of these questions in about 150 words:
(i)Differentiate between competitors and suppliers as primary forces of market.
(ii)“Consumer is the King”. Why?
Ans. (i) (a) Competitors provide similar offerings for goods and services whereas suppliers normally offer only one brand of goods or service.
(b)Competitors try for developing strategic advantage over their competitors whereas suppliers take advantage of the strategies made by the parent firm.
(ii) Consumer is the King because of the following reasons:
(a)Consumer’s willingness is involved in the purchase of products.
(b)Consumer is smart and want full return for its money.
(c)Useful creativity is always appreciated and accepted by the consumer.
(d)Consumer satisfaction is the foundation stone of a successful business.

5. Answer each of these questions in about 250 words:
(i)Discuss the primary forces that comprise the internal environment of the market.
(ii)Explain the term Secondary Forces. What all external environment comprise of? Explain with suitable examples.
(iii)Differentiate between the Micro and Macro environment.
Ans. (i)Following are the Primary forces that comprise the internal environment of the market:
(а)Producer/Seller: The goals, objectives, policies, strategies, etc. of the organization are the foremost forces which govern the market. Successful companies are those that can recognize and respond profitably to unmet needs and trends in the society. Unmet needs always exist.”PERFORMING SELLERS” sustain and succeed in the market. Catering to social responsibility, if more is the number of producers, harder and healthier would be the competition. Ethics, values, principles, creativity, innovativeness of the seller helps in setting trends for market.
(b)Customers: Consumer is the King instead of trying to market what is essential for us to make, we must find out much more about what the consumer is willing to buy. We must apply our creativity more intelligently to people, and their wants and needs, rather than products. The most influential force which rules the market is the ‘Consumer’. Consumer satisfaction is the foundation stone of a successful business. Business has to produce goods according to the needs of the customers. But knowing customers is never simple.
(c)Competitors: Competitors are such factors in the micro environment that provide similar offerings for goods and services. To remain competitive, an enterprise must consider who their biggest competitors are. With LPG, the level of competition is no more local or national, but international. The company should develop a strategic advantage over their competitors else if it’s otherwise the fate of the enterprise is doomed. Edmund Burke believes “An opponent is our helper”.
(d)Suppliers: Suppliers are another key component in the core system of market. The company is essentially a resource – conversion machine that converts material, machines, labour and funds into useful products. The necessary resources are obtained from suppliers. How well the company buys depends on how well it grasps the working of the various supply markets and how well it applies business principles in conducting its relations with suppliers. Lack or non-availability of suppliers can ruin the market for a product.
(e)Marketing Intermediaries: Marketing intermediaries are institutions that facilitate the flow of goods and services between the company and its final markets. They include resellers (i.e. wholesalers, retailers, agents and brokers), transporters, warehouses, banks and promoting agencies. These all institutions come into being to facilitate the work of consummating exchanges in the market. They perform a great deal of work in bringing about transactions between the buyers and sellers, market cannot survive without these intermediaries.
(ii)Secondary forces or Macro environment refers to all forces that are part of the larger
society and are the “uncontrollable” to which companies mould itself through setting
the “controllable” factors.
Following are the factors that comprises of Macro environment:
(a)Demographic Forces: Demographic forces refer to features of populations with reference to size, density, location, age, gender, race, and occupation. These features help to divide the population into market segments and target markets. Each classification has its unique and different characteristics and causes.
(b)Economic Factors: These refer to the purchasing power of potential customers and also the patterns in which people spend their money. Expenditure pattern of customers is different in different economic situations of the economy.
(c)Technological Forces: The technological environment is perhaps one of the fastest changing factors in the macro environment. This includes all developments from antibiotics and surgery to nuclear missiles and chemical weapons to automobiles and credit cards. Advances in technology have provided opportunities to new products, new ways of selling, new markets and new trends.
(d)Political Forces: The political environment covers all laws, government agencies, and groups that influence or limit other organizations and individuals within a territory. Market is run and regulated by these laws or restrictions. These are different for various places and varies from time to time. The fate of enterprises and markets depend upon the political conditions of the areas in which they are situated.
(e)Natural Factors: These include the natural resources that a company uses as inputs and affects their marketing activities. The ability to create a company’s product is becoming a tough task for the enterpriser. Also, pollution, government intervention, etc. have effect on a company’s reputation if they are known for damaging the environment.
(f)Cultural Forces: The cultural environment, which consists of institutions and basic values and beliefs of a group of people. The values can also be further categorized into core beliefs, which passed on from generation to generation and very difficult to change, and secondary beliefs, which tend to be easier to influence.
(iii) Differences between Micro environment and Macro environment:

MORE QUESTIONS SOLVED

I. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [1 MARK]
l. Give examples of collapse due to failure to meet environmental challenges.
Ans. Nations (Assyria), Species (dinosaurs), industries (Kingfisher) have collapsed because they failed to meet environmental challenges with creative responses.

2. What is demography?
Ans. Demography refers to studying human populations in terms of size, density, location, age, gender, race and occupation.

3. What keeps spinning around in the market?
Ans. Opportunities and threats keep constantly spinning around. Those enterprises that ignore or resist market forces bear the brunt.

4. What does excellent companies keep on doing constantly in the market?
Ans. Excellent companies take an outside-inside view of the market and its forces.

5. ‘Google’ and ‘Yahoo’ just appeared and captured, whereas solids like American Airlines and Avon are almost on the brink of winding up. Why?
Ans. Because something in market was either in their favour or against them.

6. What forms the environment of the market?
Ans. The network of “key institutions” interact to supply the markets with needed goods and services, collectively form the ‘environment’ of the market.

7. What is market?
Ans. A market is an arrangement of establishing effective relationship between buyers and sellers of the commodities.

8. Which factors or forces are at play in the market?
Ans. Following factors or forces are at play in the market:
(a)Micro (Internal) Environment – Primary
(b)Macro (External) Environment – Secondary

9. What is said by Edmund Burke related to competitors?
Ans. Edmund Burke said that “An opponent is our helper”.

10. How well the company buys the resources depends on which features?
Ans. How well the company buys the resources depends on
(i)how well it grasps the working of the various supply markets.
(ii)how well it applies business principles in conducting its relations with suppliers.

11. What can ruin the market for a product?
Ans. Lack of suppliers can ruin the market for a product.

12. What are marketing intermediaries?
Ans. Marketing intermediaries are the organizations or institutions that facilitate the flow of goods and services between the company and its final markets.

II. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [2/3 MARKS]

l. Explain market.
Ans. A market is an arrangement of establishing effective relationship between buyers and sellers of the commodities.
• It consist of all the potential customers sharing a particular need or want who might be willing and able to engage in exchange to satisfy that need or want.
• It is the forces of demand and supply which represents the aggregate influence of self- interested buyers and sellers on price and quantity of the goods and services offered in the market.

2. What do you mean by a firm?
Ans. A firm is a business organization, such as a corporation, limited liability company or partnership. Firms are typically associated with business organizations that practice law, but the term can be used for a wide variety or business operation units.

3. Give the features of the market.
Ans. Following are the main features of the market:
(i)Presence of buyers and sellers
(ii)Presence of a commodity (Good or service) which is to be transacted.
(iii)It refers to the whole area where buyers and sellers are in contact. It do not refer to any place.
(iv)There is competition between buyers-buyers, sellers-sellers and buyers-sellers.

4. Give examples of failures of some successful companies.
Ans. Following are the examples:
(a)‘Motorola, a few years back, dominated the mobile industry. Earlier, it had almost 50% of the cell phone handset market, which now is merely 17%.
(b)‘Satyam’ was once ranked 4th in the top Indian IT companies list in 2008, but collapsed in 2009.

5. Which forces govern the market?
Ans. The goals, objectives, policies, strategies, etc. of the organization are the foremost forces Which govern the market. Successful companies are those that can recognize and respond profitably to unmet needs and trends in the society. Unmet needs always exist.

6. List some unsolved problems in the world.
Ans. Following are some of the unsolved problems of the world:
(a)A sure shot cure for cancer.
(b)Permanent chemical cure for mental diseases.
(c) Desalinization of sea-water.
id) Non-fattening tasty nutritious food
(e) Voice-controlled computer, etc.

7. Which enterprises rule the market?
Ans. Those enterprises rule the market, who are capable of:
(a)Keeping itself aware of market needs and trends.
(b)Giving market a solution for their ‘unmet’ needs.
(c)Identifying opportunities and threats in the environment.

8. Which features are to be taken into consideration to create, maintain and retain consumer?
Ans. Following features are to be taken in consideration to create, maintain and retain consumer by the enterprises:
(a)Tradition, customs, beliefs, values of society and customers
(b)Lifestyle, standard of living, consuming habits
(c)Propensity to consume and save
(d)Education level, thinking behaviour
(e)Income level
(f)Demographic characteristics, etc.

9. How does the consumers’ demand affect enterprises?
Ans. Consumers’ demand affects enterprises as it affects the following things of the enterprises:
(a)Profitability
(b)Reputation and goodwill
(c)Expansion plans.

III. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [4 MARKS]

l. What are the features of marketing intermediaries?
Ans. Following are the features of marketing intermediaries:
(i) Marketing intermediaries are the organizations or institutions.
(ii) These facilitate the flow of goods and services between the company and its final markets.
(iii) These include resellers, i.e. wholesalers, retailers, agents, and brokers, transporters, warehouses, banks and promoting agencies.
(iv) These facilitate the work of consummating exchanges in the market.
(v)These bring about transactions between the buyers and sellers. ivi) These are indispensable part of market.